CURRENT! (Gomer osrasero > ‘The most common type of conductor ‘sed in practice is circular in cross section of radius ‘a’. ILthe radius of the onductors is uoty seal then itis known as, A lamentary, ED ) Filamentary conductor Electyastane Poot a tne Sith Sach (set Volume. Q “Figure:(s) shows a rectangular slab with height h very very Small. Then, currant I wil flow ‘on a surface called as surface current and the suriace current density measured in amperes pet meter Wa is designated by K. If we assume thal width ‘b' is measured perpendicular to the direction in which the current is flowing, then surface current density K is given byc in 1 the surface curent density i union, te ftal currant in any wth i de thee) (eee) th car rent ‘Again for a nonuniform surtace current density, integration is necessary, therefore, t=[Kar | ~ L where, dis. differential element af the path across which the current: is lowing. Thus, the differential ‘currant element Idi, where di is in the direction of the current, may be expressed in lerms of surface current density % ot current density 3, a8 Sonces of 7. regnetc Kaf fin 1. Candy = oe zw Penne regret 3. Varijng clease FeldMra. A ferd BK z seers fA) x Soox BIOT-SAVART LAW wnlensi ™ oy \Gtatement of Biot Savart law : Magnitude of dH at point P is stamont proportional to product of current, differential length dé, and the sine of the angle between the filament and line connecting —*/ differential length to the point of interest P. It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the filament to point P. The constant of proportionality is 1/4x. Mathematica J\at Ae Hel ne a, aq LS whore, 1Oq this sign is a cross product fy, = unit vector from differential current element to point P Ld? = differential current elemont Fi « distance of differential current element {rom point P.Current elements have no separate existence. All elements making up the complete current filament contribute to H and must be included. The summation leads to the integral form of the Biot-savart law as and Lz y Crrat desl Ae ¥ Slelo7 y™ Taz % x (ve,-24) di _ ye? oe aKonenc FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO INFINITE LONG STRAIGHT FILAMENT - ~~ 5 a, 3] —oH+-a di=dz 4m(eayt Geteahns 24200 and Idi =1dz@,.4 H = = In the figure, vector from cifforential saad 0 point P is rz 7 R= (r-0)% +(- 0) 8, + (0-28 = aon |’ a B =1%-2% Gxy= 4 axa= 0 “tanh Ue ae vey ppc oo BR ED tes 2) eae Noined 3 ee neh itz 7 a,x =@,; and a,x, = 0 hence oH = ae This is the field intensity due to differential current element. Hence the field intensity due to Infinite long current filament is obtained by integrating dH over the limits z ranging from—ss to +=, }j z=rtano o|dz = rsec? od also? +.27)9? = (7 +7? + tan? @)9? = sack 2 at Siar eae Putting these values in the above expression of H, we get ae A a2 | cosade _ 1a, 7 a2 An infinite long straight filament is placed along za rough which current of FO aN 5Aci urrent filament of 8.0 A in Fo dies direction is parailel to y axis at x 4 a i Find H at the origin, (2, ° Or (0,0, °) z 5 an Do R=-28,+ 2a, ~ (0-2) Order The length of perpendicularis |Aj=/8 ~ The‘unit vector in this direction OB = 228, + 28 2 ee anys ee $9)= =" ee Ay xm se -— ao) |! Ay XA = 4 o - L Zz H = 0.19894, + ose Salm (Alm) axq_ > Gi] aN ~ a He etet \ncnene FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO| LENGTH ELEMENT abory 7-005 we Atos i 5 aa ‘The unit vector in this direction is: q Vere The differential current element at zis 1d2,. Now according to Biot-savart law 4 pe ee ge b ane tz) ( el Honey, var ] Bae tA) ‘) == ae pee Gets * > crse®)Putting in the expression for H au It jtsoc% ada 5 4n! Psec% ag Is in a filament parallel to a ew (0, 1, Othe filament ies in th (Q.1. tne flamentlies in the pe @) Kéurrent of 0.4 Ain the @, direction in tree ae a The z-axis and passing through the point(2Y- 3) interval : O77) (o This is the case of it Vector F in the fig (a) is R= and the unit vector is(b) This is the case of finite current element. = 20129 28 and og, = - 29.429 —— Fi due ie finite current filament is ) , = ._04 = (singe ~ sinus) By = (0973) @ V2 an feo 5.344, - 2148, (mA/m) afSemi inf stk (c) Again this is the case Oe TEN cloner G a = 5, and aoe =0 Z H=-549a,-2.2a" (mA/m). = =| Oy =Then vector joining P to O is R=-ra +28, a The unit vector in this direction VE \= fv%2* |a Bile a oH = oa eae Bs +28)ot San gir — 2 “va a (oBra, - . An(r? + 2°)? a fae 2 Vv = Ala — [2 In the above analysis, even if We consider a point @ below the circular loop, the direction— ? ‘Two circular coils are located at the z plane and z = 5 m plane, centered about the Zaxis. The first coil having a srt {2 4098 a current of 10 Amp. The second coil having a racius of 0.5 m carries a current ¢f 20 Amp\ Calculate the magnetic field intensity Zsh5 ‘Assume direction of currents in both the coils to be then the directo Borat WI IS-Sare ineopoctive of THE positorr ot Mrabeve-ee ‘below the 5 Bossa mers) 0.256 + 0.151 (upward) 0.407 (ATm) (upward)_ vA SOT phn RELATION BETWEEN B AND Hi A Similar to electric flux density, netic flux density i§ also presen the medium. itis defined ‘as magnetic flux per unit area, denoted by B. B is related with magnetit field intensity (H) by the relation os (BERR _ = Z where, B =flux density, ; 4 = permeability of medium, H/m ; Hi = Magnetic field intensity, A/m. jrection of B and #1 is sam \AMPERES CIRCUITAL LAW OR AMPERE'S WORK LAW =~ Statement : The line integral of H around a single GeSedpath is equal to the current enclosed by that path. = Mathematically, Verification : Consider a infinite ‘ue to this is given byA YA 1 ® (ca) . | lenciosed = \@H- di = 0 oa . gH di = (iii) 0)‘Suppose that the origin of the coordinates is situated inside @ Conducting medium of large extent. Let the current density in the medium bed (A/m*) in the positive y direction as shown in figure According to Ampere’s law, the line integral of H around the ¥ectangular path enclosing the area Ais equal to current enclosed. !n this case, the current encloed by the pathis given by the integral of the normal component of J over the surface A, or zMAGNETIC FLUX vin, The magnetic flux crossing any surface is found by multiplying magnetic flux density with area of the surface, provided that Bis normal to the surface. if 8 makes some angle with surface not equal to 90°, then Wm= | [Beds s where, Wm = magnetic flux, wb B = Magnetic flux density wo/m? or T Normal to + areaA—>}Aracial field Fn 289x10% A 0308 (Alm) exists in free space. Find the magnetic flux crossing the surface defined by O,. = 22.2492 A From A toD awe fRearay) = forsnecel,., D oD 4 -«(4] sind = 0 2 | [ From equation (ii), (iii), {iv) and (v), we get $ Hed = 5.5623 + 29.1246 — 22.2492 +0 = 12.4379 AAlso, dS =rsin@drdoa, a a sing sind (Vx A)y = or 6rsing 0 18r* sin 0cos@ a r a a9 (381 sin? 6 cos - Srcos$) rsind By(- 36 sin Ocos 9 + 6 cos cos 206) From equation (i) RHS = J (vx A) 403m =f Jc 861 sin@.cos +6. cos cos ec®)r sind drde 2 (0=0.1n) 2 [5] [sin 9]9°* sin?(0.17) + otonat"[5 ele le 186869 + 29.1246 = 124377 A Hence, Stoke's theorem is verifiedCONCEPT OF VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL The concept of vector magnetic potential can be developed by considering the analogy belween the electric field and the magnetic field. Thus, as for the point charge configuration in electric fleld the electric potential at any point is defined as dq Antgt avFrom this equation we have following conclusion : {i) The electric potential is directly proportional to its source. (i) The electric potential is inversely proportional to the distance of point from source. (ill) The electric potential depends on media. {iv) The proportionality constant is 1/4n. Analogues to these lines we can have, the concept of magnetic potential based on the following points. The magnetic potential is disectly proportional to its source. (je. differential current element Id.) (ii) The magnetic potential is inversely proportional to its distance of point from source. (i.e. £) (ii) The magnetic potential depends on media (medium constant is 1) (iv) The proportionality constant is 1/4n. “Thus anaiogues to mathematical definition of electric potential we can write magnetic potential as ib x widi ON aendly, we know that E =~ VV this means that the space derivative of electric potential is equal ‘Ne Of the electric field quantities which depends on media i.e. electtic field intensity. But for the otic potential which is defined in above equation (B) we can easily observe that the magnetic ilial is a vector quantity (due to presence of At which is a vector.) Thus if we want to equate the derivative of magnetic vector potential with some magnetic quantity which is a vector then POssible space derivative is curl operation and we can write either VxA=H or VxA=B 0 we have accepted that the magnetic potential depends on media then its space derivative V»A must depend on media, Out of the two magnetic quantities, ie. B and A we have lod thet H is independent of media and B depend on media, thus we can define VxA=B a of magnetic: vector potential is practically useless but many times, for deriving the ion of magnetic field intensity for complex fields the concept is widely used,MAGNETIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS “\ 4 i we wBoundary Condition for Normal Components of 5 ‘The boundary condition on the normal components is determined by use of a small right otreular cylinder positioned across the intertace as shown. Since magnetic fuxlines are continous, JBrdi+ [B,-der+ j top fi =O ‘oom clan, ‘Now if the two planes are allowed to approach one another, keeping the interface between ther, the area of the curved surface will approach zero, giving Sines, Es and Ge are normal to top and botiom surfaces, their dot products with tangential components By and By I zo but with By and By fe not Zero ene, the preceding equation can De writen as +Bys Jdby—Bye Jey = 0 Ye | one The area oftop ane bottom circular cisk is same then we find that Bn = Bro Inwords, the normal component of 8 Is continuous across an interface.Boundary Conditions for Tangential components of iiif We consider the height of the box, Ah approach zero, we have zero contribution of the sides b-c and d-a, hence, the preceding equation can be written as b fii-di= abode a If Hy and Hy are components in the direction of di then Hy AL —Hp AL = KAL where, we assume that the boundary may carry a surface current K whose component normal to the plane of the closed path is K (A/m). lenciosed a i di+ fF, +d < Thus, Hy -Hy = K ‘The direction of K is that of the thumb when the fingers of the right hand follow the direction of the pathi.e.a-b-c-d-a, In figure the positive direction of K for the chosen path is into the paper. The following expression gives the boundary condition for the tangential components of FH, which includes both magnitude and direction relations. a, x(H,-H,)=Kwhere, a, is outward normal from medium 1 at the interface. ‘Thus, the tangential component of the Hi field is discontinuous across an interface where a free surface current exists. When the conductivities of both media are finite, currents are defined by volume current densities and free surface currents do not exist on the interface. Hence, K equals zero and the tangential component of Fi is continuous across the boundary of almost all physical media ; itis discountinuous only when an interface with an ideal perfect conductor or a superconductor is assumed. ie. Hy = Hy