15179 FEBRUARY 1980 st2 JOURNAL OF THE STRUCTURAL DIVISION STRENGTH OF ComposirE BEAMS With Wes Openincs By David M. Todd,’ A. M. ASCE and Peter B. Cooper,? F. ASCE ‘The objective of this paper is to present an ultimate strength analysis of composite beams with web openings. A composite beam is defined as a steel W shape acting together with a concrete slab to resist transverse loads. An opening located in the web of the steel section is usually introduced to permit the passage of utility ducts and piping. Figs. 1 and 2 show elevation and cross section views of a composite beam with a web opening and define the dimensions of the problem. ‘The analysis is limited in scope by the physical characteristics of the beam, and the type of failure assumed at the opening. The slab thickness is limited to the range of values normally encountered in practice, and the slab width is taken to be the effective width, which is determined in the usual manner (). A sufficient number of shear connectors are assumed to be present so ‘that full composite action is attained. The opening is ‘shape, which can be located anywhere on the span, and can be (miiddepth of opening coincides with middepth of steel section) or eccentric. Only unreinforced openings are considered. Failure is limited to yielding onl ., buckling and lity failures a effects of strain hardening. ‘In the past decade a number of i analyses of noncomposite beams with rectangular web openings. Among the ‘cases studied have been concentric, unreinforced openings (1,6), concentric, reinforced openings (2), eccentric, unreinforced openings (3,7), and eccentric, reinforced openings (10). Of particular interest here is the work of McCormick, ‘who not only analyzed noncomposite beams with unreinforced and reinforced concentric openings, but also developed an analysis of a composite beam with Note—Discussion open until July 1, 1980, To extend the closing ‘writen request must be led withthe Manager of Technical and Professional Publications, ‘ASCE. This paper is part ofthe copyrighted Journal of the Structural Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 106, No. ST2, February, 1980, Manuscript ‘was submitied for review for possible publication on December 12, 1978 "Design Engr., Marley Cooling Tower Co., Mission, Kans.; formerly, Research Asst, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, Kans ‘Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg, Kansas Siate Univ., Manhatian, Kans 43432 FEBRUARY 1980 st2 concentric, unreinforced opening for specific dimensions and properties (5). ‘The analysis presented here has many assumptions in common with McCormick's Nie FIG. 2.—Seotion of Composite Beam with Web Ops analysis, but is developed for general beam geometry and material properties, and for a single rectangular opening of any practical depth, width, and location. ‘Ourune oF Urrumare Sraensth ANALYSIS ‘The analysis is based on the following assumptions: (1) The compressive strength of concrete in bending F, = 0.85 f2, and the Whitney stress block is used; (2) the tensile strength of the concrete is neglected; (3) yielding in the steel flanges is by compression or tension; (4) shear is carried in the web aly, and is uniformly distributed; (5) yielding in the web of the steel section sm ‘COMPOSITE BEAMS 433 due to combined shear and normal stresses follows von Mises’ yield criterion (8); (© points of contraflexure occur at the midpoints of the sections above and below the opening; and (7) failure occurs by the formation of a mechanism with hinges at sections above and below the edges of the opening (Fig. 3. ‘The astumed yield priterion i fairer ey ene cer ” in which f = normil stress; fy = shear stress; and F, = yield stress. Eq. SS FIG. '3.—Four Hinge Failure Mechanism Fe a ri bP Myr( Myr fr Vy ot XB, Mya 1. 1 is applied to reduce the web thickness throughout the depth of the net steel section by an amount corresponding to the total shear, V, applied to the section. ‘The resulting reduced web thickness and reduced flange width are, respectively Vi] 2 WN -3lompae | cc Oy and 6,=bbw—t, .! coven eens @ and are subjected to yielding due to normal stresses only.| | 434 FEBRUARY 1980 72 For any value of V the ratio of the shear in the bottom tee, Vy, to the shear in the top tee, V;, is assumed, From V, the assumed V,/¥; and shear equilibrium equation a a Speesosone ® V,, and V,, can be determined. Then the moments due to shear are My Virdee veces bo pao D ee) and Myy=Vya . 16 O for the top and bottom tees, respectively (see Fig. 4). ‘The axial force in the top tee, P,, and the axial force in the bottom tee, P,, and their positions y, and y y, respectively (Fig. 4), can be calculated from the moments due to shear given by Eqs. 5 and 6 and the plastic properties of tee sections presented in Appendix I. From horizontal equilibrium the axial force in the slab is Poa Pi+P, wees enna) Here P, corresponds to a thickness measured from the top ofthe slab eee eee a) wa Since the rest of the slab, c ~ ¢,, is in tension it is disregarded ‘By summing moments of P,, P,, and P, about the top of the slab, the primary ‘moment corresponding to the assumed Vand V/V, is 1 Ma Pols t Oem In) + PaVat BA Sy HEH OY Pep sO) With V constant, V,/V, is varied and a new primary moment computed and compared with the previous value. This process is repeated until the maximum ‘Mis obtained for the given V. When V = 0, Vy, Vo, Myr, and My ate also zero, and the total capacity of the tees is assigned to P, and P,. The maximum primary moment is obtained for this case. The maximum shear that the section can resist is obtained when the primary moment is zero. In this case Pp, Py and P, are also zero, and the steel tees are yielded due to shear forces V,, and V, and the corresponding ‘moments due to shear. Ucrmare Srmenarn Carcuranions It is convenient to present the results of the ultimate strength analysis in the form of an interaction diagram as shown in Fig. 5. The abscissa is the total shear acting at the opening V nondimensionalized by the shear capacity of the gross steel section a, Vea oe 5 Bee ee Oo) ‘The ordinate is the primary moment M, which is the total moment acting at sm COMPOSITE BEAMS 435 the center of the opening, nondimensionalized by the moment capacity of the gross composite section L 1 Mae bebe tbat een) + errr) 2 2 in which c,, = thickness of the slab utilized, measured from the top of the slab eye (2) Fb, and P,, is the axial force capacity of the gross steel section BaF 2br4 d= BWI). fee eee (8) ‘The case where the plastic neutral axis is in the steel section is not considered here, since it is not normally encountered in practical cases, lA FIG. §—Moment-Shear Interaction Diagram The ultimate strength calculations are started at point A in Fig. 5, where the total shear = 0, the shear increment is initialized to 1 kip (443 KN) and the shear ratio, V,/V>, is set equal to zero. Along the frst portion of the interaction diagram (A-B in Fig. 5) the maximum moment is obtained when436 FEBRUARY 1980 sm sm COMPOSITE BEAMS 437 V,/¥, = 0, ice, all of the shear is carried by the top tee. From point B to point E, V,/Vr is nonzero and continually increasing, The shear increment TABLE 1. is reduced as the slope of the curve increases, changing from 1 kip (4.45 kN) of Ret. 7 in portion A-B to 0.1 kip (445 N) in portion B-C and 0.01 kip (44.5 N) in portion C-D. At point D the slope is so steep that it is impractical to use Example beam of ‘smaller shear increments, so the curve is completed with a straight line from ance abeyy point D to point E. . Section WIB x 60 Fig. 12), W8 x 28 For any value of total shear and an initial shear ratio equal to the final it) @ a) shear ratio from the previously calculated point, the shear acting on each tee is calculated and the corresponding moment M is determined as outlined earlier \c) Dimensions, in inches (centimeters) it ‘The shear ratio is varied from the initial value, and a new moment calculated. ‘Slab width, b, 48 i ‘This new moment is compared to the previous M and the larger is retained. (2) i ‘The shear ratio increment is systematically reduced to 0.0001, at which point Slab thickness, ¢ 1 on ihe comesponding maximum moment is adopied a8 the moment capacity of 7 i the section when the given shear force is prseat : Cneniog length 2 i ‘To calculate poin Ein Fig. 3, where Af ~ 0 and both (es resis shear pening sopih, 24 7 9 b, Openingescnniciy.e | —— SEEae a (© Mave proper n ps per sua inch (negapasas | : \ Vid Sue, 36 “675 i EAA ' (248) G2) : { Compresive strengths; | 3 338 ay a w, a FIG, 6.—Reduced Top Tee Section ‘and moment due to shear, a trial solution is applied using Eqs. 2 and 5. An equation for the portion of the flange that is below the equal area axis of the reduced top tee (Fig. 6) is. baw | «aa | 2b, | and an equation obtained by summing moments about the equal area axis in Fig. 6is 1 ipa at : Myr =| sw(t.4—s) += b+ b= YB (as) FIG. 7.—Interaction Diagrams for FIG. 8—Effect of Varying 2) *2 2 Composite and Nonoomposite Sections Thickness on Ukimate Strength (1 in. = 26.4 mm) t For an assumed value of Vy Myr, and M,,, are calculated and compared. ‘The value V, is adjusted until My; = M,p,. A similar process is applied to H438 FEBRUARY 1980 sm the bottom tee to obtain V,, and the sum V; + Vy is divided by V, to obta the final point on the interaction diagram (point E in Fig. 5). Anacyss oF Resuirs Interaction diagrams for a noncomposite beam and a composite beam are shown in Fig. 7. The diagrams have been developed for the cross section, ‘material properties, and opening dimensions listed in Table 1. The noncomposite diagram is based on the analysis of Ref. 10, while the composite diagram is based on the analysis presented in this paper. To obtain a common ordinate scale, the M/M, values for the noncomposite beam have been multiplied by ‘M,/Myo. In this case, the moment capacity of the composite section is about FIG. 8—Effect of Varying Opening FIG. 10.~Effect_ of Varying Opening Length on Ukimate Strength {1 in. = Depthon Utimate Strength (1 In. = 25, 25.4 mm) mm) 40% higher than that of the noncomposite section; however, the two curves converge 10 the same shear capacity since the shear contribution of the slab is neglected in the composite beam analysis, ‘The effects of varying key parameters on the strength of a composite beam with a web opening can be examined with the aid of Figs. 8-11, all of which are plotted for the same W shape, slab width, and material properties, A. comparison of the two interaction diagrams in Fig. 8 indicates that varying the slab thickness has relatively litte effect on the strength of the member. ‘When the opening length is varied, as in Fig. 9, the moment capacity is constant since it is based only on the available cross section; however, the shear capacity decreases as opening length increases because the moment due to shear increases directly with opening length. Variations in opening height (Fig. 10) affect both sma COMPOSITE BEAMS 439 ‘moment and shear capacity since the net steel section decreases with increasing opening height. The effect of varying opening eccentricity, showa in Fig. 11, is Somewhat more complicated. The moment capacity increases with increasing positive eccentricity (toward the slab) and decreases with increasing negative eccentricity; this is related to variations in the size of the tee section below the opening since it has the larger moment arm from the compressed portion of the slab. Interaction diagrams for plus and minus eccentricity of the same ‘magnitude converge to the same shear strength, but as eccentricity increases, FIG. 11—EHfect of Varying Opening Eccentricity on Ultimate Strength (1 In. = 25.6 mm) the shear strength also increases because larger tee sections are more efficient in resisting moment due to shear. ‘A comparison between the theoretical analysis of this paper and the two laboratory tests described in Ref. 4 is presented in Fig. 12. The single interaction ‘curve applies to both test beams because the cross section, material properties, and opening dimensions of the two beams were the same (see Table 1). The440 FEBRUARY 1980 sta theoretical predictions of the ultimate loads, represented by the intersections of the interaction diagram with the lines connecting the test points to the origin, are substantially lower than the experimentally observed ultimate loads. The very conservative nature of the theory may be partially due to the effects of strain hardening in the test beams, since this beneficial effect is neglected in the theory. It is believed that much of the discrepancy between theory and 8 7 Beam 2 6 Beam 1 3 2 2 3y 4 Vp FIG, 12—Comparison of Theory with Test Results of Rt. 4 test results can be attributed to the contribution of the slab in transmitting shear across the opening, a contribution that is not included in the current analysis. ‘Summany ‘An ultimate strength analysis of composite beams with unreinforcea, rectangu- lar, concentric or eccentric web openings has been presented. Inthe development ofthis analysis the beneficial effects of strain hardening and the shear contribution of the slab are neglected. The results of the analysis indicate that a composite section has a significantly higher bending, strength at the opening than the corresponding noncomposite section. Comparison of the analytical results with the limited experimental data available indicates that the theory provides a very sm ‘COMPOSITE BEAMS an conservative estimate of the ultimate strength. The discrepancy between theory and test resultsis attributed primarily to strain hardening and the shear contribution of the slab. ‘Acxwowesoauent ‘The research presented in this paper was supported by National Science Foundation Grant ENG 76-19045 and by the Department of Civil Engineering at Kansas State University. Arenoux 1 Lasnic Prorenmis oF Tee Secrions ‘The properties presented here are applicable to any reduced tee section having the dimensions shown in Fig. (2) Given that a known moment due to shear —* —— i amt log s iu ew 0) rc) & at ean y uJ y U u @ “@) FIG. 13—Plastic Propertias of Reduced Tee Section ‘My, is acting on the reduced tee, it is desired to calculate the maximum axial force P which can be resisted concurrently with M,, along with its location ye ‘The location of the equal area axis, EAA, of the reduced tee (Fig. 13a) gobo) cocccerieccssee ieee eee ca oy an eto tin442 FEBRUARY 1980 sm mt pelle tst) stale ccc cceecen When the area assigned tothe axial force extends to the flange-veb junction [Fig. 13(6)], the corresponding axial force is defined by 7 : Pr=2b Bo... cee 20) or in nondimensional form, Pp en e ‘The quantities defined by Eqs. 16-21 are constant for a given reduced tee section, Let the nondimensionalized axial force be defined by P 5 Pee Beery Ga) When n = n* the ail force willbe confined to the Mange {Fig 146), and since it acts at the EAA, its location is ten yeasty wee 5 3) The moment M/, can be expressed as My = MBE, ar) in which 2 1, = portion of the flange assigned to P, or es) 26) en Substivuting Eq. 27 into Eq. 24 results in uaem,,-@ 4a ya Mer -. @8) With ay knowa, fg, 28 canbe solved form and finaly P can be eae Wi y P canbe caked When n = nthe area assigned to P wl extend ato the web [Fi and following a similar process ae Meo Mer-[Zos-mn(ei)ebea(Let)] sa sm ‘COMPOSITE BEAMS 443, ‘Again, Eq, 29 can be solved for m, after which P can be obtained from Ea. 22, The location of P for this case is BE (Eger) rea) ‘Aprenocs IL—Rerenences |” He Scenes rn tr a re os tro ty So ae eine a 60) June, 1968. 17, Richard, M. W., “Ulimate Strength Analysis of Beams with Eccentric Rectangular ‘Web Openings,” thesis presented to Kansas State University, at Manhattan, Kaa., in 1971 in pertalfalfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 8, Seely, F. By and Smith, J..0., Advanced Mechanics of Materiats, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1952, pp. 69-91. 9, “Specification for the Design, Fabrication’ and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings,” American Institute of Seel Construction, 7th ed., New York, N-Y., 1973. 10, Wang. T. M,. Snell, RR, and Cooper, P. B., “Strength of Beams with Eecentric Reinforced Holes,” Journal of the Siructural Division, ASCE Vol. \Ol, No. ST9, roc. Paper 11540, Sept., 1975, pp. 1783-1800. Noranion ‘Aerenoox Il The following symbols are used in this paper: Ay = area of reduced tee; @ = one-half length of opening: b= width of steel flange; b, = width of concrete slab; b, = reduced steel flange width; thickness of concrete slab; thickness of concrete used to equal axial force P,: ‘= thickness of concrete used to equal axial force P,,; +. depth of steel section; ecentricity of opening; F, = 0.85/15 F, = yield stress of steel; So = shear stress in steel;FEBRUARY 1980 st compressive strength of concrete cylinder, ‘normal stress in steel; one-half opening depth; primary moment at center line of opening; total moment capacity of gross steel section; total moment capacity of gross composite section; total moment capacity of reduced tee; moment due to shear; ‘moment due to shear on bottom tee; ‘moment due to shear on top tee; value of M ,, for any value of shear by ¥ moments—used to compare with value My: PIP, P*/P, ‘actual axial force applied to tee; ‘ual fore comresponding to area of flange below EAA plus equal axial force in bottom tee that contributes to primary moment; ‘axial force in concrete equal to sum of axial forces in top and bottom tees; axial force in top tee that contributes to primary moment; total axial force capacity of reduced tee; total axial force capacity of gross steel section; depth of web section of tee at opening; depth of web section of bottom tee at opening; depth of web section of top tee at opening; steel flange thickness; steel web thickness; thickness of top flange in tension below EAA; portion of flange about EAA assigned to axial force P; total shear applied to composite beam web with opening; shear assigned to bottom tee; total shear capacity of web of gross steel section; shear assigned to top tee; reduced web thickness of tee; distance from opening end of web stub to centroid of axial force Pin te distance from bottom of flange to EAA of tee; distance from opening end of web stub to centroid of axial force P in bottom tee; and : distance from opening end of web stub to centroid of axial force P in top tee. 15191 i FEBRUARY 1980 sr JOURNAL OF THE STRUCTURAL DIVISION NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED (CONCRETE FRAMES By Young-Jin Kang" and Alexander C, Seordelis,? F, ASCE wrnoouction ‘A numerical procedure based on the finite element method for the material and geometric nonlinear analysis of plane prestressed concrete frames including the time dependent effects due to load history, temperature history, creep, shrinkage, and aging of concrete, and relaxation of prestress is developed. The procedure is capable of predicting the response of these structures throughout their service load history as well as throughout elastic, inelastic, and ultimate load ranges in one complete analysis. It is hoped that this study will help obviate the need for heavy reliance on experiments in the design of prestressed concrete frames by accurately predicting service load stresses as well as failure loads. Time dependent variation of concrete properties is recognized. Concrete creep is evaluated by an efficient numerical procedure based on an age and temperature ‘dependent integral formulation. Varied material properties within a frame element are accounted for by a composite concrete and reinforcing steel layer system. ‘The contribution of prestressing steel is incorporated directly. ‘The prestressing steel is considered as an integral part of the structure. Thus, the variation of prestress throughout various stages of prestressing and loading is traced automatically in a unified manner. A series of numerical examples is presented to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the present method. The results are compared with experimental results and the analytical results obtained by other investigators. ‘Marana. Prorenms Inc.uowa Cassr Concrete.—Total uniaxial concrete strain ¢(¢) at any time ¢ is assumed to be composed of the following contributions ~"Note,—Discussion open until July 1, 1980, To extend the closing date one month, ‘ written request must be filed with the Manager of Technical and Professional Publications, ASCE. This paper is part of the copyrighted Journal of the Structural Division, Proceedings ‘of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 106, No. ST2, February, 1980, Manuscript ‘was submitted for review for possible publication on November 28, 1978, ‘Mgr. Structural Design Dept., Hyundai Construction Co., Seoul, Korea. *Prof. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 445