Power System Operation & Control Aishvarya Nargga ELECTRICAL ENGINE in DEPARTMENT mm “4.U.T GORAKHBEE 43: POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL 3 1 OQ, Credit-4 Syllabus UNITI Introduction: Overview of power system operation, Energy control center and real time computer control, SCADA system, power system operation and control in India, system security, voltage stability, Role of information technology in energy control system, contingency analysis, system states and transient diagrams UNIT II Economic Operation: Energy demand, demand factor, load factor, diversity factor, types of loads, Economic operation of power system and unit commitment, Input-output characteristics of power plants, Economy loading with and without transmission losses, Penalty factor, computerized approach for economy load dispatch.Syllabus.. UNIT Il Load Frequency Control: Role of system frequency in real power control, Concept of load frequency control, control area concept, single area and multi area load frequency control scheme, steady state and dynamic response, Automatic load frequency control for interconnected power systems, Automatic load dispatching UNIT IV Voltage and Reactive Power control: Schematic diagram and block diagram representation, automatic excitation control systems, static and dynamic response, low power factor causes, lepeevem ea in pomee fort, soncent. of real and reactive paves Shunt AC Systems:Text Books & Reference Books D.P. Kothari & |. J. Nagrath, “Modern Power System Analysis” Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition. P.S.R. Murty, “Operation and control in Power Systems” B.S. Publications. N. G. Hingorani & L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTs” Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems” J. Wood & B.F. Wollenburg, “Power Generation, Operation and Control “John Wiley Sons. BR Gupta & Vandana Sahegal, Power System Operation & Control, New Age Publications 0. |. Elgerd, “Electric Energy System Theory” Tata McGraw Hill. P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control McGraw Hill. MH. Rashid, “Power Electronics: Circuits, devices and Applications” Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition. T.K.Nagsarkar & M. S. Sukhiza,’ Power System Analysis’ Oxford University Press.: Introduction Generation plant in have more than one generating units. Each of the unit have identical or different capacities. A number of power plants tied together to supply the system load by means of interconnection of the generating stations. Interconnected electric power system is more reliable and convenient All the units are interconnected gave better regulation The generation of power is transfer to the Consumers through the transmission system. Generation unit , Transformer Unit, Converter Unit, Transmission Unit, Inverter Unit and Consumer Point. This combination of all the unit is called the overall power system units.Why We Study Economic Operation ??Unit Cost value For Power Plant Profit Depends on Factors Before that we should have knowledge of some definitionConnected Load | Pe alain! Tube tight Oo Tube lig & Se 8 els OW) — Heater Tv, (ow) CLE Hroning Grp Fes (1000W) (ow) Gow) —(500W) ssw) ow) Fig. 7.4 Load in a consumer's premisesVarious Type of Loads Domestic Commercial Industrial Agriculture Others - Street lights, Irrigation load, Traction. tion Blue: Transmission Green: Distribution 765, 500, 345, 230, and 138 KV ‘Substation Step Down Transformer ‘Subtransmission Customer 26KV and 69kV Transmission lines A Li Primary Customer and 4kV se Secondary Customer ‘ransmission Customer T20V and 240V 138KV oF 230KV nevigoogecom sheng oursceen EEREDaily Load Curve Peak Load Base Load Time(Hours) Base Load- The unvarying load which occurs almost the whole day on the station Peak Load- The various peak demands so load of the station Unit/Energy Generated Generated- Area Under The curveLoad Curves The curve drawn between the variations of load on the power station with reference to time is known as load curve. Types of Load Curve- Daily load curve The curve drawn between the variations of load with reference to various time period of day is known as daily load curve. Monthly load curve * Itis obtained from daily load curve. + Average value of the power at a month for a different time periods are calculated and plotted in the graph which is known as monthly load curve. Yearly load curve It is obtained from monthly load curve which is used to find annual load factor.Load duration curve When the elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending magnitudes. The load duration curve gives the data in a more presentable form * The area under the load duration curve is equal to that of the corresponding load curve * The load duration curve can be extended to include any period of timeFactor Affecting the Cost of Generation Average Demand/ Load Maximum Demand Demand Factor Plant Capacity Factor Diversity Factor Load FactorEnergy consumed in a given period Average load = Hours in that time period No. of units (kWh) generated in a day Daily av load = aily average loa 4 hows No. of units (kWh) generated in a month Monthly average load = - No. of hours ina month No. of units (kWh) generated in a year Yearly average load = early average loa aFind- maximum demand, unit generated?Important Terminologies Demand factor- It is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load. Demand factor= (Max demand)/ (Connected load) Maximum demand- It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period. Connected load- It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment connected to supply systemsFind Demand Factor? House 1 30 KW 25 KW House 2 25 KW 20 KW House 3 40 KW 35 KWDiversity factor- The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor. (Maximum demand) Diversity Factor >1 (Practically) Paiste Ra House 1 30kW KW * Find Diversity Factor ?? House 2 BW KW House 3 40KW 35KWLoad factor- The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is known as load factor. Load factor = (Avera: d)/ (Maximum demand) Average demand- The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or month or year) is known as average demand > Daily average demand = (no of units generated per day) / (24 hours) » Monthly average demand = (no of units generated in month) / (no of hours in a month) > Yearly average demand = (no of units generated in a year) / (no of hours in a year)Find- maximum demand=, unit generated=, Load Factor < 1 (Practically) or =1( Ideally )Utilization factor- This is the ratio of Maximum Demand on power station to the Rated capacity of power plant. (how much % plant use of its capacity) ind on power station) / (Rated Utilization factor = (Maximum Der capacity of power plant) Maximum Capacity Time (brs)Capacity factor- This is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could have been produced during a given period. Capacity factor = (Average Demand on the Power Station) / (Maximum installed capacity of the Power Station) or Capacity factor = (Actual energy produced) / (Maximum energy that have been produced) Maximum Capacity (hrs)Plant Use factor- This is the ratio of KW produced to the number of hours for which the plant was in operation. Plant Use factor = (Output of Power Station in KWh) / (Plant Capacity x Number of Hours Plant Use) Plant Use factor = (Actual Energy produce in a day) / (Maximum Energy that can be produce Daily) Plant Capacity jp i ik Mw jo —_A,_ 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time (hrs)Relationship Between Reserve Capacity, Plant Capacity, Maximum Demand * Reserve Capacity = Plant Capacity- Maximum Demand Pir a “] R= c Pax | Por* Q.Ageneration Station has connected load 150 MW and its supplies maximum demand 100MW. The numbers of unit generated in a year are 60x10’. Calculate Load and Demand Factor of Generating Station.Example 3.1. The maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the annual load factor is 40% , calculate the total energy generated in a year Example 3.2. A generating station has a connected load of 43MW and a maximum demand of 20 MW; the units generated being 61-5 10° per annum. Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) load factor Example 3.3, A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 30 MW for 6 hours and is shut down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its annual load factor Source-Dr. Audih Presentation meet googie com is sranng your xeen.Example 3.1. The maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the annual load factor is 40% , calculate the total enengy generated in a year Solution. Energy generated/year = Max. demand x L.F. x Hours in a year = (100 x 10°) x (0-4) x (24 x 365) kWh = 3504 x 10" kWh Example 3.2. A generating station has a connected load of 43MW and a maximum demand of 20 MW; the units generated being 61°S% 10° per annum. Calculate (i) the demand factor and (i) load factor Solution. oO “w Averge demand = Units generated /annum _ 61-510" _ 7920 kW Hours in a year 8760: Load factor = Average demand _ _7020__ _ 9.35101 35-1% Max. demand ~ 30 x 10" Example 3.3. A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its annual load factor Solution. Energy supplied for each working day = (100 x 2) + (50 x 6) = S00 MWh Station operates for = 365 — 45 = 320 days in a year Energy supplied/year = S00 x 320 = 160,000 MWh . MWh supplied per annum Annual load factor = 755 demand in MW» Working hours * '0? 160, = [i00) x (320 <2ay * 100 = 20-8% ‘meet google.com sharing your seen, =aExample 3.4. A generating station has 4 maximum demand of 25MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of $0% and a plant use factorof 72%. Find (i) the reserve capacity of the plant (ii) the daily energy produced and (iii) maxiowim energy that could be produced daily if the plant while running as per schedule, were fully loaded, Example 3.u0, A generating station has the following daily load eyele * Time(Hours) 0—6 6—10 112 2-6 [6—20 20-14 Lewd (MW) 40 so 0 so 7 40 Draw the load curve and find () maximue demand i) units generated per day (ii) average tosad ant (18) toad Ginctor Example 3.12. The daily demands of three consumers are given below : Time Consumer 1 ‘Consumer 2 ‘Consumer 3 412 midnight to 8 A.M. No load 200 Ww No load 8AM. t02 PM. 600 W No loud 200 Ww 2PM. 04 PM. 200 Ww 1000 W 1200 W 4PM. to 10 PM. 800 Ww No load No load 10 PM. to midnight Ne loud 200 Ww 200 Ww Plot the load curve and find ()) maximum demand of individual consumer(ii) load thetor of fadividual consumer (iif) diversity fictor and (iv) load factor af the station, renigerncon ecg een, EER = aExample 3.10. A generating station has the following daily load cycle : Time(Hours) 0—6 6—10 10—12 12—16 16—20 20—24 Load(M W) 40 50 60 30 70 40 Draw the load curve and find (i) maximum demand(ii) units generated per day (ii) average Joad and (iv) load factor. Load in MW ———> ot SBSEESIBS 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time in hours > Fig. 3.6 ° | * cmon snens orn EEEExample 3.10." A generating station has the following daily load eyele Time(iours) 0—6 6—10 10—12 12—16 1620 20—24 Load (MW) 40 50 60 30 70 40 Draw the load curve and find (i) maximum demand) units generited per day (ii) average toad and Uv) load factor. Solution. Daily curve is drawn by taking the load along Y-axis and time along X-axis. For the given load cycle, the load curve is shown in Fig. 3.6. ()_ Itis clear from the load curve that maximum demand on the power station is 70 MW and ‘occurs during the period 16— 20 hours *. Maximum demand 7o MW Loadin tty ——> oS ESSERIES 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Ba Time tn hours» Fin Ao “a Units generated/day = Area Gin kWh) under the load curve = 10° [40 x6 + 50 x4 + 60x 2 +50%4+70x4+ 40x 4) = 10° [240 + 200 + 120 + 200 + 280 + 160] kWh — 12x 10" kwh vere Units generated / day _ 12 = 10" _ ui Average loud wer x 50,000 KW uw Load tretor — Average load _ 50,000. _ 9.714 — 71-49% Max. demand ~ 70 x 10 cmocrsm seers orien SEES12. The daily demands of three consumers are given below Consumer I Consumer 2 Consumer 3 12 midnight to 8 A.M. No load 200 w No load 8AM. to2 PM. 600 W No load 200 W 2PM. w4 PM. 200 W 1000 W 1200 W 4PM. to 1OP-M. 800 W No load No load 10 PM. to midnight No load 200 W 200 W Plot the load curve and find (i) maximum demand of individual consumer(ii) load factor of individual consumer (iii) diversity factor and (iv) load factor of the station.(J) Max. demand of consumer | = 800 W. Max. demand of consumer 2 = 1000 W Max. demand of consumer 3 = 1200 W _ __Energy consumed / day (i) LR of consumer | = iy demand x Hours ina day * '00 600x620 x2 +800 x 6 800 x24 200 x 8 + 1000 x 2+ 200 x 2 1000 x 24 200 x 6 + 1200 2-+200% 2 ~~ 7200x24—OCOCS (iii) The simultaneous maximum demand on the station is 200 + 1000 + 1200 = 2400 W and occurs from 2 P.M. to 4 P.M. x 100 = 45:8% L.F. of consumer 2 = x 100 = 167% L.F. of consumer 3 = x 100 = 13-8% 800 + 1000 + 1200 2400 - _ Total energy consumed / day (yy —__Station load fietor = eTeancous rmx. demand x24 * '09 . 8800 + 4000 + 4000 2400 x 24 Diversity factor = =125 « 100 = 291% ‘meet googie som s sharing your screen.Example 3.14. A power station has a daily load cycle as under : 260 MW for 6 hours ; 200 MW for 8 hours : 160 MW for 4 hours, 100 MW for 6 hours. If the power station is equipped with 4 sets of 75 MW each, calculate(i) daily load factor (ii) plant capacity factor and (ii) daily requirement if the calorific value of oil used were 10,000 kcalkg and the average heat rate of station were 2860 kcal/kWh. eeExample 3.14. A power station has a daily load cycle as under : 260 MW for 6 hours ; 200 MW for 8 hours : 160 MW for 4 hours, 100 MW for 6 hours. If the power station is equipped with 4 sets of 75 MW each, calculate( i) daily load factor (ii) plant capacity factor and (iii) daily requirement if the calorific value of oil used were 10,000 keaVkg and the average heat rate of station were 2860 kcal/kWh. Solution, Max. demand on the station is 260 x 10° kW. Units supplied/day = 10° [260 x 6 + 200 x 8 + 160 x 4+ 100 x 6] 4400 x 10° kWh. 4400 x 10° aoe naan 4400 x 10°/24 = 1,83,333 kW (75 x 10°) x4 = 300 x 10° kW Plant capacity factor = Pa x 100 = 61-1 % @ Daily load factor (i) Average demand/day Station capacity (iii) Heat required/day = Plant heat rate x units per day = (2860) x (4400 x 10°) kal 2860 x 4400 x 10° = 1258-4 10° kg = T0000 1258-4 10° kg = 1258-4 tons Fuel required/day = recsegeaneners cen EERIE +.* Why economical load dispatch* With the development of integrated system (Grid System) it become necessary to operate plants in most economical pattern. * Optimal use of fuel is expected. * Economic load dispatch is performed to determine the optimal scheduling of the generators to minimize the operating cost of generators for the given load demand while satisfying equality and inequality constraintsi iaThe input output curve of generating station is plotted experimentally. It is plot of input rate (Fi) as function of generator power output ( Pgi) a! sz! 2s = = s & ° (MW ) min (MW) max, Power output, MW < Fig. 7.1 input-output curve of a generating unitEconomic Load Dispatch Economic load dispatch is performed to determine the optimal scheduling of the generators to minimize the operating cost of generators for the given load demand while satisfying equality and inequality constraints Subjected to Where Ne is number of generators. Pp and Puosses are load * demand and power losses respectively.Economic dispatch without transmission losses This is a constrained optimization problem solved by the Lagrange function. + This method adds the constrained function to the objective function with multiplication of unknown multiplier known as Lagrange multiplier. + Ignoring the power losses. This function modify the constraint problem to an unconstraint problem. Ng Ng LQg.4) = DA (Pei) +A Pp - D Pai) isl i=l Kuhn-Tucker Conditions