St. Vincent’s Catholic School of Bayambang, Inc.

Bayambang, Pangasinan

LEARNING MODULE
Science 9 - Quarter 3

Earth and Space

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. explain how the structure of a carbon atom affects the types of bond it forms.
2. identify the structure of saturated and unsaturated carbon atom compounds or commonly known
as hydrocarbons;
3. determine the name of the structure of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons;
4. determine the trends of the boiling point and physical state of hydrocarbons relative to the
increase in number of carbon atoms;

Name: _________________________________________
Grade and section: _______________________________
LRN: ____________________
What is It
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Lesson 1: Carbon and Its Bond
The compounds which contain carbon forms with H, N, O and few other elements are usually called organic
compounds. All these are obtained from plants and animals and their changed remains like coal and petroleum. Sugars,
starches, oils and proteins are examples of carbon compound obtained from plants and animals. While hydrocarbons, such
as hexane and benzene, are examples of carbon compound obtained from coal and petroleum. Organic compounds have low
thermal stability and usually decompose, easily char and burn when heated. Thus, organic compounds have lower melting
points and boiling points due to its weaker bonds -which is the covalent bond. Salt (NaCl) is classified as inorganic compound
that has higher melting point as compared to sugar (C 12H22O11). Sugar easily melts in the presence of flame or fire and
eventually changes into black color. This is an evidence that organic compound has weaker bond, its chemical properties
changes like the color, odor and taste.
Lewis Structure of Carbons and Hydrogens
The only distinguishable characteristic of organic compounds is that all contain the element carbon. Carbon is the
most common element present in all biodegradable materials. Carbon has a unique ability to bond together, may form a long
chains and rings. The ground-state electron configuration (lowest-energy arrangement) of an atom is a description of the
orbitals that the atom’s electrons occupy. The Carbon ( 6C12) atom with electron configuration of 1s 2 2s2 2p2 has four (4)
electrons on its valence shell (outer shell). While hydrogen ( 1H) with electron configuration of 1s1has one (1) valence electron.
G.N. Lewis in 1916 proposed a shared-electron bond and now called covalent bond. The carbon bonded to other
atoms, not by losing nor gaining, instead by sharing its electrons.
The four (4) valence electrons of carbon represent the
4 dots of carbon in its Lewis structure: So, with one dot for hydrogen atom:
A stable molecule results when a valence octet of electrons (Octet Rule) has been achieved for all atoms in a
molecule, as shown below:
Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form a maximum of four covalent bonds. Bonds
are usually represented by a short, straight line connecting the atoms, with each bond
representing a shared pair of electrons.
Bonds are usually represented by a short,
straight line connecting the atoms, with each bond representing a shared pair of
electrons. Each carbon atom in the following compounds forms four bonds:

Electron sharing occurs when two atoms approach

and their atomic orbitals overlap. Bonds that have
circular cross-section and are formed by head-on overlap of
atomic orbitals are called sigma(α) bonds. Bonds form by
sideways overlap of p-orbitals are called pi(π) bonds. Two carbon atoms can form a covalent bond by sharing a pair of
electrons, which will either form into a structure of saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon. A detailed discussion
on Hydrocarbons will follow in the next lesson.
Lesson 2: Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes
Alkanes, whose general formula is CnH2n+2, also called paraffins (meaning, ‘low affinity’), are hydrocarbons that
contain only single bonds. They are classified as saturated hydrocarbons (with all carbon atoms linked by single bonds).
Therefore, for an alkane with five carbon atoms, the formula would be C 5H12. The simplest alkane is methane, CH 4, a major
component of natural gas and is used for some heating in cold countries.
Table 1. Alkanes

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UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes, also called olefins, are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing
one or more double bonds (C=C). As a result, it contains less hydrogen atoms
bonded to the carbon atoms and follows the general formula: C nH2nin an alkene,
the formula of a three-carbon atom with one double bond then would be
C3H6. Ethene is the simplest alkene with the chemical formula, C 2H4 a plant ethene1-butene
hormone that plays important roles in seed germination and ripening of Figure 1. Samples of Alkenes
fruits.
Alkynes, containing one or more triple bonds, (C≡C) have the general formula of C nH2n-2. The
simplest alkyne, a highly reactive molecule used in oxyacetylene torches is acetylene
or ethyne, C2H2.
The table below shows the physical properties of each hydrocarbon in terms of its
phase, boiling point and melting point. Observe the changes of the properties as the ethynepropyne
number of carbon atoms (Recall Table 1) in the hydrocarbon compound increases.
Table 2. Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon structures can also be determined through its name based on the IUPAC (International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry).
HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
has established rules in order to systematize the naming of hydrocarbon
molecules. The process of naming is shown below.
Table 3. Steps in Naming Hydrocarbons
In naming, we determine the number of carbon prefix. Prefixes
are added to the "ene" or "yne" final The first few prefixes for these are:

Note: There are aromatic compounds (cyclic

hydrocarbons) whose naming rules you shall take up in more
advanced classes in the future.

Lesson 3: Volcanoes
MORPHOLOGY OF VOLCANOES

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 More than half of the world’s 1900 active volcanoes are concentrated in countries along the rim of the Pacific Ocean.
These countries make up what is known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area characterized by frequent earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
Beneath the crust of the Earth is a region called the mantle, which spans about 2 890 km thick. The mantle is
composed of dense but malleable rocks in the upper layer and denser but solid rocks in the lower layer. Tectonic plates that
comprise the crust are in the constant but slow motion, moving towards each other, drifting away from each other, overriding
each other with the heavier tectonic plate sinking to the mantle and the lighter plate rising above it in process called
subduction. The dynamics of plate movements involves an increase in fiction and pressure, generating extremely high
temperatures and causing rocks to melt.
The semi-molten (not totally liquid) rock is called magma, which tries to escape upward through spaces between plates
towards cooler areas on the crust. Once the magma reaches the crust, it is called lava which flows over the surface, building
layer upon layer until a volcano is formed. A volcano is an elevated landform with an opening at the top called its crater, from
where lava and other rock fragments, steam, gases, ash, heat, and other volcanic materials are ejected.
The basic parts of a volcano are the following:
 fissure----elongated fracture or crack on the Earth’s crust from which lava erupts
 conduit----passageway through which magma travels to reach the Earth’s surface
 vent-----opening where volcanic materials are released
 crater---bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano where the vent is located
 flank----side of a volcano
 magma chamber or reservoir---underground compartment where the magma is stored
The three major types of volcano are the stratovolcano, shield volcano, and cinder cone.
A stratovolcano is formed by highly viscous or thick, slow-moving lava. Also termed as composite cone volcano, it has
steep upper slopes and relaxed lower slopes, a small crater at its summit, and is packed with a large reservoir of magma
caused by the heat and pressure from tectonic plate movement. Stratovolcanoes are the most dangerous. When they
explode, an area of the volcano may collapse, forming a larger crater and depression called a caldera. Most volcanoes in the
Pacific Ring of Fire are stratovolcanoes.
A. Ash—pulverized rocks, minerals, volcanic glass E. Dyke—vertical crack with solidified or cooled magma
B. Ash flow—avalanche of hot volcanic ash F. Lava—magma that has been extruded during an eruption
C. Lava flow –stream of molten rocks that ooze from an G. Flank eruption—eruption from the side of a volcano
erupting vent H. Vent—opening of the volcano
D. Sill—horizontal crack with solidified or cooled magma
Composite volcanoes may have been formed from multiple eruptions thousands of years apart, layered lava and volcanic
materials, or composites of more than one vent. During an eruption, lava is spewed out, followed by ash and pyroclastic
materials which flow down the sides of the summit. Afterwards, thick lava flows out on traps the ash and other materials on
the steep slope. The magma from composite volcanoes has high levels of dissolved gases and silica. Examples of
stratovolcanoes are the majestic Mayon Volcano, noted for its near perfect symmetric cone; Mt. Pinatubo in Luzon; Mt.
Kilimanjaro in Africa; Mauna Loa in Hawaii, the highest volcano on Earth; Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, noted for it destroying the
ancient city of Pompei; and Mt. Fujiyama in Japan.
A shield volcano is formed by loose and fluid lava that flows over each other. The shield or gigantic blob. The lava does
not shoot up high in the air in a violent explosion. Instead, lava just flows and runs down the side of its crater, increasing the
size of the volcano. The magma of a shield volcano contains lower amounts of dissolved gases and silica. Examples of a
shield volcano are island volcanoes in Hawaii such as the Kilauea, Mauna Kea, and Mauna Loa. Such volcanoes have a very
large, steep-walled caldera on the summit.
A. Magma chamber—underground section of the volcano C. Flank eruption—eruption at the side
where molten rocks of magma collect and move up D. Summit caldera- a cavity at the summit of the volcano
through cracks and fissures to the crust of the earth E. Central vent—a conduit for the magma to travel from the
B. Lava flow—stream of molten rocks that ooze from an magma chamber to the crater
erupting vent
A cinder cone, also known as scoria cone, is formed by fluid lava that is ejected because of high pressure that builds
up in the magma chamber. Volcanic eruptions of cinder cones are short-lived and appear and appear like a wild fountain
show of fiery lava spewed high in the air. As the lava cools on its descent, the rocks break down and form the steep conical
landscape of the cinder volcano. The cinder cone volcano Paricutin is reported to have appeared in a Mexican cornfield on
February 20, 1943. Within weeks, it was as tall as a five-storey building. By the end of a year, it had grown to more than 336
meters tall. It stopped at 424 meters in 1952. Other examples of cinder cone volcanoes include Mojave volcano in the desert
in California, USA; Cerro Negro, an active cinder cone in Nicaragua; and Mount Fox in Queensland in Australia.
A. Ash—pulverized rocks, minerals, volcanic glass D. Vent—passageway for the magma
B. Summit crater—bowl-shaped opening at the summit of E. Magma chamber—reservoir of magma at the bottom of the
the cone volcano
C. Cinder beds—pockets where new ash fall will collect

Other Associated Volcano Landforms

 Caldera complex. A caldera is a depression formed at the summit of shield volcanoes. When these calderas explode, they
collapse over each other, creating new depressions or calderas instead of adding or increasing the size of the volcano.
 Lava dome. Lava domes are mounds of lava formed after a volcanic eruption. Its magma has high levels of silica and low
amounts of dissolved gases. They can form inside the crater of the volcano or along its slopes.
 Submarine volcanoes. These are volcanoes on the ocean floor and are formed through collision of oceanic plates.
 Glacial volcanoes. These are volcanoes that are overlain by glaciers. Examples include the Alaskan volcano.
Hazard Posed by Active Volcanoes
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 Volcanic eruptions threaten life and properties. Volcanoes exhibit signs long before and after eruption. Careful
monitoring of these signs enables scientists to give the appropriate warning to affected communities.
Below are commonly known hazards of a volcanic eruption.
 Blasts. These are hot bursts of trapped gases that push their way through solid barriers and rapidly into the atmosphere
 Dome growth. This refers to a mound of lava that grows inside the crater, called a cryptodome.
If it grows outside the volcano, it is called an exodome.
 Gases. Among the gases released by active and inactive volcanoes are water vapor (H 2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Sulfur
dioxide (SO2), Hydrogen chloride (HCI), Hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen (H 2), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Other gases
include nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), argon (Ar), and helium (HE).
 Lahar. This is also called mudflow or flow of volcanic debris. Lahars can be classified into two types: primary or hot lahar
associated directly with the eruption, and secondary or cold lahar flow because of heavy rainfall.
 Lava flow. This refers to the molten rocks that move down the slope of volcanic vents. The viscosity of the lava and the
steepness of the volcano slope can influence the rate of lava flow. Lava with high viscosity flows at the rate of 0.25 km/hr
while lava with low viscosity flows at 45 km/hr . Lava flows faster if the slope of the volcano is steep and moves slower over
more level terrain.
 Pyroclastic flow. This refers to glowing hot material that moves down the slope of an erupting volcano and comes in contact
with the surface. Pyrocasts, which come from the Greek words pyro (fire) and the clast (broken) are rock fragments spewed
during volcanic eruptions.
 Pyroclastic surges. These are volcanic materials of gases, ash, rock fragments, and water extruded above the ground.
 Tephra falls. These may consist of combinations of pumice, scoria (basalt), thick rock fragments, and crystals with tephra
particle sizes ranging from 2 mm in diameter (ash) to more than 64 mm in diameter (blocks).
 Tsunami. Tsunamis are series of sea waves caused by the displacement of large volumes of water because of an
underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption.
Lesson 4: Global Warming
Health
Natural processes is caused has impact
Environment
Human activities by on

Global cooperation
GLOBAL WARMING Changed consumer
Increase in
behavior
temperature
causes extreme can be Further scientific
Extreme weather is evidenced change in managed by research
events by Environmental policies
Rising sea level
Ocean acidification
weather climate

is defined by is affected by

air temperature Air temperature

air pressure Latitude
amount and type of precipitation Ocean currents
wind strength and direction Elevation
type of clouds Precipitation
Proximity to mountain ranges
Wind

Lesson 5: Stars
color

surface temperature

STAR is characterized by size

brightness
is arranged in groups called

composition
Constellations

Constellations in the Constellations in the

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere
Ursa Major Southern Cross 5
Ursa Minor Carina
Cassiopeia Centaurus
Cygnus
 SCIENCE 9 WORKSHEET
NOTE: Please submit the worksheet ONLY
Name: ___________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________________ Score: ______

What I Have Learned

A. Directions: Classify the following compounds as alkene or alkyne based on the given structure:
1. CH3CH = CHCH3 3. H2C = CH - CH3
2. HC Ξ C - CH3 4. H3C - CH2 - C Ξ C - CH3
B. Directions: Name the five hydrocarbons below following the IUPAC rules.

______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the BEST ANSWER. Write the chosen letter on the space provided before each number.
____ 1. Carbon atom forms how many bonds?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 c. lava
____ 2. Carbon can bond to ? d. magma
a. H b. N c. O d. all of these _____13. the tallest volcano on Earth is _____________.
____ 3. An organic (carbon molecule) bond represents ? a. Mauna Kea
a. a transfer of protons b. Mayon Volcano
b. a transfer of electrons c. Mt. Everest
c. a pair of shared electrons d. Mt. Vesuvius
d. a pair of shared protons _____14. Which of the countries below has the greatest
____ 4. Most organic compounds have ___________boiling number of active volcanoes?
and melting point as compared to inorganic compound. a. India
a. lower b .Indonesia
b. higher c .Iran
____ 5. Which of the following pairs is highly flammable? d .Italy
a. gasoline; acetone _____15. When magma is thick with more dissolved gas, we
b. water; ethanol can expect the volcanic eruption to be a/an ________.
c. oil; vinegar a. oozing ash and lava
d. LPG; kerosene b. lava frothing over the crater
____ 6. Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must c. spewing water like geyser
she use? d. violent ejection of ash and lava
a. gasoline b. vinegar c. ethanol d. acetone _____16. Geothermal energy is a clean and renewable
____ 7. Which alkane would likely to have a very low boiling source of energy that can be used by harnessing heated
point? water from within the earth and converting it to steam so that
a. butane b. hexane c. pentane d. propane it can move turbines and generate ________.
____ 8. What is the common use of methane? a. electricity
a. disinfectant b. ice
b. artificial ripening agent c. potable water
c. fertilizer d. rain
d. fuel _____17. Who is the “Father of geothermal Energy” in the
____ 9. How many types of bonds are there in the given Philippines?
hydrocarbon compound? a. Arturo Alcaraz
b. Howel Williams
c. Kelvin Rodolfo
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 d. Renato Solidum
____10. To which group of hydrocarbons does the molecule _____18. A volcano that is referred to as a dormant volcano
with the structure below? is classified as _______.
a. alkane a. active
b. alkene b. extinct
c. alkyne c. inactive
d. none of these d. tectonic
____11. The type of volcano that is commonly found in the _____19. Mt. Kilauea in Hawaii is a low and broad volcano.
Pacific Ring of Fire is _____________. This type of volcano that is formed from loose and fluid lava
a. Cinder volcano that flows over each other is called _______.
b. Scoria cone a. cinder cone
c. Shield volcano b. shield volcano
d. Stratovolcano c. stratovolcano
____12. the semi-molten rock underneath a volcano is called d. submarine volcano
__________. _____20. The most volent type of volcanic eruption is
a. geyser ______________.
b. lahar a. Hawaiian
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b. Plinian
c. Strombolian
d. Vulcanian