3 ADVANCES IN
Anterior Guidance
Robert L. Lee
“Occlusion” by dictionary definition
refers to the act of closure or the state of being
closed. In dentistry the word “occlusion” has
come to mean the static intercuspal relationship
of the teeth and also the act of closing the teeth
together. This chapter deals primarily with “the
act of closure” and how the closing strokes of
mastication and other jaw closures are influenced
by the anterior teeth (anterior guidance). Ante-
rior guidance refers to both incisal and cuspal
guidance. The role of the anterior teeth in the
learning process of mastication will also be con-
sidered.
Balanced occlusion for natural denti-
tions has been found to be unphysiological (Stal-
lard and Stuart, 1963),1 and “unbalanced” or
anteriorguided occlusion is biologically better
(D’Amico. 1958.2 Standlee and Caputo. 19793).
Three mechanical guiding factors can prevent
posterior teeth from making harmful eccentric
contacts. They are the right and left condylar
articulations and the appropriate guiding teeth.
We are concerned in this chapter with the poten-
tials of the anterior teeth as guiding factors for
preventing harmful posterior tooth contacts.
These potentials include both mechanical and
neuromuscular factors. Since “unbalanced” oc-
clusion is desirable for natural dentitions a ques-
tions which arises is, how “unbalanced” should a
good natural tooth arrangement be? The term
“anterior disclusion” is in common use at the
present time. Although “anterior disclusion”
does not appear in the dictionary the term is used
to describe anterior tooth functions which sepa-
rate the posterior teeth in eccentric motions of
the jaws. The world “disclusion,” however, is
quantitatively ambiguous and can be used to
mean as little as a few hundredths of a millime-
ter. Minimal to moderate “lift” on the anterior
teeth usually disappears in a relatively
short period of time, thus allowing the posterior
teeth to come into eccentric contact. The term
“anterior disclusion” is inadequate to describe
the potential biological guiding function of the
OCCLUSION
John Wright * PSG Inc.
Boston Bristol London
1982
Harry C. Lundeen
Charles H. Gibbs
anterior teeth. It is also confusing because it
implies that bruxing movements are normal.
This is evident from observing most present-day
illustations depicting lower cusps moving from
centric outward to eccentric position. “Anterior
disclusion” also seems to imply that only ante-
rior teeth occlude. Perhaps the best way to “dis-
clude” would be simply to open the mouth.
Anterior teeth have a mechanical advan-
tage over posterior teeth because they are farther
from the fulcrum. This positioning gives them
better leverage to offset the closing muscles of
mastication. This concept is presented diagram-
matically in Figure 3-1. The mechanical advan-
tage is apparent when one tries to “bite hard”
with the front teeth as compared to biting hard
with the molars. Anterior guidance on a purely
mechanical basis, however, is quite limited. Be-
cause of their poor axial inclinations, the anterior
teeth would no doubt be susceptible to overload-
ing if they were protected only by their mechani-
cal advantage (Figure 3-2). If one assumes that
the periodontal structures could withstand the
mechanical forces of mastication and that the
cuspids were allowed continually to rub against
their opposing mates during laterial chewing
strokes, these teeth would no doubt be com-
pletely worn down at an early age.
The natural crown morphology of both
anterior and posterior teeth develops early in life
and is complete in every detail prior to tooth
eruption into the oral cavity (Figure 3-3). How-
ever, the other organs and components of the
mouth and related structures continue to change
significantly long after the occlusal morphology
of the teeth is complete. This morphology does
not change except from unnatural causes such as
trauma, wear, decay, chemicals, and operative
and restorative procedures. Natural tooth mor-
phology per se is not the cause of most maloc-
clusion problems. It is the relationships of the
upper teeth to the lower teeth as the jaws close
(in function and nonfunction) that create the ma-
jority of problems

Figure 3-1 A muscle contraction of 100 lb of
force (for example) could be distributed more on
the posterior teeth (mf) and less force (lf) on the
anterior teeth. This is because the anterior teeth
are farther from the fulcrum than the posterior
teeth and this gives the anterior teeth a mechani-
cal advantage.
Figure 3-2 The molars and premolars are in
axial alignment with their mates in the opposing
arch. The anterior teeth (A) however, have poor
axial relations to their mates in the opposite arch.
Because of keen proprioception and strategic
location, the anterior teeth are protected from
over-stress when the occlusion is functioning
properly.
Figure 3-3 By nine months of age, the anterior
teeth of the child are erupting into the oral cavity
and produce early subconscious awareness of
occlusion which is recorded by the central nerv-
ous system.
in occlusion. Most of these poor relationships of
the teeth are due to skeletal disharmonies con-
nected with heredity, growth and development
and habits. Other bad relationships of the teeth
may be caused by lost teeth and subsequent tooth
drift, or even by iatrogenic causes such as high
crowns and fillings or improper orthodontic
treatment.
THE LEARNING PROCESS
Until recently there have been few ex-
tensive studies in mandibular neuromuscular
physiology. D’Amico (1958)2 published his
thesis on the canine teeth. Moyers (1956)3 re-
ported on the role of the neuromuscular mecha-
nism and centric relation. With the improvement
of instruments and methods during the last
twenty years, research in neuromuscular physi-
ology has given new insight in the study and
clinical treatment of occlusal problems (Ahlgren,
1969)4 Jerge, 19645 Kawamura, 19676 and
Scharer. Stallard, and Zander, 19677. A better
understanding of the role of the central nervous
system and the learning process as well as of
muscle physiology and proprioception makes it
clear that occlusion involves more than mechan-
ics. The muscles have no intelligence of their
own and must receive all directional stimuli from
the central nervous system. The central nervous
system gathers and stores information from
many sources, including the teeth.
Ramfjord and Ash (1971)8 state that
with the growth of the infant and the eruption of
the teeth, afferent stimuli from the receptors in
the periodontal membrane influence the central
nervous system and reflexly influence the posi-
tion of the mandible. With the eruption of the
52
teeth, the process of mastication is learned, and
learning depends upon the cerebral cortex. In
the adult, alterations in tooth position, loss of Anterior Proprioceptive Feedback
teeth, high fillings and other influences evoke
learning of new masticatory patterns. In time,
these new jaw movements may contribute to
dysfunctional states in components of the masti-
catory system which cannot adapt or compensate
for the poor relationships of the teeth.
The first teeth to erupt into the child’s
mouth are the incisors, which establish early
subconscious occlusal awareness (Figure 3-3).
As the child becomes an adult the anterior pro-
prioceptive feedback mechanism should continue
to keep the central nervous system informed of
Figure 3-4 In addition to the periodontal pres-
how the lower teeth approach the upper teeth
soreceptors, there are many other organs includ-
during the closing motions of the jaws. Perhaps
ing the lips, tongue, cheeks, mucosa, skin, and
the child learns to chew by trial and error much
muscles that contain proprioceptive bodies.
as he learns to walk or to feed himself. In addi-
These proprioceptors continuously monitor the
tion to the periodontal pressoreceptors there are
position of the mandible and feed the informa-
many other organs including the lips, tongue,
tion back to the brain. The brain, in turn, tells
cheeks, mucosa, skin, and muscles that are rich
the muscles how to move the mandible.
with proprioceptive bodies. These propriocep-
Frontal Plane
tors continuously monitor the position of the
Unilateral Chewing Motion
mandible and feed the information back to the
(MANDIBULAR INCISORS)
brain. (Figure 3-4). If a person is fortunate
Figure 3-5 Path A illustrates a unilateral chew-
enough to develop a good relationship of the
ing stroke on a patient with worn cuspids. These
teeth, learned reflexes develop by which the
patients chew in a more horizontal manner,
mandible functions more vertically as the lower
teeth approach the upper in the final portion of
the chewing strokes. In lateral chewing strokes,
for example, these controlled reflexes allow the
lower cuspids to approach their mates in the up-
per arch and then cause the mandible to swing
toward the midline so the cuspids do not clash
(Figure 3-5). The avoidance of clashing eccen-
tric contacts between the upper and lower ante-
rior teeth during mastication may be similar to
the learned reflex of walking, where the feet pass
very close to the floor but seldom touch it. More
vertical guidance by the anterior teeth helps to
which results in continued wear on the teeth.
prevent the upper and lower posterior teeth from
Pathway B shows the effects on the lateral chew-
colliding as the mandible moves toward centric
ing patterns when the cuspids have normal
position (Figure 3-6).
length and position. The patient learns to func-
tion more vertically in the final portion of the
chewing stroke when the cuspids are functioning
properly.

53
HORIZONTAL CHEWING VERTICAL CHEWING

Figure 3-6 Horizontal chewing A results in increased chances of eccentric molar and premolar contacts or
abnormal flattening of posterior crowns or restorations. More vertical chewing B results in less wear on the
teeth and less stress on supporting tissues provided the guidance to centric position is assigned to the proper
anterior teeth. More vertical chewing permits posterior crowns to retain normal occlusal morphology,
which has the detailed anatomy of a young unworn dentition. Functional efficiency of pattern B is created
by having well-formed cusps, fosse, ridges, and grooves. The occluding function cusps can penetrate and
shred tough fibrous foods and also crush the hard brittle pieces in the fossae.

The teeth do not have to strike to stimu-

late the pressure sensitive receptors in the perio-
dontal tissues. The presence of food between the
teeth can be detected by pressure on the perio-
dontal pressoreceptors and the information re-
layed to the brain. Kawamura has shown that the
teeth most sensitive to pressure changes are the
central incisors, followed by the laterals, cuspids,
bicuspids, and last the molars the most insensi-
tive (Kawamura, Nishiyama, and Funakoshi,
19679 ).
The author has observed several cases
in which young people have used diamond fin-
gernail files to remove cuspid tips in order to
have “even teeth”. In other cases, people with
anterior overjets have simulated end-to-end bites
because the person thought that it looked more
“normal”. Some of these patients have devel-
oped myofacial pains over a prolonged period. It
might be wise to teach children and young peo-
ple the functions of their teeth and why they
should masticate vertically. They can be taught
to make conscious efforts to avoid bruxing. The
training of mastication may be compared to
training in proper tooth brushing, correct walk-
ing habits, or many other learned rational behav-
ior patterns.
CENTRIC POSITION
No doubt the most important condyle-to-menis-
cus, arch-to-arch, tooth-to-tooth relationship in
occlusion is centric relation position. Centric
relation is the ending location of good chewing
strokes and is a comfortable physiologic position
for all people who have relatively healthy tempo-
romandibular joints and good mandibular muscle
control. Centric relation may be defined as any
place along the arc of closure where the condyles
are bilaterally in their most superior position and
in intimate contact with the meniscus in the gle-
noid fossae when no lateral forces are applied. A
stable centric position depends upon bones,
ligaments, and muscles which are relatively free
from pathology. Maintaining a stable centric
position of the condyles can be better assured by
having well-related anterior teeth. Centric posi-
tion of the condyles in the fossae is continuously
reinforced by the musculature through good ver-
tical guidance from the anterior teeth.
One of the problems in the clinical
treatment of occlusion is that it sometimes takes
considerable time for dysfunctional temporo-
mandibular joint complexes to become stable

54
even though they have been placed in a good
functional environment. Dyer (1973)10 reported,
in treating temporomandibular joint disorders
with occlusal orthopedic splints, that most joints
became “stable” in less than two or three
months; however, some condyle positions
changed for as long as two or three years during
and following treatment in severe cases. These
long convalescent periods are usually in patients
who have been shifting the condyles laterally a
great amount in order to intercusp the teeth, or in
severe retrognathic relations of the mandible. In
any event, the practitioner should be aware of the
possible changes in centric position of the
condyles and the subsequent effect on the inter-
cuspal position of the teeth (Moffett, Johnson,
McCabe, et al, 196411).
A common practice in occlusal rehabili-
tation is to leave the anterior teeth slightly out of
centric contact or to have them with a “long cen-
tric.” Although these conditions may be suffi-
cient for some patients they are not present in
ideal natural dentitions. These practices are
questionable in the light of neuromuscular
physiology. There seems to be no valid reason
why anterior teeth, as well as posterior teeth,
should not have centric position contacts.
A practical way to monitor changes in
condylar positions is by testing for anterior cen-
tric position contacts with thin marking ribbon
such as 0.0005 inch mylar. Any seating of the
condyles more superiorly will cause the posterior
teeth to contact first and result in a loss of centric
contact between the anterior teeth.
requirements, the arguments for worn teeth do
not seem valid.
In discussing the biologic means for
guiding the mandibular teeth into full occlusion,
consideration must be given to tooth position and
morphology which 1) produce good function, 2)
show the least amount of wear on teeth, 3)
minimize trauma to periodontal structures, 4)
minimize trauma to temporomandibular joints,
and 5) promote comfortable muscle activity. It
has been found that people whose occlusion best
fulfills the foregoing requirements which cause
the mandible to function more vertically (Figure
3-7). Rarely, if ever, do these people develop
temporomandibular joint dysfunction or myofa-
cial pain problems.
In order to have good anterior guidance,
a patient must first have normal length and un-
worn occlusal surfaces. The cervico-incisal
length of maxillary central incisors averages
about 11 mm. The maxillary lateral incisors
should be about 1 mm shorter at the incisal edge
than the central incisors. The maxillary cuspids
average from 11 to 12 mm. The lower central
and lateral incisors usually range from 9 to 10
mm long, and the lower cuspids are 11 to 12 mm
(Wheeler, 197412).

ANTERIOR CROWN LENGTH AND POSI-

TION

It has been postulated that the wearing

down of teeth by certain primitive tribes (such as
aborigines and Eskimos), with little or no tem-
poromandibular joint dysfunction or periodontal
disease, may be proof that nature intends the
teeth to wear that same way in other races. On
the other hand, the factors which systematically
predispose one to periodontal disease are usually
not present in these primitive people. These
races usually have strong bone and muscle, and A
this, coupled with their rough diet, causes wear. Figure 3-7 Legend on next page
If we conclude that excessive wear on teeth is a
result of either abnormal chewing habits or brux-
ism, then wear on the teeth should be considered
harmful and should be prevented if possible. In
view of modern man’s eating habits, types of
food, and stress levels, to say nothing of esthetic

55
F
Figure 3-7 The natural dentition of an 84-year-
old man (A), showing excellent intercuspal ar-
rangement and anterior overlap (B). The teeth
have maximum intercuspation at centric position
of the condyles and the anterior teeth have cen-
tric position contacts (C), (D) and (E) show the
effects of good cuspid position and crown length,
which cause the mandible to function more verti-
cally and help to prevent the posterior teeth on
both the working and nonworking sides from
making eccentric contacts. Patients with tooth
arrangements like this show the least amount of
wear on their teeth (F), and seldom if ever de-
velop temporomandibular joint dysfunction pain
syndromes.

An ideal overlap of the maxillary ante-

rior teeth will allow the incisal edges of the
lower anterior teeth to touch the maxillary teeth
approximately half way between the cementoe-
namel junction and the incisal edges when the
mandible is in centric position (Figure 3-8).

56

Figure 3-8 Of the various anterior teeth rela-
tionships; A is ideal, B is marginal while C, D,
E, and F make long range success in occlusion
far less probable. G has minimal overlap which
is usually not adequte for long range success.
Figure 3-9 In order to have proper anterior
guidance, the front teeth should have normal
unworn clinical crowns so that the overlap will
be sufficient to guide the mandible to centric
position in a more vertical manner. The incisal
edge of the lower anterior teeth should touch in
the middle third of the maxillary anterior teeth in
centric position C.
In most instances, the range for lower
anterior incisal edge contacts can be anywhere in
the middle one third of the lingual surface of
normal length maxillary anterior teeth, and there
will be adequate overlap for good guidance of
the teeth to centric position (Figure 3-9). The
steepness or tighness of the overlap should be
maximized within the limits of good tooth mor-
phology. It is perhaps better to have the overlap
error on the side of too much and too tight rather
than too little and too loose. If the error is too
much and too tight, it is usually possible for the
natural teeth to be adjusted or artificial crowns to
be reduced after they have been permanently
placed in the mouth. There is little or no chance
to add to artificial crowns, once they have been
permanently placed, without remaking them.
There are advantages in having the facial angles
of the anterior teeth be as near normal as possi-
ble. These angular inclinations range from 98°
to 113° for maxillary incisors and 85° to 104° for
lower incisors (Graber, 197213). The maxillary
lateral incisors should be about 1 mm shorter
than the central incisors to allow room for the
lower cuspid cusp tips when the mandible is in
the edge-to-edge incisive position (Figure 3-10).
Both upper and lower anterior teeth
should have good arch forms from cuspid to cus-
pid, with little or no crowding of the teeth, so
that the incisal edges of the lower anterior teeth
can touch evenly in the lingual concavity of the
maxillary anterior teeth when the mandible is in
centric position (Figure 3-11).
Figure 3-10 The maxillary lateral incisors
should be at least 1 mm shorter than the central
incisors to allow room for the cusp tips of the
mandibular cuspids in a protrusive incisive posi-
tion.
Figure 3-11 Both upper and lower anterior teeth
should have good arch forms from cuspid to cus-
pid, with little or no crowding so that the incisal
edges of the lower teeth can touch evenly in the
lingual concavity of the maxillary anterior teeth
when the mandible is in centric position.
57

Figure 3-12A The crown of the maxillary cus-
pid functions best as a lateral guide when it is
positioned in the embrasure distal to the man-
dibular cuspid when the mandible is in centric
position.
Figure 3-12B In an ideal working-side Class I
cuspid relation (W), the cuspids will be tip to tip
C – C on the working side, which will create a
space between the rest of the teeth including the
posterior teeth on the working side S. Note the
natural dentition in Figure 3-7.
The cuspids function best when the
maxillary cuspid occludes into the embrasure
distal to the mandibular cuspid (Figure 3-12).
Esthetics and phonetics are both impor-
tant factors to be considered when dealing with
the anterior teeth. Usually both of these re-
quirements can be fulfilled better by restoring the
patient to normal anterior tooth lengths when the
teeth have been severely worn down
The incisal third of the anterior crown
length controls almost all of the potential for
vertical guiding function from the anterior teeth.
All too often one observes “occlusal rehabilita-
tions” where the four posterior quadrants of the
mouth have been treated with gold or porcelain
crowns but where the natural anterior teeth or
artificial crowns are left in a poor relationship.
Sometimes the anterior crowns are only one half
to two thirds as long as they should be and yet
are left untreated. This observation is especially
noticeable on lower anterior teeth where practi-
tioners are reluctant to operate because of the
small size of the teeth. It is almost impossible to
establish proper anterior proprioceptive guidance
when the lower anterior crowns are so short.
These badly worn teeth continue to wear at a
faster rate once the protective covering of enamel
is gone, especially when occluding against por-
celain.
During mastication a minimal to mod-
erate overlap of the anterior maxillary teeth may
not be sufficient to prevent eccentric molar con-
tacts on the nonworking side. This can be due to
a number of factors such as:
1. Flexion of the mandible
2. Compressibility of the meniscus
and periodontal ligament
3. Powerful masseter and temporalis
muscles
4. Tough food on the working side
acting as a fulcrum sometimes to
tip the mandible enough to make
molar contacts on the nonworking
side
5. Wearing (shortening) of the ante-
rior teeth
6. Flat condylar path
7. Large amounts of sideshifts
8. Improper posterior tooth inclina-
tions
The results of these conditions can be
improved by a proper overlap of the an-
terior teeth.
58

Figure 3-13 The healthy natural dentition of a
female patient approximately 27 years of age.
Note the good anterior crown length and overlap.
(A) The separation of the posterior teeth is due to
the cusp tips of the canine teeth. (B) shows the
left canine controlling the closure toward centric
position where the teeth will be in maximum
intercuspation. (C) shows a right border posi-
tion. There is usually a larger space on the non-
working side than on the working side. (D) is an
incisive position. Note the shorter maxillary
lateral incisors which allow room for the lower
canine tips.
IDEAL CHEWING STROKES
To have the least traumatic chewing
strokes for the teeth and other organs of the mas-
ticatory system, it seems that the anterior teeth
should guide the mandible into as vertical a mo-
tion as possible as the lower teeth approach the
upper teeth on the way to centric position. The
paths of ideal closing strokes are predicated upon
normal anterior tooth lengths and positional rela-
tionships to their mates in the opposite arch
(Figure 3-13).
The first phase of mastication is one of
opening the mouth to take in food. This is fol-
lowed by a lateral retrusive chewing motion.
The food is placed with the tongue between the
occluding surfaces of the posterior teeth on the
working side and held there with the cheek and
tongue. The mandible moves to the side on
which the bolus of food has been placed. This
movement to the working side varies from a
slightly lateral position to as far as an end-to-end
position of the cuspids. As the jaws close from a
lateral working position to crush the food, the
cuspids prevent the posterior teeth on both sides
from touching. There is usually a wider space
between the posterior teeth on the nonworking
side than there is between the posterior teeth on
the working side. (Gibbs. Suit. And Benz.
197314 and Gibbs, Messerman, Reswick, et al.
197115).
If the posterior artificial crowns or natu-
ral teeth have normal unworn morphology with
good cusps fitting into fossae and proper grooves
and embrasues for the food to escape,
59

Figure 3-14 Posterior cusps and ridges can
penetrate tough fibrous foods while traveling in a
near vertical manner. Much of the tooth loading
pressure is dissipated by the food extruding out
through the grooves and embrasures, while the
hard or tough pieces are crushed in the fossae by
the cusps.
Figure 3-15 Flat occlusal surfaces, or those
without proper ridges, grooves, cusps, and fos-
sae, are not believed to be efficient for chewing
tough or hard foods. This could result in excess
loading on the teeth and periodontal structures.
As the patient attempts to penetrate and shred
tough fibrous foods, (a) the mandible may be
forced into more horizontal bruxing-like motions
in order to shred and tear the food. (b) Favoring
continued wear on the teeth and stress on the
masticatory system.
much of the food will be extruded through the
grooves and embrasues while the cusps pierce or
crush the harder and tougher pieces in the fossae
(Figure 3-14). If a bolus of food is examined
prior to swallowing, one can see that it is not
pulverized, minced, or diced into micron-sized
particles. It is a misconception about the normal
miasticatory process that food should be chewed
with a bruxing action of the teeth (Figure 3-15).
Stuart and Stallard (1960)16 stated that “chewing
of modern foods for the most part is vertical.
The lateral mandibular action seen in a person
while chewing is made largely to tumble the bo-
lus, not to rasp the teeth horizontally.”
During some chewing strokes, the man-
dible may move across the midline after it leaves
centric position and briefly touch the cuspids
together on the nonworking side. However,
these brief contacts are relatively nondestructive
to the enamel of the cuspids because the muscles
are in the opening phase, and therefore little or
no pressure is being applied.
Yaeger (1978)17 has recently published
a comprehensive review of the literature con-
cerning the mandibular path in the grinding
phase of mastication. There is much evidence
that teeth frequently make contact during chew-
ing strokes (Scharer and Stallard, 196518). The
glide path coincides with the path of lateral mo-
tions of the mandible with the teeth in contact
and no food in the mouth. The path of the man-
dible in the grinding phase is determined by the
shapes of the contacting teeth and the condylar
paths. Because of these potential tooth contacts,
it is important clinically that chewing strokes be
directed vertically as much as possible. The an-
terior teeth are in the best location to control the
amount of vertical mandibular motions by pro-
prioceptive guidance as well as mechanics.
VERTICAL DIMENSION AND REST PO-
SITION
Although it is still believed by some
that it is extremely risky to change the vertical
dimension of occlusion, it should be recognized
that orthodontics and other rehabilitative restora-
tive disciplines have been successfully changing
it for many years (Lee and Gregory, 1971).19
Figure 3-16 shows a cephalometric tracing of a
53 year old female who had her vertical dimen-
sion increased 4.5 mm.
60
 Ramfjord (1971) 8 found that the in-
terocclusal distance averages 1.7 mm in the clini-
cally determined rest position, whereas the aver-
age distance was 3.29 mm with an additional
resting range of 11 mm when determined on the
basis of minimal muscle activity. He states that
determining the clinical rest position also in-
volves the influences of emotional and extero-
ceptive and proprioceptive inputs to the neuro-
muscular system. Such inputs from joints, mus-
cles, lips, cheeks, periodontal membrane, mu-
cosa, teeth, and tongue undoubtedly contributed
to the learning of rest position or conditioning of
reflexes. Concepts regarding the rest position of
the mandible should be reevaluated and revised
as the related neuromuscular mechanisms be-
come understood.
Figure 3-16 Cephalometric tracings before and
after orthodontic treatment on a 3 year old fe-
male patient. In A, note the poor lip profile. The
lower lip acts as an orthodontic force (f) to pro-
trude the upper anterior teeth. In B, the anterior
teeth have been orthodontically positioned so
that the lower lip holds the upper anterior teeth
back against the lower anterior teeth. Note also
the improved inclinations of the anterior teeth
(B), and that the lower anterior teeth contact the
lingual fossae of the upper anterior teeth when
the jaws are in centric position. A system of
coordinates based upon the s, N and M points
show the actual increase in vertical dimension to
be 4.5 mm. The space between the posterior
teeth in B will be occupied by restorations.
When changing vertical dimension of
occlusion in restorative or prosthetic dentistry,
excellent anterior guidance must be established,
and the anterior teeth or crowns must have cen-
tric position contacts with the opposing teeth.
The patient is learning a new vertical rest posi-
tion as well as new chewing patterns at the same
time, and the learning process is greatly en-
hanced by a good anterior guidance.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYS-
FUNCTION AND MYOFACIAL PAIN
A patient with temporomandibular joint
dysfunction or myofacial pain syndrome rarely
exhibits a naturally developed and maintained
tooth arrangement with stable mandibular ante-
rior teeth (with normal crown lengths). The axial
inclinations and tooth positions allow the incisal
edges of the lower anterior teeth to touch the
middle one third of the upper anterior teeth in
centric position and this overlap is sufficient to
confine eccentric contacts to the anterior teeth.
People who develop and maintain ideal anterior
tooth relationships do not develop temporoman-
dibular joint pain dysfunctions. There are, of
course, other diseases or conditions which can-
not be corrected by improving the patient’s oc-
clusion.
Patients suffering from temporoman-
dibular joint dysfunction and myofacial pain
exhibit one thing in common; they cannot return
the mandible to centric position of the condyles
from all eccentric positions while maintaining
continuos contact with the appropriate anterior
teeth.
The author has found, in giving patients
suffering with temporomandibular joint dys-
function and myofacial pain an ideal anterior
guidance, that the majority were relieved of pain
symptoms did not reappear. In a low percentage
(approximately 5%) of patients with temporo-
mandibular joint pain dysfunction who were
treated, pain persisted in the capsular area al-
though it disappeared in the muscles. Patients
who do not respond to treatment may be suffer-
ing from irreversible joint and nerve damage
which may require more drastic treatment such
as surgery or prolonged drug therapy. Crepitus
often persists long after the muscles are func-
tioning properly.
Occasionally a patient may be suffering
from both a temporomandibular joint pain dys-
function syndrome and a neurologic disorder
simultaneously. The two conditions are some-
times difficult to identify separately. Neurolo-
gists usually recommend that the occlusal prob-
lems be solved first and then the patient be
treated for the neurologic disorder.
From the standpoint of restorative den-
tistry, it is prudent to test the patient with tem-
poromandibular joint pain dysfunction with an
61
anterior guided splint. If pain and temporoman-
dibular joint dysfunction persist, it is doubtful
that improving the morphology or position of the
teeth alone will solve the problem.
BRUXISM
Some authorities believe there are two
separate causes for bruxism: they are 1) those of
psychogenic origin and 2) those caused by oc-
clusal disharmonies and emotional stress is a
common denominator.
Ramfjord (1961)20 states, “Some kind
of occlusal interference will be found in every
patient with bruxism.” And “A marked reduction
in muscle tonus and harmonious integration of
muscle action follows the elimination of occlusal
disharmony.” Dawson (1974)21 feels that all
bruxism is caused by occlusal disharmonies and
that the clinician should improve his skills and
observations in order to eliminate them. He
states, “It has been our clinical experience that
bruxism can be stopped by complete elimination
of all occlusal interferences.”
Excessive wear on anterior teeth is of-
ten observed in patients who have retained the
third molars into adulthood. Because of tender-
ness or pain in the third molar areas these pa-
tients tend to develop patterns of avoidance of
the molars and to function more anteriorly. This
forward function causes early wear on the ante-
rior teeth and a loss of good anterior guidance.
“High crowns” and other posterior occlusal dis-
harmonies also cause wear on the anterior teeth
through avoidance patterns. Some clinicians
believe that leaving the anterior teeth in a worn
condition and removing “all” posterior interfer-
ence is adequate treatment for bruxism. While it
is helpful to equilibrate patients who have worn
front teeth, it has been found that these patients
develop more interferences and continue to re-
quire more equilibrating. Eventually, the dentist
is faced with the inevitable decision that the den-
tition must be restored.
Two serious questions which face the
clinician are: 1) How far should the anterior teeth
be allowed to wear down before restoring them?
And 2) If the anterior teeth must be restored,
how long should the crowns be and how much
overlap should they have?
After giving patients steeply guided
(ideal) anterior guidance as a primary means for
avoiding eccentric posterior interferences, a
complete cessation of bruxism has been observed
in most patients, and bruxism was reduced to a
minimum in the remaining patients. This loss of
bruxism leads to the speculation that anterior
tooth relations have a greater influence upon the
state of the central nervous system than is com-
monly believed.
PERIODONTAL CONSIDERATIONS
It has been argued that because of unfa-
vorable axial inclinations, the anterior teeth can-
not take the loads of mastication and may be
loosened in their supporting tissues, but this is
not the cause. The proprioceptive protective
mechanism better protects the anterior teeth from
overloading than mechanics alone would.
Arnold and Frumker (1976)22 and Ram-
fjord (1971)* have reported that when patients
were equilibrated so that the anterior teeth gave
complete guidance to maximum intercuspal posi-
tion at centric position of the mandible, mobile
anterior teeth as well as posterior teeth became
less mobile and remained more stable. This re-
sponse could not be due only to mechanics but
also to a neuromuscular response which prevents
the anterior teeth from being overloaded.
D’Amico (1958)2 reported similar observations,
and this author has noted this as well.
Whenever patients were traumatizing
the supporting structures of their anterior teeth,
one or more of the following conditions were
pesent: 1) the anterior and posterior teeth were
not making occlusal contacts simultaneously in
centric position, 2) there was improper overlap
of the anterior teeth to guide the mandible to
centric position without interference from poste-
rior teeth, and 3) there was a lack of adequate
posterior tooth support. The lack of good ante-
rior guidance produces unharmonious muscle
activity, which can cause the anterior teeth to be
traumatized. It should be remembered that with
the loss or damage of periodontal tissues there is
also a loss or insensitiveness of periodontal pres-
soreceptors as well as mobility of the teeth.
Splinting of anterior teeth often helps to increase
loading awareness as well as to distribute the
loads mechanically.
EFFECTS OF CONDYLAR SIDESHIFT
The term sideshift is misleading because
it denotes a horizonatal movement such as is
used by football teams at the line of scrimmage.
The condyles rarely move purely horizontally
but instead translate and rotate in curvilinear
62
paths in the three planes of space simultaneously. Distribution of
Sideshift may be defined as a looseness of fit or
slackness of the condyles in their fossae and is
usually noted when the mandible is making lat-
eral movement to and from centric position
(Bennett, 190823).
Movements of the condyles cannot be
defined precisely because of their size and ir-
regular shapes, or because of the irregular shapes
of the fossae in which they move. A more accu-
rate description may be made by observing the *Right and left border movements combined
movements of the transverse (hinge) axis which
is common to both condyles and can be located
with some degree of accuracy. These move-
ments can be observed as points on the trans-
verse axis, which must remain a fixed distance
apart for measuring or observing their relative
movement (Lee, 196924 and Lee, 196925).
Lundeen and Wirth (1973)26 compared
hinge-axis tracings of fifty patients taken at ran-
dom. They found that immediate sideshift ac-
counted for the greatest variation between pa-
tients when the condyle movements were viewed
in the horizontal plane. It is not known at this
time how, if any, of this lateral looseness in the
joints might be pathologic or what causes it. It Figure 3-17
appears to be connected with growth and devel-
opment and muscle function in certain types of
malocclusions. The author found that sideshift Figure 3-18 There is widespread belief that the
could be induced in 99% of 220 patients taken at lingual anatomy of cuspid crowns should directly
random (Figure 3-17). It ranged from 0.5 mm to reflect the magnitude of condylar sideshift
as much as 5.0 mm for right and left border Condyle path (A) with little sideshift would have
movements combined. It has been noted that maxillary cuspid lingual configuration (a),
patients with large amounts of sideshift were whereas condyle path (B) with more sideshift
usually of the deep overbite class. should have maxillary cuspid lingual anatomy
Although there is widespread teaching (B). Observations of natural dentitions do not
that condylar sideshift should be incorporated support such a belief.
into the anatomy of anterior crowns (Figure 3-
18), there is no observable correlation in the patients with greatly worn teeth usually exhibit
natural anterior dentition to substantiate such no more than average amounts of sideshift.
claims. For example, patients who exhibit sig- Large amounts of immediate to progressive side-
nificant amounts of immediate sideshift have shift are often found in patients with excessively
lingual anatomy of their cuspids and incisors deep overbites, such as the Class II, Division 2.
which closely resembles that of patients who Excessive amounts of sideshift appear to be con-
have little or no immediate sideshift. nected with the stretching of the temporoman-
It is commonly believed that patients dibular joint ligaments due to abnormal ptery-
who have worn the occlusal or incisal surfaces of goid muscle action during growth and develop-
their teeth a great deal must necessarily have ment.
large amounts of immediate sideshift. However, Others believe that the overlap of the
anterior incisors should be related directly to the
slope of the protrusive condylar path (Figure 3-
19). At present there is no scientific proof of
such a relationship. From a mechanical point of

63
Figure 3-19 It is believed by some that overlap
of the anterior incisors should relate directly to
the slope of the protrusive path. In (A) the con-
dyle path is more horizontal and therefore the
incisors should have less overbite and overjet,
whereas in (B) the condyle path is steeper and
therefore the overlap of the incisors should be
steeper. Observations of natural dentitions do
not support such a belief.
Figure 3-20 It is more logical to have a steeper
overlap of the anterior teeth when the condyle
paths are flatter. This is because the anterior
teeth must overcome the effect of the flat con-
dyle paths, which tend to bring the posterior
teeth into eccentric contact.
view, this one-to-one relationship appears desir-
able, provided the condyle paths are in the
steeper range. However, if the condyle paths are
flatter, this scheme is difficult to defend. It is
more logical to have a steeper overlap of the
anterior teeth in case of a shallow protrusive
condyle path to prevent posterior eccentric con-
tacts (Figure 3-20)
Figure 3-21 It is desirable to have maximum
vertical guidance by the cuspids even when there
are large amounts of “sideshift”. In this way the
cuspids are the primary means of preventing
eccentric posterior contacts since there is little
help from the condyles because of their more
horizontal motion.
So far, no relationship has been estab-
lished between the individual morphology of the
natural anterior teeth and condylar movements.
There is some evidence, however, that the steep-
ness of the eminences may be influenced during
growth and development by the position of the
teeth in the arches and skeletal relationships.
The relationships of the teeth during jaw closure
influence the pull of the muscles through stimu-
lation from the central nervous system. The in-
fluence of muscle activity is observed in skeletal
Class III patients often having shallow angles of
eminence and excessive amount of sideshift. In
view of the potential effects of muscle action on
the shapes and sizes of bones and ligaments dur-
ing growth and development, it is urgent that
early treatment can be instituted to establish
good tooth-guiding relationships.
Occlusal rehabilitations have histori-
cally considered condylar movements and the
manner in which these movements affect the
occlusal surfaces of posterior artificial crowns or
equilibrations of natural teeth. Condylar side-
shift can have more of an effect on posterior oc-
clusal restorations, especially in patients where
there is not good overlap and crown length of the
anterior teeth. Lundeen, Shryock, and Gibbs
(1978)27 have shown that in some patients with
fairly good cuspid relations, the posterior teeth
still approached the posterior teeth in the oppo-
site arch from a relatively critical horizontal an-
gle. This critical approach of the posterior teeth
is usually due to more horizontal condylar paths
and sideshift.
If a patient has long, steep Class I cus-
pid relations, the cuspids will guide the mandible
64
into a more nearly centered position before the
posterior cusps get close enough to contact. This
guidance by the cuspids causes the sideshift of
the condyles to be greatly dissipated since the
condyles have moved more nearly to centric po-
sition during the final stage of the closing strokes
(Figure 3-21).
Figure 3-22 The cuspids on the maxillary cast
have been ground off so that they have no guid-
ing effect. In this way the maximum amount of
the patient’s condylar “sideshift” can be incorpo-
rated into the posterior restorations. In the
mouth the unworn cuspids will act as a first line
for vertical control. If the cuspids eventually
wear down the patient will go into working-side
group function, which has been built into the
posterior crowns. The working-side group func-
tion (W) acts as a second line of control to pre-
vent nonworking-(NW) (balancing) side con-
tacts.
GROUP-FUNCTION AND CUSPID GUID-
ANCE
It is commonly agreed by most authori-
ties that there should be an absence of nonwork-
ing side (balancing) contacts of the posterior
teeth in all lateral movements to and from centric
position.
Some dentists believe that working-side
group function is preferable to cuspid-guided
occlusion and that it is better to distribute the
stress of mastication over more teeth. From a
purely mechanical point of view, this idea has
merit. However, from a biologic point of view,
based upon proprioceptive cuspid guidance,
group-function occlusion is not the ideal form of
occlusion. Group-function occlusion often re-
sults in abnormal posterior artificial crown mor-
phology which is too flat and broad to function
efficiently. These flat occlusal surfaces encour-
age horizontal mastication and promote wear as
well as overloading of teeth.
McAdam (1976)28 reported that both
canine-guided and working-side group function
occlusions are physiologically acceptable in
natural dentitions; however, he concludes that
the group function occlusions are due to occlusal
wear. He illustrated that vertical function is less
destructive to the teeth and related organs than
horizontal chewing.
If the posterior teeth are to be restored
or reconstructed, the cuspids can be ground off in
the mounted working casts on the articulator,
thus removing their influence on the posterior
crowns being fabricated. This will allow the
operator to wax, cast, and adjust the posterior
crowns to incorporate the effects of condylar
sideshift. By doing this one can produce a work-
ing-side group-function scheme for the posterior
teeth in case the anterior cuspids wear down over
the years (Figure 3-22). In the mouth, the cus-
pids would act as a first line of control to keep
the mandible functioning more vertically.
ORTHODONTICS AND ORTHOGNATHIC
SURGERY
Orthodontics should always be given
primary consideration when planning the treat-
ment for patients with poor relationships of the
anterior teeth (Kahn, 197729). Figure 3-23 shows
the establishment of a good anterior as well as
posterior relationship for a 42-year old man.
After the anterior teeth were positioned properly,
routine restorations were used for the posterior
teeth. Patients with this type of anterior guid-
ance have a much better chance for keeping their
masticatory system in good health than they
would if their posterior teeth were rehabilitated
without correction of the anterior relations of the
teeth. In patients where it is not feasible to do
orthodontia, the possibilities of orthognathic sur-
gery should be explored to get better relations of
the anterior teeth. Sometimes, orthodontia and
orthognathic surgery as well as restorative pro-
cedures are require dto solve the occlusion prob-
lems.
65
a b a b
Left Right

66
Figure 3-23 Before and after treatment models of a 42-year old male patient who had prerestorative ortho-
dontics to obtain a good position for the anterior teeth as well as the posterior teeth. Original casts (a) and
postrestorative casts (b). Note in (A) the canines and molars have been positioned in Class I relation with
proper angulation. (C) shows that the constricted arches have been developed to proper arch form. During
therapy the vertical dimension was gradually increased, allowing the reduction of the excessive overjet and
overbite. (D) shows good anterior tooth positions in the patient’s mouth. In (E) the mandible is in a right
working-side position (W).

A common error in contemporary or-
thodontics is not to give the patient enough over-
lap of the anterior teeth. Even when the teeth are
equilibrated, there is rarely enough overlap to
give him good vertical chewing strokes and well-
controlled muscles. Many patients after treat-
ment must function in an abnormal way which
often leads to severe wear on the teeth or tem-
poromandibular joint or to problems of myofa-
cial pain. Almost all adults and “occasionally”
children require equilibration following ortho-
dontic treatment. However, “proper” equilibra-
tion procedures are not usually done at present
(Roth, 197630).
Most orthodontic treatment is somewhat
traumatic to the teeth and supporting structures,
especially in adults, evidenced by such condi-
tions as recession of the gingiva or root resorp-
tion. The convalescence and stabilization period
usually prolongs the final occlusion treatment
time. This should be taken into consideration
when designing a treatment plan for the adult
patient (Chiappone. 197631).
One of the most productive orthodontic
goals with a relatively short time for accom-
plishment is straightening the lower anterior
teeth and giving the arch a good parabolic curve.
If the lower anterior teeth have been disturbed or
moved, a fixed lower anterior retainer with a
lingual support should be placed for at least a
year or more. The foundation for good anterior
guidance is based upon the lower anterior teeth.
When these teeth begin to crowd and the cuspids
tip lingually, the occlusion is beginning to col-
lapse.
If complete orthodontic treatment is not
feasible, a compromise treatment is sometimes
adequate to put the teeth close enough so that the
case can be finished restoratively. If compro-
mises are to be made orthodontically, it is better
to make them in the posterior teeth and concen-
trate the efforts in gaining the best possible rela-
tionships for the anterior teeth. (Figure 3-24).
For example, it would be better to leave the mo-
lars in a Class II arrangement or perhaps a cross
bite and get the anterior teeth in good relation-
ship than to get a perfect relationship of the pos-
terior teeth and leave the anterior teeth in a poor
arrangement. Another acceptable compromise
might be the extraction of the maxillary first bi-
cuspids to reduce an anterior Class II relation in
an effort to get better anterior proprioceptive
guidance. All orthodontic treatment should be
completed prior to equilibration and restorative
procedures.
Figure 3-24 The more horizontal anterior tooth
position (B) will work with a steep condyle path
(B) in preventing posterior eccentric interfer-
ences. However, if the anterior teeth are moved
to position (A) they will function equally as well
for condyle paths (A) and (B). In other words,
gaining a better overlap of the anterior teeth
makes the effects of condyle movements less
critical on posterior teeth.

67
 Restorative dentists should recognize
the importance of proper anterior guidance and
the frequent necessity for prerestorative ortho-
dontics. Orthodontic specialists are valuable in
treating these patients; however, ultimate respon-
sibility for the success of the total treatment usu-
ally belongs to the referring restorative dentist.
Therefore, he should give the orthodontist a de-
tailed description as to where and why he needs
the teeth to be positioned. At the same time, he
should respect and appreciate the limitations of
orthodontic treatment. Each case should be dis-
cussed in detail and written notes made before
and during treatment so that both the orthodon-
tist and the restorative dentist understand the
goals and limitations of the other.
As orthodontists and restorative dentists
work together and continue to improve their
knowledge of dynamic occlusion, the problem of
postorthodontic equilibration will no doubt be
resolved. Orthodontists, as well as the referring
practitioner, should advise patients of the possi-
ble need for postorthodontic equilibration. The
combined efforts of orthodontics and restorative
dentistry no doubt holds the most hope for long-
range successful solutions to adult malocclu-
sions.
TRAINING SPLINTS AND TEMPORARY
CROWNS
Patients who are to be equilibrated or
who are to undergo anterior restorations should
routinely be placed on a training splint for a pe-
riod of a few days to a few weeks. A modifica-
tion of the maxillary fronto-plateau type de-
scribed by Krogh-Poulsen and Olsson (1968)32
for separating the posterior teeth from any cen-
tric or eccentric contacts is most often used. The
anterior portion of the splint is modified to come
down over the incisal edges of all maxillary ante-
rior teeth from cuspid to cuspid. The anterior
lingual portion is made concave with a steeep
overlap of all of the lower anterior teeth (Figure
3-25A). The anterior guiding surfaces should be
polished smooth with no bumps or ledges for the
lower teeth to catch on. Patients with myofacial
pain are instructed to wear the splint 24 hours a
day and eat a soft but nutritious diet. When the
muscles are free from tenderness, a posterior
occlusal surface can be added so that the patient
can function in centric position on the posterior
teeth as well as the anterior teeth (Figure 3-25B).
Splints do not transmit proprioceptive
signals as well as natural teeth. Since they are
foreign objects in the mouth, they can be an irri-
tation to some patients. However, they do work
to relax the muscles and stabilize the temporo-
mandibular joints for the large majority of pa-
tients.
Figure 3-25 Maxillary training and treatment
splints are a modification of the fronto-plateau
type. (A) The anterior portion is made to come
down over the incisal edges of all maxillary ante-
rior teeth from cuspid to cuspid. It is built con-
cave with a steep overlap guidance to centric
position. (B) If the patient must wear a splint for
a prolonged period of time to treat a temporo-
madibular joint pain dysfunction, the splint is
made to cover the occlusal surfaces of the poste-
rior teeth so that the lower posterior teeth can
occlude in centric position.
Following splint therapy, the patient is
ready for occlusal equilibration or restorative
procedures. If the anterior teeth are to be
crowned, plastic temporary crown splints should
be made to a normal crown length of 11 to 12
mm. The temporary splint should be made with
a steep overlap of the lower anterior teeth. The
temporary crowns act as a test and as a training
splint, and should have centric position contacts
with all lower anterior teeth. They should also
provide 100% guidance of the mandible from all
eccentric positions to centric position. By the
time the permanent restorations are ready to be
placed in the mouth, patients will have learned to
function more vertically through the use of the
anterior occlusal splint and temporary crown
splint. (Figure 3-26)
68

Figure 3-26 Anterior temporary crowns are an
important part of temporomandibular joint and
muscle treatment as well as testing and training
devices for learning anterior guidance. The tem-
porary crown splints should have full clinical-
crown length and “steep” overlap as well as cen-
tric position contacts with the opposing teeth.
All eccentric contacts should be on the anterior
temporary crown splint. It is preferable to use
solid splints rather than individual temporary
crowns. Refer to patient in Figure 3-36.
EQUILIBRATION
In the practice of occlusal equilibrating,
posterior eccentric interferences are removed,
resulting in less muscle stress: however, there is
a tendency to produce more horizontal chewing
cycles, and therefore wear on the teeth usually
continues. A number of texts are available on
method and rules for equilibrating posterior
teeth, and no attempt will be made in this chaper
to discuss this phase (Ramfjord and Ash,
197633).
All patients’ casts should be mounted in
centric position on an articulator, which simu-
lates the individual patient’s characteristic jaw
movements. It should be determined if the lower
anterior teeth can be brought into centric position
contact with the upper anterior teth without over-
grinding the posterior teeth. If it is doubtful that
centric position contacts can be made with the
anterior teeth, the treatment plan may have to
include orthodontia or restorative measures. In
this event, the patient should be advised and the
equilibration postponed.
If the posterior teeth can be adjusted
adequately on the mounted casts, the procedures
are then carried out in the mouth until there are
centric position contacts between the lower and
upper anterior teeth (Figure 3-27). Mylar mark-
ing ribbon (0.0005 inch thick) is the best mate-
rial available at the present time for equilibrating
teeth. To achieve 100% anterior tooth guidance
to centric position, the reshaping of posterior
teeth may be necessary, because the anterior
teeth may not have the proper crown length or
proper position arch. It must be recognized that
most occlusal equilibrations are limited because
tooth substance can only be removed from and
not added to deficient areas. However, it is often
surprising to see how much better the anterior
guidance system works once the posterior teeth
have been reduced so that the anterior teeth can
make contact in centric position.
Figure 3-27 To derive maximum benefits from
an occlusal equilibration, the anterior teeth s well
as the posterior teeth should make simultaneous
contact with the opposing teeth when the
condyles are in centric position (CP). The poste-
rior eccentric contacts in (A) should be removed
until the anterior teeth make contact in centric
position (B). The posterior teeth should be ad-
justed until the anterior teeth can guide the man-
dible to centric position without interfering con-
tacts from the posterior teeth.
Occasionally, it is necessary to adjust
some of the anterior teeth so that all of the teeth
from cuspid to cuspid have centric position con-
tacts with their mates in the opposite arch. This
is usually done by adjusting the lingual surfaces
of the maxillary anterior teeth rather than the
incisal edges of the mandibular anterior teeth. It
is important that the anterior teeth do not strike
harder than the posterior teeth in centric position
when the equilibration is made final. To check
for fremitus, the operator’s finger is placed
lightly at the junction of the gingiva and crown
at the same time. The patient rapidly taps the
teeth together in centric position. If the tooth
moves or vibrates, it is being hit too hard by the
opposing tooth and the contact needs to be re-
lieved. If any compromises are to be made, they
should be with maxillary lateral incisors. The
cuspid and central incisors at least must have
centric position contacts.
69
 It is impossible to tell how thick the
tooth enamel is when equilibrating mounted
study casts; therefore, discretion should be used
when actually performing an equilibration in the
mouth. If the operator finds that the posterior
teeth will be over reduced during patient equili-
bration in order to get the anterior teeth to make
centric position contacts, he should advise the
patient that anteriorrestorations should be done.
All rough spots and ledges should be
polished smooth after equilibrating so that the
lower anterior teeth can slide smoothly against
the uppers from all eccentric positions to centric
position. This step is extremely important to
achieve a good proprioceptive sensation and also
to reduce the possibility of triggering bruxism.

ESTABLISHING ANTERIOR RELATIONS

FIRST

If the anterior teeth are to be restored, it

is advantageous to finish them first (Schuyler,
195934). The dentist can satisfy the esthetic and
phonetic requirements more easily, and the ante-
rior teeth can be used as a natural jig to stabilize
the mandible and allow the condyles to seat up-
permost in their fossae when restoring the poste-
rior teeth. One of the disadvantages of restoring
the posterior teeth first is that the dentist no
longer has an opportunity to change the vertical
dimensions of occlusion, and he may be obliged
to make anterior restorations too long or too
short for good esthetics, phonetics, and function
in the event that the front teeth need restoring.
The anterior teeth or crowns can be
conveniently used to stabilize the mandible and
help capture centric position during posterior
restorative treatment The use of closed-bite cen-
tric records such as the Kerr (Jones) bite-frame is
an example. These closed-bite registrations util-
ize the anterior (centric position) tooth contacts
as a jig. If at least one right and one left poste-
rior quadrant of the teeth have been prepared at
one time, there will be nothing to prevent the
condyles from going to the most superior posi-
tion in the fossae (centric position) (Figure 3-28).
Care should be taken to prevent the patient from
applying heavy contracting muscle force, or the
mandible may flex and produce a faulty centric
position record.
Figure 3-28 If at least one right and left poste-
rior quadrant of teeth (A) or all four posterior
quadrants (B) are prepared for crowns at one
time, the anterior teeth will act as a jig to stabi-
lize the mandible. There is nothing to prevent
the condyles from going into the most superior
position in the fossae (centric position). The use
of a closed-bite centric record such as the Kerr
(Jones) bite frame can be used.
RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
The materials, which come into contact
with those in the opposite arch, should be as
compatible as possible. It is best, of course, to
have the enamel of the natural teeth in contact,
but this is not always possible. The second
choice is a good-grade, relatively hard gold
against gold or against tooth enamel. The third
choice of materials for wear resistance is porce-
lain against porcelain, and the worst is porcelain
against tooth enamel or gold. Plastics and com-
posites are only good for temporary usage. Es-
thetics, of course, is an important factor when
dealing with the anterior teeth and therefore, the
use of ceramometal crowns is increasing.

70
RESTORING CLASS II AND EXCESSIVE
OVERBITE PATIENTS
If orthodontics cannot be utilized, inno-
vations such as warping the lower anterior artifi-
cial crowns forward to make contact with the
maxillary anterior teeth (Figure 3-29) or over-
contouring the lingual aspects of the maxillary
teeth, can be employed provided that
Figure 3-29 Warping lower anterior artificial
crowns labially, or maxillary anterior crowns
lingually can sometimes be employed to achieve
satisfactory anterior guidance for patients with
severe overjet. The pulp and length of the pre-
pared crown are limiting factors.
Figure 3-30 Overcontouring the lingual aspects
of maxillary crowns can sometimes be employed
to establish acceptable centric position contacts
with the incisal edges of the lower anterior teeth.
the gingiva is not overprotected or the produc-
tion of phonetics impaired (Figure 3-30). Many
moderate Class II canine relations (Figure 3-
31A) do not create adequate canine guidance
because the lower canine usually passes through
the embrasure distal to the maxillary canine and,
therefore, does not produce good vertical guid-
ance for preventing posterioreccentric contacts
(Figure 3-31B). This moderate Class II situation
can often be connected by distally overcontour-
ing the maxillary canine (Figure 3-32A and B).
One method for simulating canine guidance in
the Class II patient where the maxillary canine is
anterior to the mandibular canine, is to remove
the lingual cusp of the first premolar and reshape
the crown like a canine, then to splint the maxil-
lary canine to the first premolar with crowns
(Figure 3-33A and B). Usually premolars are
poor candidates for lateral chewing guidance, but
splinting them to the canine makes them more
acceptable.
In the case of some patients with deep
overbite, such as Class II . Division 2, another
factor enters into closing stroke patterns. Be-
cause of a wedging action of the anterior teeth
and their continued tendency to extrude or mi-
grate incisally along with their associated alveo-
lar bone, the condyles are displaced in the fossae
in a more downward and posterior direction from
centric position (Figure 3-34). As the muscles
seat the condyles into centric position, the ante-
rior teeth strike too soon. Thus, the muscle may
fatigue in the constant struggle to satisfy the in-
tercuspal position of the teeth and the centric
position of the condyles in the fossae. These
patients are suffering from severe skeletal dis-
harmonies and usually require orthodontics or
sometimes orthognathic surgery, to rehabilitate
their neuromuscular occlusion.
RESTORING SEVERLY WORN TEETH
Some authorities feel that if a patient
has worn his teeth down severely, it is because
the muscles demand freedom for movement and
that it would be risky to give these patients a
normal anterior tooth configuration with a nor-
mal overbite and overjet. It is speculated that the
patient may knock the anterior teeth loose or
evelop muscle or temporomandibular joint prob-
lems. Figure 3-35A shows a patient who had
worn all of this teeth extremely flat and was re-
stored with normal-length anterior crowns and a
steep overlap of the anterior teeth. Figure 3-35B
shows the same patient after 11 years with little
or no wear on the teeth and no development
71
Figure 3-31A and B A moderate Class II ca-
nine relationship (centric position) does not cre-
ate adequate canine guidance because the lower
canine usually passes distal to the maxillary ca-
nine (B) and does not produce enough vertical
guidance to prevent eccentric posterior contacts.
Figure 3-32A and B With a distally overcon-
toured maxillary canine, moderate Class II oc-
clusion can often be given sufficient canine
guidance to separate posterior teeth (S) ade-
quately in lateral border jaw movements (B).
Refer to Figure 3-31A and B.
72
 of muscle or temporomandibular joint problems
or mobile teeth. Obviously, this patient learned
new chewing patterns which may have been re-
sponsible for the loss of his bruxism. Giving
patients with worn-down teeth normal-length
teeth with good overlap does not create problems
with the muscles but causes the neuromuscular
mechanism to respond favorably.
The patient must understand the prob-
lems and the treatment plan for him to relearn a
more vertical type of chewing. The temporo-
mandibular joint must be in a stable healthy con-
dition and centric position contacts must be es-
tablished on all teeth including the anterior teeth.
The patient should be given an ideal anterior
tooth overlap within the limits of normal unworn
tooth length and good esthetics.

Figure 3-33 (A) Severe Class II canine situa-

tions can sometimes be solved by removing the
lingual cusp on the upper first premolar and
splinting the premolar to the canine with crowns.
(B) When the mandible moves to the working
side (W), the maxillary first premolar acts as the
canine to create maximum spacing (S) between
the posterior teeth on both sides. The recon-
toured first premolar should not be made longer
than the canine beside it.

Figure 3-34 Because of a “wedging” action of

the anterior teeth in some severe Class II, Divi-
sion 2 patients, and the continual tendency of the
teeth and associated alveolar bone to migrate
incisally, there is a tendency for the condyles to
be displaced inferior and posterior from centric
position.

73

Figure 3-35 (A) Severely worn dentition on a
50-year old man was restored to a new vertical
dimension of occlusion in 1967. (B) shows the
restored dentition after 11 years in the mouth in
centric position. Note the steep overlap of the
anterior teeth. The gold on the canines readily
indicates the length that was added to the worn
teeth. (C) shows the wide separation of the pos-
terior teeth in right border position. (D) (E)
show unworn posterior restoration after 11 years
due to the vertical guidance provided by the an-
terior teeth.
CLASS III PATIENTS
The Class III (mandibular prognathic)
patients present a challenging group. It is inter-
esting to note that few of these patients develop
temporomandibular joint dysfunction or myofa-
cial pain problems. They usually cannot easily
move the mandible laterally because of the re-
verse anterior guidance; thus, they become verti-
cal chewers. For muscle rest and relaxation dur-
ing nonchewing time, the mandible is allowed to
hang freely and the condyles can move freely to
centric position. If the prognathism is severe, it is
probably best to consider surgery followed by
equilibration and restorative dentistry. However,
if the case is not severe and the anterior teeth
come end to end when the condyles are in centric
position, orthodontics should be considered with
an alternate back-up plan using restorative meas-
ures. These patients often have rather flat emi-
nential angles, which should be determined be-
fore treatment is started, because they may sig-
nificantly affect the treatment plan and its suc-
cess.
TREATING ANTERIOR OPEN BITES
It is usually believed that most anterior
open bites are the result of abnormal tongue hab-
its. The question is whether the tongue is the
primary cause, or whether it is taking advantage
of the malocclusion and acting in a protective or
compensatory way. Often patients will place
their tongues over the occlusal surfaces of the
teeth to act as a cushion or splint to rest the mus-
cles and joints. They also use the tongue to close
off the airway space between the anterior teeth
when speaking or swallowing. It must be recog-
nized, however, that there are people with true
anomalies and deviate swallowing habits who
require special care and training. (Garliner,
197135).
In any event, the anterior teeth of these
patients should be placed in the same good rela-
tionship as those of other patients. Orthodontics
should always be considered in treating these
patients; however, sometimes the overlap of the
teeth cannot be adequately established without a
multidisciplinary approach involving orthodon-
tics and restorative dentistry and even surgery at
times.
Figure 3-36 shows a 60-year old female
with temporomandibular joint dysfunction and
myofacial pain who did not respond to myofunc-
tional therapy. The patient was not amenable to
orthodontic treatment. The anterior open bite
was corrected solely with restorative measures
since the vertical dimension of occlusion could
not be reduced due to the relationship of the pos-
terior teeth. Adequate anterior proprioceptive
guidance was established with crowns of proper
length, which restored harmonious muscle activ-
ity for normal function and at the same time pro-
duced a pleasing esthetic result. The patient has
maintained centric position contacts with the
anterior teeth for more than five years, and has
had no recurrence of the temporomandibular
dysfunction and myofacial pain.
74
Figure 3-36 A 60-year old female patient with a
severe open bite and temporomandibular joint
dysfunction and myofacial pain. The patient
had been treated unsuccessfully with myofunc-
tional therapy. She was not amenable to ortho-
dontic treatment . (A) shows the teeth in centric
occlusion. there was a severe reverse curve of
Spee as well as extensive wear on the anterior
teeth. Because of posterior tooth relationships it
was not feasible to reduce the vertical dimension
of occlusion. The case was treated with restora-
tive measures only, which restored anterior guid-
ance as well as esthetics and eliminated the tem-
poromandibular joint pain dysfunction. (B)
shows the overlap of the anterior teeth in centric
position. Figure (C) shows the protrusive inci-
sive position. (D) illustrates the right boarder
position and (E) the left border position showing
the separation of the posterior teeth.

RATIONALE FOR ARTICULATORS

It might be thought that if anterior teeth

are to be long and steep for everyone, then there
may be no need for articulators that simulate
patients’ individual jaw motions. This logic
might have merit except that in many cases den-
tists are called upon to treat a patient who may
not be able to undergo orthodontia or orthog-
nathic surgery. There may be no feasible way to
get the anterior teeth into a good relationship for
ideal guidance. Therefore, the practitioner may
be forced to adapt the treatment plan and use an
alternate, such as working-side group function.
These group-function types of occlusal treat-
ments demand closer simulation of the patient’s
individual jaw movements (Hobo, Shillingburg
and Whitsett, 197636). It should also be recog-
nized that anterior restorations of gold or porce-
lain or even enamel may wear over the years,
and the cusps of the opposing posterior teeth
may move closer together in eccentric motions.
It is reasonable to use instruments properly ad-

75
justed to simulate the important functional
movements of the mandible* (Figure 3-37A, B,
C). With properly adjusted instruments it is pos-
sible to build a second line of control (Group
function) into the posterior teeth. Working-side
group function is the only feasible choice when
the anterior teeth do not have good relationships.
Group function can be used as an alternate plan
for anterior teeth or crowns that may eventually
wear.
Lundeen, Shryock, and Gibbs (1978)27
have shown in some patients with fairly good
cuspid relations that the lower posterior teeth
sometimes approached the upper teeth from a
rather horizontal angle, because of horizontal
movements of the condyles before reaching cen-
tric position (side shift) or excessive axial incli-
nations of the posterior teeth. This also can be
caused by a steep occlusal plane which has the
effect of flat condylar paths. Figure 3-37B A series of statistically generated
three-dimensional analogs of condylar axis mo-
tion, including curvilinear sideshift. Bennett and
protrusive pathways are performed for conven-
ience. Dentists or auxiliaries can rapidly select
the matching analogs (articulator guides) for
simulating a patient’s condylar motions. The
motion analogs are available in five sizes with
varying amounts of immediate sideshift (0.5, 1.0,
1.5, 2.0, 2.5mm). They can be rotated individu-
ally to duplicate the slope of the patient’s protru-
sive pathway. The analogs can also be mixed so
that the right and left sides may have different
amounts of sideshift.

Figure 3-37A The Panadent Analog Articulator

utilizes preformed analogs of condylar axis mo-
tion. The instrument was designed for use in
orthodontics and removable prosthodontics as
well as for fixed prosthodontics.

Figure 3-37C The Panadent Quick Analyzer is

• Panadent Corp., 22575 Barton Road, Colton, CA 92324
an uncomplicated effective instrument for re-
cording and measuring the major parameters of
condylar motion including: 1) protrusive path-
ways; 2) border pathways; and 3) immediate
sideshift. The Quick Analyzer is used to select
and adjust preformed analogs of condylar mo-
tion for the articulator.

76

Articulators are somewhat lacking in
that they do not have a central nervous system,
muscles, nerves, or ligaments. They do not show
mobility of teeth and have no ability to learn.
The primary functions of an articulator are:
1. Diagnosis and treatment planning
2. Communication of as much static
and dynamic information about the
patient as possible to the labora-
tory, so that dental restorations or
appliances can be fabricated to
meet the requirements with mini-
mal adjustments in the patient’s
mouth.
To derive the maximum benefits, intel-
ligent operators will understand and appreciate
the limitations of articulators and know that they
must incorporate a knowledge of biology of the
masticatory system into the use of an articulator.
PATIENT EDUCATION
It is important to explain to the patient
what his occlusion problems are, and how the
jaws and teeth should function. The use of a
Boley gauge to measure the patient’s teeth, while
the patient watches in a mirror, is a visual aid.
Also, measuring and comparing the lengths of
the patient’s teeth to those of one of the office
staff who has good anterior teeth if often effec-
tive. The use of colored pictures of patients with
good front teeth or crowns, as well as models of
teeth which show proper tooth length and rela-
tionships, are helpful. Patients should under-
stand what good esthetics are and that good func-
tion is compatible with good esthetics.
Another important area deals with what
the patients can do themselves to help rehabili-
tate their neuromusculature. They can make a
conscious effort to practice a more vertical type
of chewing rather than horizontal chewing. They
should also be aware of the types of food they
eat, which may cause undue stress on the masti-
catory system. An often effective analogy is to
tell the patient that the temporomandibular joint
ligaments, tendons, and muscles have been dam-
ages similarly to an injured back, knee or elbow,
which often takes many months or even years to
heal. With the loss of the periodontal tissues,
there is also a loss of periodontal pressoreceptors
as well as mobility of the teeth. If the tooth sup-
port has been weakened by periodontal disease,
there will always be a potential danger of over-
loading the teeth, and such foods as raw carrots,
hard apples, or tough breads should be avoided.
The patient should be told that training
splints and temporary crowns are a part of the
rehabilitative learning process, that the learning
time is not always instantaneous, and that it is
not always the same for all people. Patients
should be informed that it is normal for the lower
jaw to hang freely and have little freeway space
between the teeth when they are not chewing or
swallowing. They should also make a conscious
effort not to clench or grind the teeth.
MAINTENANCE
Many patients have been suffering from
a malocclusion since childhood. Even though
the teeth have been moved or restored into a
condition that improves the masticatory patterns,
there may be a long convalescent period extend-
ing over several years whereby the temporoman-
dibular joint complex is undergoing change. For
example, in patients with a large overjet who
have developed loose or stretched ligaments, the
condyles may gradually seek a more retruded or
superior position. In orthodontics, the bones,
sutures, and ligaments of the entire maxillofacial
and temporomandibular complex are usually
disturbed. It often takes time following treat-
ment for these potential forces to be dissipated
and become stable.
Dentists should recall these patients
regularly after occlusal treatment, especially in
thefirst two or three years, to check for loss of
centric position contact between the anterior
teeth. A good method for checking centric posi-
tion is the Dawson technique which supports the
mandible bilaterally and checks if the patient is
able to hold 0.0005 inch mylar marking ribbon
between the front teeth. If there is loss of ante-
rior centric contact, the posterior teeth or crowns
should be adjusted to bring the anterior teeth
back into centric position contact.
Probably one of the most common er-
rors in rehabilitative dentistry is treating the teeth
before the temporomandibular joint complex has
become stable.
SUMMARY
In any scheme of occlusion, the muscles
must be given paramount consideration. The
muscles, however, have no ability to learn and
must get directional stimuli from the central
nervous system, which gathers and stores infor-
mation about the position of the mandible
77
through proprioception. The proprioceptive
feedback mechanism of well-related anterior
teeth creates a better environment for learning a
more vertical and lasting masticatory pattern.
Good anterior guidance reduces bruxism.
Achieving successful long-range reha-
bilitations of the masticatory system includes
more than fabricating posterior occlusal surfaces
in gold or porcelain on fully adjustable articula-
tors. True rehabilitations also involve conscious
and subconscious learning through propriocep-
tive inputs from the position and morphology of
the teeth as they relate to each other, as well as
how the teeth relate to the mucosa, lips, cheeks,
and tongue. The role of the anterior teeth in
achieving more predictable and lasting success in
occlusal treatment, such as maintaining centric
position and harmonious muscle activity is es-
sential.
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79