OSI Layer

The OSI 7 layers model has clear characteristics at each layer. Basically,
layers 7 through 4 deal with end to end communications between data
source and destinations, while layers 3 to 1 deal with communications
between network devices. On the other hand, the seven layers of the
OSI model can be divided into two groups: upper layers (layers 7, 6 & 5)
and lower layers (layers 4, 3, 2, 1). The upper layers of the OSI model
deal with application issues and generally are implemented only in
software. The highest layer, the application layer, is closest to the end
user. The lower layers of the OSI model handle data transport issues.
The physical layer and the data link layer are implemented in hardware
and software. The lowest layer, the physical layer, is closest to the
physical network medium (the wires, for example) and is responsible
for placing data on the medium.

TCP/IP Four Layers Architecture Model

The TCP/IP 4-layer model and the key functions of each layer is
described below:

Application Layer

The Application Layer in TCP/IP groups the functions of OSI Application,

Presentation Layer and Session Layer. Therefore any process above the
transport layer is called an Application in the TCP/IP architecture. In
TCP/IP socket and port are used to describe the path over which
applications communicate. Most application level protocols are
associated with one or more port number.
Transport Layer

In TCP/IP architecture, there are two Transport Layer protocols. The

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) guarantees information
transmission. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) transports datagram
without end-to-end reliability checking. Both protocols are useful for
different applications.

Network Layer

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary protocol in the TCP/IP Network
Layer. All upper and lower layer communications must travel through IP
as they are passed through the TCP/IP protocol stack. In addition, there
are many supporting protocols in the Network Layer, such as ICMP, to
facilitate and manage the routing process.

Network Access Layer

In the TCP/IP architecture, the Data Link Layer and Physical Layer are
normally grouped together to become the Network Access layer.
TCP/IP makes use of existing Data Link and Physical Layer standards
rather than defining its own. Many RFCs describe how IP utilizes and
interfaces with the existing data link protocols such as Ethernet, Token
Ring, FDDI, HSSI, and ATM. The physical layer, which defines the
hardware communication properties, is not often directly interfaced
with the TCP/IP protocols in the network layer and above.
Self learn:

Physical connection is established through wires, link connection using

switch, router for path detection in network layer.

4 pc connected with a switch through 4 ports for 1st LAN network,

Another 4 pc connected with a switch through 4 ports for 2nd LAN

network, if those two LAN want to communicate with each other they
have to communicate through routing.

In wireless physical layer pass info in radio wave.

The TCP/IP suite’s core functions are addressing and routing (IP/IPv6 in
the networking layer) and transportation control (TCP, UDP in the
transport layer).

Application Layer Protocol:

BOOTSTRAP Protocol

BOOTP uses two different well-known port numbers. UDP port

number 67 is used for the server and UDP port number 68 is used
for the BOOTP client. The BOOTP client broadcasts a single packet
called a BOOTREQUEST packet that contains the client’s physical
network address and optionally, its IP address if known. The client
could send the broadcast using the address 255.255.255.255,
which is a special address called the limited broadcast address.
The client waits for a response from the server. If a response is
 not received within a specified time interval, the client
retransmits the request.

DACP (Data link switching Access Control Protocol)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DNS (Domain Naming System)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Finger

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

IRCP (Internet Relay Chat Protocol)

NAT (Network Address Translation)

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Web address of a resource on the internet and protocols to

access it. We use URL to locate web addresses and FTP site address.

Ex- http:www.google.com

RWHOIS (Remote Directory Access Control) query and response

protocol
 The whois protocol retrieves information about domain
names form a central registry. It is used to retrieve info about
registration information about internet domain or servers. It can tell
who owns the domain, how their technical contact can be reached.

Rwhois

X windows protocol

Client server protocol where server runs on user’s pc and client on

another device.

Request:

Reply:

Event:

Error:

Presentation Layer Protocol:

 LPP (Lightweight Presentation Protocol)

RPC (Remote Procedure Call Protocol)

Transport layer Protocol:

TCP organizes data so that it can be transmitted between a server

and a client. It guarantees the integrity of the data being
communicated over a network. Before it transmits data, TCP
establishes a connection between a source and its destination, which it
ensures remains live until communication begins. It then breaks large
amounts of data into smaller packets, while ensuring data integrity is in
place throughout the process.

As a result, high-level protocols that need to transmit data all use TCP
Protocol.  Examples include peer-to-peer sharing methods like File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), Secure Shell (SSH), and Telnet. It is also used to
send and receive email through Internet Message Access Protocol
(IMAP), Post Office Protocol (POP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP), and for web access through the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
An alternative to TCP is the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is
used to establish low-latency connections between applications and
decrease transmissions time. TCP can be an expensive network tool as
it includes absent or corrupted packets and protects data delivery with
controls like acknowledgments, connection startup, and flow control. 

UDP does not provide error connection or packet sequencing nor does
it signal a destination before it delivers data, which makes it less
reliable but less expensive. As such, it is a good option for time-
sensitive situations, such as Domain Name System (DNS) lookup, Voice
over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and streaming media.

TCP is then responsible for transporting and routing data through the
network architecture and ensuring it gets delivered to the destination
application or device that IP has defined. 

It breaks messages into packets to avoid having to resend the entire

message in case it encounters a problem during transmission. Packets
are automatically reassembled once they reach their destination. Every
packet can take a different route between the source and the
destination computer, depending on whether the original route used
becomes congested or unavailable.

BGP (Border gateway protocol)

Network layer protocol. Used for global path routing.