BABI ENGINEERING MATERIAL Capaian Pembelajaran: 1. Mahasiswa mampu memahami teks ilmiah tentang Material Teknik 2. Mahasiswa mampu menterjemahkan teks ilmiah tentang Material Teknik 3. Mahasiswa mampu menuliskan teks ilmiah dengan grammar yang tepat A. READING AND COMPREHENSION It is conventional to classify the materials of engineering into the six broad classes shown in Figure 1.1 : metals, polymers, elastomers, ceramics, glasses and composites. The members similar proces of a class have features in common: similar properties jing routes, and, often, similar applications. Metals have relatively high moduli. They can be made strong by alloying and by ‘mechanical and heat treatment, but they remain ductile, allowing them to be formed by deformation processes. Certain high-strength alloys (spring steel, for instance) have Guctilities as low as 2%, but even this is enough to ensure that the material yields before it fractures and that fracture, when it occurs, is of a tough, ductile type. Partly because of their Guctility, metals are prey to fatigue and of all the classes of material, they are the least resistant to corrosion, Ceramics and glasses, too, have high moduli, but, unlike metals, they are brittle, Their ‘strength’ in tension means the brittle fracture strength; in compression it is the brittle crushing strength, which is about 15 times larger. And because ceramics have no ductility, they have a low tolerance for stress concentrations (ike holes or cracks) or for high contact stresses (at clamping points, for instance). Ductile materials accommodate stress concentrations by deforming in a way which redistributes the load more evenly; and because of this, they can be used under static loads within a small margin of their yield strength Ceramics and glasses cannot. Brittle materials always havea wide scatter in strength and the strength itself depends on the volume of material under load and the time for which it is applied, So ceramics are not as easy to design with as metals. Despite this, they have attractive features. They are stiff, hard and abrasion-resistant (hence their use for bearingsand cutting tools); they retain their strength to high temperatures; and they resist corrosion, well, They must be considered as an important class of engineering material Polymers and elastomers are at the other end of the spectrum. They have moduli which are ow, roughly SO times less than those of metals, but they can be strong - nearly as strong as metals. A consequence of this is that elastic deflections can be large, They creep, even at room temperature, meaning that a polymer component under load may, with time, acquire a permanent set. And their properties depend on temperature so that a polymer which is tough and flexible at 20°C may be brittle at the 4°C of a houschold refrigerator, yet creep rapidly at the 100°C of boiling water. None have useful strength above 200°C. If these aspects are allowed for in the design, the advantages of polymers can be exploited. And there ate many. When combinations of properties, such as strengthper- unit-weight, are important, polymers are as good as metals, They are easy to shape: complicated parts performing several functions, can be moulded from a polymer in a single operation. The large elastic deflections allow the design of polymer components which snap together, making assembly fast and cheap, And by accurately sizing the mould and pre-colouring the polymer, no finishing operations are needed. Polymers are corrosion resistant, and they have low coefficients of friction. Good design exploits these properties Composites combine the attractive properties of the other classes of materials while avoiding some of their drawbacks. They are light, stiff and strong, and they ean be tough. Most of the composites at present available to the engineer have a polymer matrix = epoxy or polyester, usually — reinforced by fibres of glass, carbon or Kevlar. They cannot be used above 250°C because the polymer matrix softens, but at room temperature their performance can be outstanding, Composite components are expensive and they are relatively difficult to form and join. So despite their attractive properties the designer will use them only when the added performance justifies the added cost./_™ Panes Figure 1.1 The menu of engineering materials. The classification of Figure 1.1 has the merit of grouping together materials which have some commonalty in properties, processing and use. But it has its dangers, notably those of specialization (the metallurgist who knows nothing of polymers) and of conservative thinking we shall use steel because we have always used steel. In later chapters we examine the engineering properties of materials from a different perspective, comparing properties across all classes of material. It is the first step in developing the freedom of thinking that the designer needs. B. GUIDED WRITING Present Tense The simple present tense refers to action and events that are general (i.e., they have no spesific [or definite] time to which they refer). In academic writing, present tense verbs refer to states or habitual (and repeated) activities (e.g,, be-verbs, linking verbs (become, seem, appear), consist, believe, know) Simple present tense verbs are not marked for plural and first-person singular subject (e.g., 1, we, you, they), but are marked by =s or ~¢s for thitd person singular subjects (e.g., he, she, it. Function and Uses In general terms, in academic writing the present tense is strongly associated with verbs that refer to mental and logical states, whereas the past tense denotes spesific actions and 3events in the past time (Biber et al., 1999). For the purposes of written academic discourse outside of references to spesific past time events, such as those in business case studies or spesific events, the present tense provides a relatively safe venue because in academic text the uses of the simple present tense are highly conventionalized (Swales, 1990) and hence, ‘may be appropriate in various contexts, Contoh kalimat menggunakan Present Tense (terjadi sebagai kebiasaan atau kenyataan sebenamya). Manganese steel is very hard Baja mangan sangat keras Uranium is expensive Uranium mahal Tlive in Banjarmasin ya Hinggal di Banjarmasin Twork in an office Thave breakfast at six Saya makan pagi pada jam enam Hie cleans the house every day Dia membersihkan rumah setiap hari We go to the steam power plant every month Kami pergi ke PLTU itu setiap bulan We calculate mass in kilogrammes Kami menghitung massa dalam satuan kilogram ‘Mereka memanaskan baja stainless sampai dengan 600°C You cut shaft and bolt ‘Kamu memotong poros dan baut Twatch television until ten o”clock Saya menonton TV sampai jam sepuluh Hie reads thermodynamic book before going to bed Dia membaca buku termodinamika sebelum pergi tidur Tre takes a rest after work Dia beristirahat setelah bekerja ‘She speaks French fluently Dia bicara bahasa Perancis dengan lancar ‘The teacher explains clearly ‘Guru itu menerangkan dengan jelas ". FREE READING Selection And Substitution Of Materials In view of the material properties and characteristics discussed in the preceding section, the actors involved in the selection of a suitable material in the design of a thermal system are: 1, Satisfactory thermal properties