.
)
JOSE F. PERALTA
CHRISTIAN ARIS M. VALIXINTERMEDIATE
ACCOUNTING
Volume One
CONRADO T. VALIX, BSC, LLB
Certified Public Accountant and Lawyer
President, CPA Review Director and CPA Reviewer
CPA Review School of the Philippines
CPAR
Lifetime Member
Integrated Bar of the Philippines
JOSE F. PERALTA, BBA, MBA, DBA
Certified Public Accountant
President and CPA Reviewer
Philippine School of Business Administration
CHRISTIAN ARIS M. VALIX, BSME, BSA
Certified Public Accountant
Ateneo Management Engineering Graduate
Former Faculty Member, Ateneo and San Beda
Assistant Review Director and CPA Reviewer
CPA Review School of the Philippines
CPAR
2020 Revised EditionCopyright
2020
by
Conrado T. Valix
dose F, Peralta
Christian Aris M. Valix
Any copy of this book not bearing the
signature of one of the authors on this
Page is unauthorized and shall be
considered as proceeding from an
illegal source.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ISBN: 978-621-416-087-7
Published & Printed by:
GIC ENTERPRISES & CO., INC.
“National Book Development Board Registered
2017 C. M. Recto Avenue, Sampaloe
Manila, PhilippinesPREFACE
Intermediate Accounting Volume One is in conformity with
the undergraduate course syllabus for Intermediate
Accounting I as promulgated by the Commission on Higher
Education.
Volume One is designed to cover the financial accounting
standards and disclosure requirements relative to cash and
cash equivalents, accounts receivable, notes receivable, loan
receivable, inventories, investments and financial assets.
The book also covers the financial accounting standards and
disclosure requirements relative. to property, plant and
equipment, depreciation, revaluation, wasting assets,
depletion, intangible assets, research and development cost,
and impairment of assets.
The following Philippine Accounting Standards and
Philippine Financial Reporting Standards are extensively
discussed and illustrated in Volume One.
PAS 2 Inventories
PAS 28 Investments in associates
Financial instruments - disclosure and
PAS 32
presentation
PAS 40 Investment property
Exploration and Evaluation of mineral resources
a
PFRS
PFRS 7
PFRS 9 Financial instruments
Financial instruments — disclosures
PFRS 13 Fair value measurementThe problems and multiple choice questions at oe end of
each chapter are lifted from the following sources:
PHILCPA Philippine CPA Licensure Examinations
given by the Board of Accountancy
AICPA Adapted CPA Examinations given by the
American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants
TAA Adapted problems and questions from
various intermediate accounting textbooks
ACP Author constructed problems and questions
to exemplify Philippine standards and IFRS
PAS Questions based on provisions of Philippine
Accounting Standards
PFRS Questions based on provisions of Philippine
Financial Reporting Standards
IAS Questions based on __ provigions,
interpretations and application guidance of
International Accounting Standards
IFRS Questions based on __ provisions,
interpretations and application guidance of
International Financial Reporting Standards
VALIX PERALTA VALIX
January 2020CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 1
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Definition of cash
Definition of cash equivalents
Valuation and statement presentation of cash
Investment of excess cash
Foreign currency, cash fund for a certain purpose,
bank overdraft and compensating balance
Undelivered check, postdated check delivered,
and stale check
Imprest system
Petty cash fund — imprest fund system and fluctuating
fund system
CHAPTER 2
BANK RECONCILIATION
Bank deposits
What is a bank reconciliation?
Book reconciling items — credit memo, debit memo
and errors
Bank reconciling items — deposits in transit, outstanding
checks and errors
Forms of bank reconciliation ~ adjusted balance,
book to bank and bank to book
CHAPTER 3
PROOF OF CASH
Two-date bank reconciliation
Computation of book balance
Computation of bank balance
Computation of deposits in transit
Computation of outstanding checks
38108
CHAPTER 4
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
Definition of receivables so ible8
Classification and presentation of recelv:
Customers’ credit balances ivable
Initial measurement of accounts ene receivable
Subsequent measurement of accoun! ding credit sales
Gross method and net method of reogrding
Allowance method and direct writeo!
CHAPTER 5
ESTIMATION OF DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS
Aging of accounts receivable
Percentage of accounts receivable
Percentage of sales
CHAPTER 6 164
NOTES RECEIVABLE
Definition of notes receivable
Dishonored notes receivable
Initia! measurement
Subsequent measurement
Interest bearing note
Noninterest bearing note
CHAPTER 7 190
LOAN RECEIVABLE
184
Initial measurement of loan receivable
Subsequent measurement of loan receivable
Origination fees
Direct origination costs
Inpairment of loan
Measurement of impairment
‘Three-stage impainnent approachCHAPTER 8 220
RECEIVABLE FINANCING
Pledge, assignment and factoring
Pledge of accounts receivable
Assignment of accounts receivable
Factoring of accounts receivable
CHAPTER 9 261
RECEIVABLE FINANCING
Discounting of note receivable
Discounting of note receivable without recourse
Discounting of note receivable with recourse
Discounting with recourse as conditional sale
Discounting with recourse as secured borrowing
CHAPTER 10
INVENTORIES
271
Definition of inventories
Classes of inventories
Goods includible in inventory
Goods in transit
Freight collect and freight prepaid
FOB destination and FOB shipping point
Maritime shipping terms — FAS, CIF and ex-ship
Periodic and perpetual system
Trade discount and cash discount
Gross method and net method of recording purchases
Cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other cost
Cost of inventories of a service provider31,
CHAPTER 11
INVENTORY COST
FIFO
Average method
Specific identification
LIFO
Standard cost
Relative sales price method
CHAPTER 12
LOWER OF COST AND NET REALIZABL
Measurement at lower of cost and NRV
Accounting for inventory writedown and reversal of
writedown i
Purchase commitments . |
Disclosures with respect to inventories |
Agricultural, forest and mineral products |
Commodities of broker-traders
FLOW
335
E VALUE
CHAPTER 13 356
GROSS PROFIT METHOD |
Use of estimate in inventory valuation
Basic formula for gross profit method
Gross profit rate based on sales
Gross profit rate based on cost
Cost of goods sold using.gross profit rate
CHAPTER 14 381
RETAIL INVENTORY METHOD
Information required for retail method
Base formula for retail method
‘onventional or conservative or LCNR’
Average cost approach 'V approach
FIFO approachCHAPTER 15 402
FINANCIAL ASSET AT FAIR VALUE
Definition of investments
Statement classification
Definition of financial asset
Classification of financial assets
Equity and debt security
Initial measurement of financial assets
Subsequent measurement of financial assets
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial asset held for trading
Equity investment at fair value through other
comprehensive income
Debt investment at amortized cost
Debt investment at fair value through other
comprehensive income
Fair value of investment
Impairment of financial assets at fair value
Impairment of financial assets at amortized cost
CHAPTER 16 435
INVESTMENT IN EQUITY SECURITIES
Dividends, share split and share right
Acquisition of equity securities
Investment categories
Investment in unquoted equity instruments
Sale of equity securities
Cash dividend, property dividend, liquidating
dividend, share dividend
Shares received in lieu of cash dividend
Cash received in lieu of share dividend
Share split, special assessment, redemption of shares
Share right accounted for separately
Share right not accounted for separatelyCHAPTER 17
INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATE
Basic principles
Intercorporate share investment
Definition of significant influence
Presumption of significant influence
Equity method
Excess cost and excess fair value
Investee with heavy losses i
Impairment of investment in associate
Investee with preference shares
Other changes in equity
CHAPTER 18
INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATE
Other accounting issues
Upstream and downstream transactions
Discontinuance of equity method
Measurement after loss of significant influence
Equity method not applicable
Investment of less than 20%
Cost method .
Investment in associate achieved in stages
Change from cost method to equity method
Change from fair value method to equity method
CHAPTER 19 519
FINANCIAL ASSET AT AMORTIZED COST
Bond investment
493
Definition of bond
Initial measurement of bond investment
Subsequent measurement of bond investment
Amortization of bond discount and bond premium
Callable, convertible, serial and term bonds
Straight line method of amortization
Bond outstanding method of amortizationCHAPTER 20 545
EFFECTIVE INTEREST METHOD
Amortized cost, FVOCI and FVPL
Nominal interest rate
Effective interest rate
Effective interest method of amortization
Bond investment - FVOCI
Fair value option
Market price of bonds
CHAPTER 21
RECLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL ASSET
577
Requirement for reclassification
Exemptions from reclassification
FVPL to amortized cost
Amortized cost to FVPL
Amortized cost to FVOCI
FVOCI to amortized cost
FVPL to FVOCI
FVOCI to FVPL
CHAPTER 22
INVESTMENT PROPERTY
Cash surrender value
593
Definition of investment property
Definition of owner-occupied property
Partly investment and partly owner-occupied
Property leased to affiliate
Recognition and measurement of investment property
Fair value of investment property
Transfers of investment property between categories
Disclosures related to investment property
Cash surrender value of life insuranceCHAPTER 23
IT
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMEN’
t and equipment
nt and equipment
Jant and equipment
Definition of property, plan
Recognition of property, pla!
Measurement of property, P!
Acquisition of property
Cash acquisition
On account subject to cash discount
Installment acquisition
Issuance of share capital
Issuance of bonds payable
Exchange
Donation
Government grant
Construction
Fully depreciated property
Property classified as held for sale
Idle or abandoned property
CHAPTER 24
GOVERNMENT GRANT
Definition of government grant
Recognition and measurement
Classifications of government grant
Accounting for government grant
Repayment of government grant
Grant of interest-free loan
Government assistance
Disclosures related to government grant
666CHAPTER 25 690
BORROWING COSTS
Definition of borrowing cost
Qualifying asset
Accounting for borrowing cost
Asset financed by specific borrowing
Asset financed by general brrowing
Asset financed both by specific and general borrowing
Specific borrowing for asset used for general purposes
Disclosures related to borrowing cost
CHAPTER 26 714
LAND, BUILDING AND MACHINERY
Land — classification, costs, land improvement,
special assessment, real property tax
Building — costs when purchased and constructed
Sidewalks, pavements, parking lot, driveways
Claims for damages
Building fixtures
Ventilating system, lighting system, elevator
PIC Interpretation-on land and building
Cost of machinery acquired by purchase
Tools
Patterns and dies
Delivery equipment
Store and office equipment
Furniture and fixtures
Returnable containers
Capital expenditure and revenue expenditure
Additions, improvements or betterments;
replacements, repairs, rearrangement cost
Accounting for major replacement156
CHAPTER 27
DEPRECIATION
Concept of depreciation
Depreciation in el
Depreciation perio cs
Physical and fanctional depreciation
Factors of depreciation
Methods of depreciation
Straight line
Composite and group method
Working hours method
Output or production method
Sum of years’ digits .
Declining alanen and double declining balance
Inventory, retirement and replacement method
Change in useful life
Change in depreciation method
CHAPTER 28 806
DEPLETION
1 statements
Exploration and evaluation of mineral resources
Exploration and evaluation expenditures
Exploration and evaluation asset
Wasting asset
Acquisition cost
Exploration cost
Development cost
Estimated restoration cost
Depletion and depletion method
Revision of depletion rate
Depreciation of mining property
Trust fund doctrine
Wasting asset doctrine
Maximum dividend under the wasting asset doctrineCHAPTER 29
REVALUATION
Cost model
Revaluation model
Frequency and basis of revaluation
Revalued amount
Fair value
Depreciated replacement cost
Revaluation surplus
Proportional approach
Elimination approach
Treatment of revaluation surplus
Sale of revalued asset
Disclosures related to revaluation
CHAPTER 30 857
IMPAIRMENT OF ASSETS
Definition of impairment
Indication of impairment
Measurement of recoverable amount
Fair value less cost of disposal
Value in use
Recognition of impairment loss
Reversal of impairment loss
Definition of cash generating unit
Impairment of cash generating unit
Reversal of impairment of goodwill
Corporate assets
Impairment of corporate assets89.
CHAPTER 31 a
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
Definition of intangible ase Je asset
Essential criteria for intang!
t :
tangible asset . ble an
Coe ee erent fine ble ane
Internally generated intangible ast ascot
Identifiable and tunidentable angi
Amortization of intangible asset 7
Amortization period, amortization auetind and useful life
Change in amortization method and ae
Disclosures related to intangible asse'
Definition of goodwill
Recognition and measurement of goodwill
Impairment of goodwill
CHAPTER 32 928
IDENTIFIABLE INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Definition of patent
Cost of patent
Amortization and impairment of patent
Definition of trademark
Cost of trademark
Amortization and impairment of trademark
Definition of copyright
Cost of copyright
jortization and impairment of copyright
Definition of franchise
Initial and periodic franchise fee
Amortization and impairment of franchise
Leasehold improvement
Broadcasting license
Airline right
Customer list
Amortization and impairment of broadcasting
license, airline right and customer list
Organization cost and start-up cost
Web site development costCHAPTER 33 962
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COST
Computer Software
Definition of research
Definition of development
Research activities
Development activities
Accounting for research cost
Accounting for development cost
Internally developed computer software
Classification of computer softwareCHAPTER 1
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
To understand the concept of cash.
To understand the concept of cash equivalents.
To identify items considered cash.
To identify items considered cash equivalents.
To know the accounting for petty cash fund.Definition of cash
From the point of view of a layman, “cash” simply meang
fiona.
Money is the standard medium of exchange in businesg
transactions.
Money refers to the currency and coins which are in
circulation and legal tender.
However, in the accounting parlance, the term Le has a
special and broader meaning. It connotes more than money
As contemplated in accounting, cash includes money and any
other negotiable instrument that is payable in money and
acceptable by the bank for deposit and immediate credit,
Accordingly, cash includes checks, bank drafts and money
orders because these are acceptable by the bank for deposit
or immediate encashment.
For example, when checks are received in full settlement of an
account receivable, cash is immediately debited.
But postdated checks received cannot be considered as cash
yet because these checks are unacceptable by the bank for
deposit and immediate credit or outright encashment.
Unrestricted cash
There is no specific standard dealing with "cash",
The only guidance is found in PAS 1, paragraph 66, which
provides that an entity shall classify an asset us current when
the asset is cash or a cash equivalent unless it is restricted to
settle a liability for more than twelve months after the end of
the reporting period.
Accordingly, to be reported as “cash”, an item must be
unrestricted in use.
This means that the cash must be readily available in the
payment of current obligations and not be subject to any
restrictions, contractual or otherwise,
2Cash items included in cash
a. Cash on hand ~ This includes undeposited cas
collections and other cash items awaiting deposit s
as customers’ checks, cashier's or manager's ch
traveler's checks, bank drafts and money orders
b. Cash in bank - This includes demand deposit «
account and saving deposit which are unres'
withdrawal.
h
h
necking
ted as to
c. Cash fund set aside for current purposes such as petty
cash fund, payroll fund and dividend fund
Cash equivalents
PAS 7, paragraph 6, defines cash equivalents as short-term and
highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash.
and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of
changes in value because of changes in interest rates.
The standard further states that only highly liquid
before maturity
investments that are acquired three months
can qualify as cash equivalents.
Examples of cash equivalents are:
a. Three-month BSP treasury bill
b. Three-year BSP treasury bill purchas
before date of maturity
c. Three-month time deposit
d. Three-month money market instrument or commercial
paper
securities cannot qualify as cash e
do not have a maturity date.
However, preference shares with specified redemption date
Howevrjuired three months before redemption date can
qualify as cash equivalents.
Note that what is important is the date of purchase which
should be three months or less before maturity.
Thus, a BSP treasury bill that was purchased one year ago
cannot qualify as cash equivalent even if the remaining maturity
is three months or less.
ed three months
Equity quivalents because
shareshiehh ‘, paragraph 6, defines cash equivalents as short-term ana
ighly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash
and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of
changes in value because of changes in interest rates.
The standard further states that only highly liquid
investments that are acquired three months before maturity
can qualify as cash equivalents.
Examples of cash equivalents are:
a. Three-month BSP treasury bill
b. Three-year BSP treasury bill purchased three months
before date of maturity
c. Three-month time deposit
d. Three-month money market instrument or commercial
paper
Equity securities cannot qualify as cash equivalents because
shares do not have a maturity date.
However, preference shares with specified redemption date
and acquired three months before redemption date can
qualify as cash equivalents.
Note that what is important is the date of purchase which
should be three months or less before maturity.
Thus, a BSP treasury bill that was purchased one year ago
cannot qualify as cash equivalent even ifthe remaining maturity
is three months or less.Investment of excess cash
important
The control and proper use of eash is an important copes of
management. Basically, the entity must maint nt cash
for use in current operations.
Any cash accumulated in excess of that needed for Current
operations should be invested even temporarily in some type of
revenue earning investment.
Accordingly, excess cash may be invested in time deposits,
money market instruments and treasury bills for the Purpose
of earning interest income.
Classifications of investment of excess cash
Investments in time deposit, money market instruments and
treasury bills should be classified as follows:
a. If the term is three months or less, such instruments are
classified as cash equivalents and therefore included in
the caption “cash and cash equivalents”.
b. If the term is more than three months but within one year,
Such investments are classified as short-term financial
assets or temporary investments and presented separately
as current assets.
c. Ifthe term is more than one year, such investments are
classified as noncurrent or long-term investments,
However, if such investments become due within one year
from the end of the reporting period, they are reclassified
as current or temporary investments,Measurement of cash
Cash is measured at face value.
on in foreign currency is measured at the current exchange
Ifa paul or financial institution holding the funds of an entity
isin ankruptcy or financial difficulty, cash should be written
down to estimated realizable value if the amount recoverable
is estimated to be lower than the face value.
Financial statement presentation
The caption cash and cash equivalents should be shown as
the first line item under current assets.
‘This caption includes all cash items, such as cash on hand,
cash in bank, petty cash fund and cash equivalents which are
unrestricted in use for current operations.
However, the details comprising the cash and cash equivalents
should be disclosed in the notes to financial statements.
Foreign currency
Cash in foreign currency should be translated to Philippine
pesos using the current exchange rate.
Deposits in foreign countries which are not subject to eny
foreign exchange restriction are inclided in “cash”.
Deposits in foreign bank which are subject to foreign exchange
restriction should be classified separately among noncurrent
assets and the resiriction clearly indicated.
Cash fund for a certain purpose
If the cash fund is set aside for use in current operations or for
the payment of current obligation, it is a current asset.
The cash fund is included as part of cash and cash equivalents.
Examples of this fund are petty cash fund, payroll fund, travel
fand, interest fund, dividend fund and tax fund.
On the other hand, if the cash fund is set aside for noncurrent
purpose or payment of noncurrent obligation, it is shown as
long-term investment.
e sinking fund, preference share
t fund, insurance fund and fund for
plant and equipment.
Examples of this fund ar
redemption fund, contingent
acquisition or construction of property,
"8Classification of cash fund
The classification of a cash fund
should parallel the classifica _
fund that is set aside to pay a bong
fines current asset when the bong
Hin one year efter the end of
as current OF noncurren;
of the related liabi
For example, a sinking
payable shall be classified as curt
payable is already due within
reporting period.
or the ac
However, a cash fund set aside for the 253)
noncurrent asset should be classified 2s "0"
of the year of disbursement.
Bank overdraft
4 dit bala:
When the cash in bank account has a credit balance :
to be an overdraft. The credit balance in the cash in bank
account results from the issuance of checks in excess of the
deposits.
A bank overdraft is classified as a current liability and should
not be offset against other bank accounts with debit balances.
For example, an entity maintains two bank accounts:
a. Cash in bank — First Bank, which is overdrawn by P10,000.
b. Cash in bank ~ Second Bank, with a debit balance of
P100,000.
The net cash balance is P90,000.
The proper statement classification of the two accounts is as
follows:
Current asset:
Cash in bank ~ Second Bank 100,000
Current liability:
Bank overdraft — First Bank 10,000
Note that it is not necessary to adju:
overdraft account in the ledger,“ 1"St @md open a bank
In other words, the Cash in Bank — Fi i
maintained in the ledger with @ mredit et eank sooount is
it balance.
It is to be stated ned
in the Philippe’ Snerally overdrafts are not permitted
6Exception to the rule on overdraft
When an entity maintains two or more accounts in one bank
and one account results in an overdraft, such overdraft
be offset against the other bank account with a debit ba
in order to show cash, net of bank overdraft or bank overdraft,
net of other bank account.
An overdraft can also be offset against the other bank account
if the amount is not material.
Under IFRS, bank overdraft can be offset against other bank
account when payable on demand and often fluctuates from
positive to negative as an integral part of cash management.
Compensating balance
A compensating balance generally takes the form of minimum
checking or demand deposit account balance that must be
maintained in connection with a borrowing arrangement with a
bank.
For example, an entity borrow
agrees to maintain a 10% or P500,000 minimum com|
balance in a demand deposit account.
In effect, this arrangement results in the reduction of the amount
ting balance provides a source of
borrowed because the compensat
fund to the bank as partial compensation for the loan extended.
Classification of compensating balance
If the deposit is not legally restricted as to withdrawal by the
borrower because of an informal compensating balance
agreement, the compensating balance is part of cash.
¢ P5,000,000 from a bank and
pensating
If the deposit is legally restricted because of a formal
compensating balance agreement, the compensating balance is
classified separately asi “cash held as compensating balance”
under current assets if the related loan is short-term.
If the related loan is long-term, the compensating balance is
classified as noncurrent: investment.
7+ unreleased check
nreleased check is one that is merely
given to the payee before the
Undelivered o:
An undelivered or wu
drawn and recorded but not
end of reporting period.
‘There is no payment when the check is pending delivery to the
payee at the end of reporting period.
‘The reason is that undelivered check is still ae the entity's
control and may thus be anytime before delivery at the
discretion of the entity.
Accordingly, an adjusting entry is required to restore the
cash balance and set up the liability.
Cash ; x
Accounts payable or appropriate account oy
In practice, the foregoing adjustment is sometimes ignored
because the amount is not very substantial and there is no
evidence of actual cancelation of the check in the subsequent
period.
Postdated check delivered
A postdated check delivered is a check drawn, recorded and
already given to the payee but it bears a date subsequent to
the end of reporting period.
The original entry recording a delivered postdated check
shall also be reversed and therefore restored to the cash
balance.
Cash
Accounts payable or appropriate account cs
‘The reason is that there is no payment unti
il t be
presented to the bank for encashment or roles 7Stale check or check long outstanding
A stale check is a check not encashed by the payee within a
relatively long period of time
The question is how long a time must the check remain
outstanding?
The Negotiable Instruments Law provides that where the
instrument is payable on demand, presentment must be made
within a reasonable time after issue.
In determining what is a reasonable time, consideration
should be made regarding the nature of the instrument, the
usage of trade or business, if any, with respect to such
instrument and the facts of the particular case.
Clearly, the law does not specify a definite period within
which checks must be presented for encashment. Reference
is made to usage of trade or business practice.
In banking practice, a check becomes stale if not encashed
within six months from the time of issuance. Of course, this
is a matter of entity policy.
Thus, even after three months only, the entity may issue a
stop payment order to the bank for the cancelation of a
previously issued check.
If the amount of stale check is immaterial, it is simply
accounted for as miscellaneous income.
Cash |
Miscellaneous income Xxx
However, if the amount is material and liability is expected
to continue, the cash is restored and the liability is again set
up.
Cash
Accounts payable or appropriate accountAccounting for cash shortage
Where the cash count shows cash Sehich ig oot than the
balance per book, a cash shortage 1S ~
xX
Cash short or over
Cash
‘The cash short or over account is only a ee OF Suspeng,
account, When financial statements are prepare same shouly
be adjusted,
Hence, if the cashier or cash custodian is held responsible for the
cash shortage, the adjustment should be:
Due from cashier x
Cash short or over act
However, if reasonable effort:
s fail to disclose the cause of
the shortage, i
the adjustment is
Loss from cash shortage xx
Cash short or over
Accounting for cash overage
Where the cash coun
balance per book, a cas
Cash
Cash short or over
t shows cash which is more than the
th overage is to be recorded.
xx
x
Note that whether it is a cash shortage or cash overage, the
offsetting account is cash short or over account. Such account
should be adjusted when statements are made,
‘The cash overage is treated as miscellaneous income if there
is no claim on the same
Cash short or over
Miscellaneous income
xX
XxX
But where the cash overage is Properly found to be the money
of the cashier, the journal entry is:
Cash short or over 8
Payable to cashier
10Imprest system
The imprest system is a system of control of cash which
Eepulvea that all cash receipts should be deposited intact and
all cash disbursements should be made by means of chock
While internal control ideally requires that all payments should
be made by means of check, this is sometimes impossible
There are occasions when the issuance of checks becomes
impractical or inconvenient such as when small amounts are
paid or things are hurriedly bought or customers are
entertained
Consequently, in such instances, it may be more economical
and convenient to pay in cash rather than issue checks.
Petty cash fund
‘The petty cash fund is money set aside to pay small expenses
which cannot be paid conveniently by means of check.
There are two methods of handling the petty cash, namely:
a. Imprest fund system
b. Fluctuating fund system
Imprest fund system
‘The imprest fund system is the one usually followed in handling
petty cash transactions.
Accounting procedures
a. A check is drawn to establish the fund.
Petty cash fund
Cash in bank
b. Payment of expenses out of the fund.
No formal journal entries are made.
The petty cashier generally requires a signed petty cash
voucher for such payments and simply prepares
memorandum entries in the petty cash journal.
11pe
distinguishing whether the exp
current period or prior period.
e. An increase in the fund is recorded as:
Petey cash fund
x
Cash in bank
£ A decrease in the fund is recorded
Cashin bank =
Petty cash fund
i2Illustration
2020
Nov. 10
29
Nov. 29
Dec. 31
2021
Jan. 1
The entity established an imprest fund of P10,000.
Petty cash fund 10,000
Cash in bank 10,000
Replenished the fund. The petty cash items include
the following:
Currency and coin 2,000
Supplies 5,000
Telephone 1,800
Postage 1,200
The journal entry to record the replenishment is:
Supplies 5,000
Telephone 1,800
Postage 1,200
Cash in bank 8,000
The fund was not replenished.
The fund is composed of the following: currency and
coin P7,000, supplies P1,500, postage P500
miscellaneous expense P1,000.
Supplies 1,500 |
Postage 500
Miscellaneous expense 1,000
Petty cash fund 3,000
The adjustment made on December 31, 2020 is reversed.
Petty cash fund 3,000
Supplies 1,500
Postage 500
Miscellaneous expense 1,000
132021
Feb. 1 The fund is replenished and increased to P15,099,
The composition of the fund"
Currency and coin zoo
Supplies 500
Postage 3,000
Miscellaneous expense 1500
Total 10,000
Journal entry
Petty cash fund 5,000
Supplies 4,500
Postage 3,000
Miscellaneous expense 1,500
Cash in bank 14,000
The total amount of the check drawn is P14,009
representing the petty cash disbursements of
P9,000 and the fund increase of P5,000.:
14Fluctuating fund system
ise the
The system is called “fluctuating fund system” be
y equa
checks drawn to replenish the fund do not necessari
the petty cash disbursements.
The replenishment checks are simply drawn upon the request
of the petty cashier.
Moreover, petty cash disbursements are immediately recorded
thus resulting in a fluctuating petty cash balance per book from
time to time:
a. Establishment of the fund:
xx
Petty cash fund
Cash in bank =
b. Payment of expenses out of the petty cash fund:
Expenses xx
xx
¥ Petty cash fund
Under this system, the disbursements from the petty cash
fund are immediately recorded in contradistinction with
the imprest fund system where the disbursements are
recorded upon the replenishment of the fund.
c. Replenishment or increase of the fund:
Petty cash fund
Cash in bank xx
The replenishment check may or may not be the same as
the petty cash disbursements.
d. At the end of the reporting period, no adjustment is
necessary because the petty cash expenses are recorded
outright.
Decrease of the fund is reverted to the general cash.
Cash in bank xx
Petty cash fund
15Illustration
Nov.
10
. 11-28 Petty cash disbu:
a)
31
The entity ngtablished a petty cash fund of
P 10,000.
10,000
Petty cash fund
10,
Cash in bank 00
rgements amounted to P8,009,
B 8,000
xpenses
Petty cash fund 8,000
Issued a check for P10,000 to replenish the fund,
10,000
Petty cash fund ”
Cash in bank 10,000
At this point, the petty cash balance per book is
P12,000.
Petty cash expenses amounted to P9,000.
Expenses 9,000
Petty cash fund 9,000
Issued a check for P15,000 to replenish the fund.
Petty cash fund 15,000
Cash in bank 15,000
At this point, the petty cash balance is P18,000.
16QUESTIONS
1.Define cash.
2.Explain the meaning of unrestricted cash
3.Define cash equivalents
4.Explain the measurement of cash.
5.8xplain the financial statement presentation of cash and
sash equivalents.
6.Explain the classification of investments of excess cash in
time deposits, money market instruments and treasury bills.
7.Explain the treatment of foreign currency.
8.Explain the classification of a cash fund,
9.Explain a bank overdraft.
10.Explain a compensating balance.
11.Zxplain undelivered check, postdated check delivered
and stale check.
12 Zxplain the accounting for cash shortage or cash overage.
13 3xplain the imprest system of internal control.
14, What is a petty cash fund?
1$.2xplain the two methods of accounting for petty cash
‘und.
i?PROBLEMS
Problem 1-1 (IAA)
On December 31, 2020, Albania Company provided the
following data
Cash in bank 3,000,000
‘Time deposit ~ 30 days 1,000,000
Money market placement due on June 30, 2021 2,000,006
Saving deposit in closed bank 100,00
Sinking fund for bond payable due June 30, 2022 1, en a 0
20.0€0
Petty cash fund
* ‘The cash in bank included customer check of P200,0 00
outstanding for 18 months.
* Check of P250,000 in payment of accounts payable w as
dated and recorded on December 31, 2020 but mailed to
creditors on January 15, 2021.
* Check of P100,000 dated January 31, 2021 in payment of
accounts payable was recorded and mailed December #1,
2020.
* The reporting period is the calendar year.
‘The cash receipts journal was held open until January
15, 2021 during which time an amount of P450,000 was
collected and recorded on December 31, 2020.
Required:
1. Prepare adjusting entries on December 31, 2020.
2, Compute the total amount of cash and cash equivalents
that should be reported on December 31, 2020.
3. Explain the presentation of the items excluded from c:ash
and cash equivalents.
18