Biology B: Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE

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Level 3 GCE
Biology B
Advanced Subsidiary
Paper 1: Core Cellular Biology and Microbiology
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P49850A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.
3/2/2/2/1/1/
*P49850A0128*
Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Plant and animal cells contain a number of organelles.

The table gives information about some of these organelles.
Organelle Information about the organelle
10–9 m in size
P
involved in translation
Q contains thylakoids
R involved in aerobic respiration
2500 nm in size
S
involved in protein modification

6 µm in size
T
has a double membrane
U has a single membrane
(a) Which of the following describes the structure of organelle S?

(1)
A network of interconnecting tubules
B pair of cylinders at right angles to one another
C stacks of curved cisternae
D two subunits with a groove
(b) Which row of the table is correct for organelles Q and R ?

(1)
Found in animals cells Found in plant cells DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
A Q and R Q and R
B Q R
C R Q and R
D Q and R Q
2
*P49850A0228*
(c) Which of the following shows the organelles in order of size from smallest to
largest?
(1)
A PST
B PTS
C STP
D TSP
(d) The number of organelles in the table which contain DNA is

(1)
A one
B two
C three
D four
(e) The DNA of organelle R contains 37 genes. Thirteen of these genes code for
proteins involved in part of aerobic respiration.
Calculate the percentage of genes coding for these proteins.
(1)
Answer ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %
(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

3
*P49850A0328* Turn over
2 Some genetic disorders result from chromosome mutations.
(a) Translocation is one type of chromosome mutation.

Describe how translocation occurs.
(2)
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(b) Name the type of chromosome mutation that results in Down’s syndrome.
(1)
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(c) Genetic disorders can be diagnosed by looking at an individual’s karyotype.
A karyotype shows the number of each type of chromosome present in a cell.
The diagram shows the karyotype of the cells taken from a female embryo.
Explain what conclusion can be made about this female embryo.

(2)
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5
3 A student made a squash preparation of a root tip to observe the stages of mitosis.
(a) The student used the following statements to identify cells in metaphase.

● Pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up along the equator of each cell.
● Crossing over taking place.
● Chromatids visible.
The number of correct statements about metaphase in root tip cells is
(1)
A none
B one
C two
D three
(b) The diagram shows the method that the student used.

A root tip of length 2 cm was cut from the
plant
The root tip was placed in an appropriate

stain and dilute acid and left at room
temperature for 10 minutes
The root tip was put onto a microscope

slide and a coverslip placed on top

The coverslip was pressed down gently
The preparation was observed using a

light microscope
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*P49850A0628*
The student was disappointed with the slide that had been prepared because the
nuclei were poorly stained and no stages of mitosis could be seen.
(i) Explain why the student had to make sure that an appropriate stain was used.
(2)
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(ii) Describe the changes that need to be made to this method to allow stages of
mitosis to be seen.
(4)
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7
4 Most human cells use carbohydrate as a source of energy.
(a) Explain why glycogen releases energy more slowly than glucose.

(2)
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(b) When human cells have used up carbohydrate, they will use lipid and then
protein as a source of energy.
The table shows the water content and energy content of three food sources.

Water content Energy content Energy content Total energy
Food source / arbitrary in dry matter in wet matter stored
units / kJ g–1 / kJ g–1 / kJ
Carbohydrate 2 to 3 16.8 4.2 to 6.3 3528
Triglyceride 0 37.8 37.8 567 000
Protein 2 to 3 16.8 4.2 to 6.3 100 800
(i) Explain why the water content of triglyceride is different from the water
content of carbohydrate and protein.
(3)
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8
*P49850A0828*
(ii) Using the information in the table, explain why triglycerides are a good
energy store.
(2)
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(iii) Explain why the ‘total energy stored’ column in this table is of limited use in
drawing conclusions about the energy content of these food sources.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
*P49850A01028*
BLANK PAGE
10
5 Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have similarities and differences in their
ultrastructure.
(a) Compare and contrast the ultrastructures of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
(4)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
(b) Some antibiotics inhibit RNA synthesis and protein synthesis in cells.
Actinomycin D, Rifamycin and α-Amanitin are antibiotics that work by binding to

molecules in a cell. This inhibits protein synthesis.
The scientists who developed these antibiotics had to find out which types of cell
were affected and which molecule they were binding to.
The table shows the types of cell that these antibiotics affect and the molecule
that they bind to.
Molecule that the

Antibiotic Type of cell affected
antibiotic binds to
Actinomycin D Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
Rifamycin Prokaryotic only RNA polymerase
α-Amanitin Eukaryotic only RNA polymerase

(i) Describe the structure of a DNA molecule.
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P49850A01228*
(ii) Explain the effect of Actinomycin D on protein synthesis.
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain the effect of Rifamycin and α-Amanitin on protein synthesis.

(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
6 (a) The classification of viruses is based on structure and nucleic acid types.
(i) Which of the following pairs of viruses both have an envelope?

(1)
A Ebola and λ (lambda) phage
B human immunodeficiency virus and Ebola
C λ (lambda) phage and tobacco mosaic virus
D tobacco mosaic virus and human immunodeficiency virus
(ii) Which of the following pairs of viruses both have a helical capsid?
(1)
A Ebola and tobacco mosaic virus
B λ (lambda) phage and Ebola
C human immunodeficiency virus and λ (lambda) phage
D tobacco mosaic virus and human immunodeficiency virus

(b) When a bacterial cell is infected with λ (lambda) phage, the virus will enter the
lytic cycle.
(i) Describe the lytic cycle of a virus.
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P49850A01428*
(ii) The multiplicity of infection (MOI) is one factor that determines whether a
virus enters the lytic cycle or latency.
number of infectious virus particles

MOI =
number of target cells present
A scientist needed to use a MOI of 0.5 for an investigation.

The virus particles were at a concentration of 2 × 109 cm–3 and the bacteria
were at a concentration of 8 × 108 cm–3.
Calculate the volume of virus particles that should be added to 0.25 cm3 of
bacteria.
(3)
Answer .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

15
*P49850A01628*
BLANK PAGE
16
7 Collagen is a structural protein found in connective tissue.
(a) The diagram shows the components of a typical collagen fibre.
3 polypeptide chains
tropocollagen

part of a collagen fibre 

(i) Explain the significance of repeating sequences of amino acids in the
formation of tropocollagen.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Which of the following bonds holds the 3 polypeptide chains together in the
tropocollagen?
(1)
A ester
B glycosidic
C hydrogen
D peptide
17
(b) Hydroxyproline and proline are components of collagen.
The graph shows the effect of temperature on the helical structure of collagen

with hydroxyproline and collagen without hydroxyproline.
100
90
Helical structure (%) 80 ........... Collagen without
70 hydroxyproline
60
50
40 Collagen with
30 hydroxyproline
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature / °C
(i) Analyse the data to explain the importance of hydroxyproline in the structure
of collagen.
(2)

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18
*P49850A01828*
(ii) The table shows information about the skin collagen of three animals and the
body temperature of each animal.
Percentage of proline Body

Animal and hydroxyproline temperature
in skin collagen (%) / °C
Calf 23.2 37
Shark 19.1 24 to 28
Cod 15.5 10 to 14
The thermal stability of collagen is described by its shrinkage temperature (Ts).

This is the temperature at which 50% of the helical structure is lost.
Analyse the data in the graph and the table to comment on the stability of
collagen in these animals.
(4)
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19
*P49850A02028*
BLANK PAGE
20
8 There are three different types of haemoglobin in the blood of an adult human. Each
haemoglobin molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains.
(a) The table shows information about these types of haemoglobin.
Percentage Types of
Type of
present in the polypeptide chain
haemoglobin
blood (%) present
HbA1 96 2α and 2β
HbA2 3 2α and 2δ
HbF 1 2α and 2γ
Calculate the ratio of polypeptide chains present in the blood of an adult human.
(3)
Answer ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
(b) The β, δ and γ polypeptide chains have similar amino acid sequences.
The table shows the sequence of nine amino acids in a part of each of these

polypeptide chains.
Type of
Sequence of amino acids
polypeptide chain
β - phe - ala - thr - leu - ser - glu - leu - his - cys -
δ - phe - ser - gln - leu - ser - glu - leu - his - cys -
γ - phe - ala - gln - leu - ser - glu - leu - his - cys -
The β, δ and γ polypeptide chains are coded for by three different genes.
Compare and contrast the sequence of bases in the DNA coding for each of these
parts of the three polypeptide chains.
(4)

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22
*P49850A02228*
(c) Hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) is a condition that results
from mutations in the genes coding for the β and δ polypeptide chains.
People with this condition produce HbF only.

The table shows the percentage saturation with oxygen, at different partial
pressures, for HbF and HbA.
Partial pressure Percentage Percentage

of oxygen saturation of HbF saturation of HbA
/ kPa with oxygen (%) with oxygen (%)
5.3 79 74
8.0 92 88
10.7 97 95
13.3 100 99
(i) State what is meant by the term gene mutation.

(1)
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(ii) With reference to the table, explain why people with HPFH are usually
unaware that they have this condition.
(2)
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23
9 Microscopy is a technique used to study structures that are not within the resolution
range of the human eye.

(a) The photograph shows cells in a blood smear, as seen using a light microscope.
(i) Draw the cell labelled K, as shown in the photograph. Your drawing should
have a magnification ×2.
(4)

24
*P49850A02428*
(ii) Describe how to use a micrometer to determine how many times bigger your
drawing is than the actual cell in the blood smear.
(4)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
*(b) A school wanted to buy some new microscope objective lenses that would give
better resolution.

Several factors affect the resolution of a microscope.
The tables show some data that the school was given from a company selling
microscope objective lenses.
Table 1
Objective
Magnification Objective lenses P Objective lenses Q
lenses R
of objective
lenses Numerical Resolution Numerical Resolution Numerical Resolution
aperture / µm aperture / µm aperture / µm
×4 0.10 2.75 0.13 2.12 0.20 1.38
×10 0.25 1.10 0.30 0.92 0.45 0.61
×40 0.65 0.42 0.75 0.37 0.95 0.29

×100 1.25 0.22 1.30 0.21 1.40 0.20
Table 2
Wavelength of light Resolution

/ nm / µm
360 0.19
400 0.21
500 0.26
600 0.32
700 0.37 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
26
*P49850A02628*
Analyse the data in Table 1 and Table 2 to determine the extent to which
resolution is affected by magnification, numerical aperture and the wavelength of
light.
(6)
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TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

27
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*P49850A02828*
Mark Scheme (Results)
Summer 2017
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

In Biology (8BI01) Paper 01
Core Cellular Biology and Microbiology
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General Marking Guidance
All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way
as they mark the last.
Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do
rather than penalised for omissions.
Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.
There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used appropriately.
All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if
the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.
Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.
Question
Answer Mark
Number
1(a) 1(a). The only correct answer is C
A is not correct because this describes Endoplasmic reticulum which is involved in protein
synthesis not modification
B is not correct because this describes centrioles
D is not correct because this describes a ribosome which is involved in synthesis (not
modification) and is much smaller (1)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
1(b) 1(b). The only correct answer is C
A is not correct because Q describes a chloroplast which is not found in an animal cell
B is not correct because chloroplasts are not found in animal cells, but they are found in plant
cells, animal cells would also contain mitochondria (R)
D is not correct because chloroplasts are not found in animal cells, plant cells would also
contain mitochondria (R) (1)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
1(c) 1(c).The only correct answer is A
B is not correct because 6 μm is 6000 nm which is bigger than 2500nm
C is not correct because 10–9 m is a nanometer so the smallest not the largest organelle
D is not correct because they are listed from largest to smallest in this sequence (1)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
1(d) 1(d). The only correct answer is C
A is not correct because Q (chloroplast), R (mitochondria) and T (nucleus) all have DNA
B is not correct because Q (chloroplast), R (mitochondria) and T (nucleus) all have DNA
D is not correct because because only Q (chloroplast), R (mitochondria) and T (nucleus) have
DNA. P is a ribosome, S is the Golgi and each of the organelles containing DNA each has a
double membrane (1)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
1(e) Example of calculation
Correct calculation
(13 ÷ 37) x 100 = 35.1
ACCEPT 35 or 35.14 (1)
Total for Question 1 = 5 MARKS

Question
Answer Mark
Number
2(a) A description that makes reference to the following: ACCEPT one mark only for an
answer that makes reference to
{part of a chromosome / genes}
being swapped between (non-
homologous) chromosomes
part of a chromosome breaks off (1) ACCEPT phosphodiester bonds

break
ACCEPT genes or section of DNA
DO NOT ACCEPT parts of a gene
this then joins to another (non-homologous) chromosome DO NOT ACCEPT homologous

(1) chromosome (2)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
2(b) Non-disjunction ACCEPT Translocation, polysomy,
aneuploidy, trisomy, partial
trisomy, partial aneuploidy (1)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
2(c) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
polysomy / not Down's Syndrome (1) ACCEPT trisomy, aneuploidy

DO NOT ACCEPT has {Turner’s /
Down’s} Syndrome
because {of chromosome 13 / more than two copies ACCEPT chromosome 21 only two
of one chromosome} (1) copies
ACCEPT extra chromatid (2)

Question
Answer Mark
Number
3 (a) 3(a). The only correct answer is B
A is not correct because chromatids are visible in metaphase
C is not correct because the first two statements only occur in meiosis not mitosis
D is not correct because the first two statements only occur in meiosis not mitosis (1)
Question
Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
3 (b)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
a stain is needed to see chromosomes that would not ACCEPT can see chromatids, nucleus
be clearly visible (1)
because the stain must attach to {chromosomes / DNA / ACCEPT {take up / absorb} stain
histone} (1) (2)
Question
Number
3(b)(ii) A description that makes reference to four of the following:
use {5 mm / shorter} piece of root tip (1)
add acid and then stain separately (1) ACCEPT use more concentrated acid
heat the root tip in { acid / stain } (1)
tease the cells apart before staining (1) ACCEPT maceration
intensify the stain by warming (after squashing) (1) (4)

Question
Number
4(a) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
glycogen is a {polymer / polysaccharide} (1) DO NOT ACCEPT glucose {is a

polysaccharide/ has more glycosidic
bonds}
ACCEPT description of polysaccharide
structure
therefore glycosidic bonds need to be broken (1) ACCEPT needs hydrolysis before it can
be used in respiration (2)
Question
Number
4(b)(i) An explanation that makes reference to three of the
following:
carbohydrates and proteins are {hydrophilic / polar}

molecules (1)
triglycerides are {hydrophobic / non polar} molecules (1)
therefore water will associate with proteins and ACCEPT {absorb / bond to} water
carbohydrates (1)
but be repelled by the triglycerides (1) ACCEPT can’t bond to water (3)
Question
Number
4(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to two of the
following:
triglycerides store more energy per gram than

carbohydrates and proteins in both wet and dry
matter (1)
because it has a high {carbon / hydrogen} content (1) ACCEPT low oxygen content
because it contains no water (1) (2)
Question
Number
4(b)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
units given for energy only (1) ACCEPT no indication of mass
therefore a comparison cannot be made (1) (2)

Question
Number
5(a) An answer that makes reference to the following: Max of 3 marks if only differences given
Similarities
cytoplasm (1)
cell membrane (1)
ribosomes (1)
Differences
eukaryotic cells contain {Membrane-bound organelles /

named example e.g. mitochondria }, prokaryotic cells do
not (1)
eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes, prokaryotic cells ACCEPT eukaryotic cells have larger
have 70S ribosomes (1) ribosomes
eukaryotic cells have {a nucleus / nuclear envelope }, ACCEPT as comparison: prokaryotes

prokaryotic cells {have a nucleoid / do not have a have free-floating genetic material (in
nucleus} (1) the cytoplasm)
some eukaryotic cells have a cellulose cell wall and

prokaryotic cells have a {murein / peptidoglycan} cell wall
(1) (4)
Question
Number
5(b)(i) A description that makes reference to three of the
following:
composed of nucleotides / nucleotides described (1)
nucleotides held together by phosphodiester bonds (1)
complementary base pairs held together by hydrogen ACCEPT description e.g. between
bonds (1) named base pairs
two {sugar phosphate backbones / polynucleotide chains /

DNA strands} that form a double helix (1) (3)
Question
Number
5(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
the DNA strands will not be able to separate / no template ACCEPT DNA can’t be unzipped
strand will be available (1)
leading to inhibition of {transcription / mRNA synthesis /

RNA polymerase binding to DNA} (1)
DNA of both cell types are the same (structure) so both

cell types affected (1) (3)
Question
Number
5(b)(iii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
will inhibit {transcription / mRNA synthesis} (1)
because the RNA polymerase {will be inhibited / will not ACCEPT cannot catalyse the reaction,
be able to bind to the DNA} (1) prevent enzyme-substrate complex
formation
each antibiotic affects different cell types because the
(structure of) RNA polymerases are different (1) (3)

Question
Answer Mark
Number
6(a)(i) 6(a)(i). The only correct answer is B
A is not correct because lambda phage does not have an envelope
C is not correct because both lambda phage and tobacco mosaic virus do not have envelopes
D is not correct because tobacco mosaic virus does not have an envelope (1)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
6(a)(ii) 6(a)(ii). The only correct answer is A
B is not correct because lambda phage does not have a helical capsid
C is not correct because neither HIV or lambda phage have a helical capsid
D is not correct because HIV does not have a helical capsid (1)
Question
Number
6(b)(i) A description that makes reference to the following:
virus {attaches to / penetrates} host cell (1) ACCEPT virus genetic material goes
into the cell
assembly of virus particles from synthesised {DNA / RNA} ACCEPT virus replicates
and proteins (1)
(immediate) lysis of the host cell (1) DO NOT ACCEPT exocytosis (3)
Question
Number
6(b) (ii) Example of calculation
number of bacteria in 0.25 cm3 (1) 8 × 108 ÷ 4 = 2 × 108
number of phage needed to give MOI of 0.5 (1) 0.5 × 2 × 108 = 1 × 108
answer = volume of phage needed (1) 1 × 108 ÷ 2 × 109 = 0.05 cm3
ACCEPT 1 mark for calculation of MOI

as 2.5 for using equal volumes of the
concentrations given
Correct answer with no working gains

full marks (3)

Question
Number
7(a)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
glycine is very small so the collagen fibres are very close ACCEPT amino acids have small R
together (1) groups which enables the proteins to be
close together
so this allows the formation of bonds that hold the
polypeptide chains together (1) (2)
Question
Answer Mark
Number
7(a)(ii) 7(a)(ii). The only correct answer is C
A is not correct because ester bonds are involved in bonding carboxyl and OH groups
B is not correct because glycosidic bonds are found in carbohydrates
D is not correct because peptide bonds join the amino acids in the individual polypeptide chains, not
between the chains as there are no free carboxyl and amino groups along the length of the chain (1)
Question
Number
A response that makes reference to the following:
7(b) (i)
the collagen with hydroxyproline has more helix present ACCEPT collagen without
than collagen without hydroxyproline (at higher hydroxyproline loses helical structure at
temperatures) (1) lower temperature
therefore hydroxyproline must be responsible for holding ACCEPT hydroxyproline maintains

the helix together (1) strength of collagen (2)
Question
Number
7(b) (ii) A response that makes reference to the following:
the Ts values for collagen with hydroxyproline is 49°C /

collagen without hydroxyproline is 15°C (1)
therefore presence of hydroxyproline increases the ACCEPT prevents helical structure

thermal stability of collagen (1) breaking down
calves will have the most stable collagen (1)

ACCEPT converse
which is necessary as calves have the highest body
temperature (1) ACCEPT converse / correlation between
the two variables e.g. calf has the
highest % of hydroxyproline and
highest body temperature (4)

Question
Number
8(a) Example of calculation
percentage of each polypeptide in each type of HbA1: α = 48 β = 48

haemoglobin (1) HbA2: α = 1.5 δ = 1.5
HbF : α = 0.5 γ= 0.5
total percentage of α chains given (1) α = 48 + 1.5 + 0.5 = 50
ratio calculated (1) α : β : δ : γ = 100 : 96 : 3 : 1
Correct answer with no working gains

full marks
Award 2 marks for 200 :192: 6: 2

OR 50: 48: 1.5 : 0.5 (3)
Question
Acceptable Answer Additional Guidance Mark
Number
8(b) A response that makes reference to the following:
Similarities
there will be {27 bases / 9 triplet codons } in the ACCEPT they have the same number of
sequence (1) (DNA) bases
all three will have the code for { phe / amino acid 1 / ACCEPT triplet sequence is the same
amino acids 4-9 / leu, ser, glu, leu, his, cys } (1) for … / same codon
β and γ will both code for the same amino acid 2 / ACCEPT if clear context of bases coding
δ and γ will both code for the same amino acid 3 (1) for … in the whole response
Differences
the sequence of bases in the code for the same amino acid
might be different (1)
{β and δ will have different sequences for amino acids 2 ACCEPT if clear context of bases coding
and 3 / β and γ different for amino acid 3 / δ and γ for … in the whole response
different for amino acid 2 } (1) (4)
Question
Number
8(c)(i) change in the base sequence or quantity of DNA (1) (1)
Question
Number
8(c)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
the oxygen-carrying capacity of the haemoglobins are ACCEPT have similar saturation of O2
very similar (1) ACCEPT HbF has better O2 carrying
ability
therefore {gas exchange / breathing} will not be affected ACCEPT have no symptoms, no effect
(1) ACCEPT oxygen will not limit activity (2)

Question
Number
9(a)(i) A drawing that includes the following:
only cell K drawn (1)
the shape of the cell and its nuclei are representative of

those in the photograph (1)
there is no sketching or other structures shown (1)
drawn cell is twice the size of cell in the photograph (1) (4)
Question
Number
9(a)(ii) A description that makes reference to the following:
measure the length of the blood cells using an {eye piece ACCEPT use an eyepiece graticule
/ stage } micrometer (1)
divide the length by the magnification of the objective /

calibrate the graticule using a stage micrometer (1)
more than one measurement taken (1) E.g. repeats, length and breadth
divide this value into the length of the blood cells in the
drawing (1) (4)
Question
Answer
Number
9*(b) Answers will be credited according to candidates’ deployment of knowledge and understanding of the material in
relation to the qualities and skills outlined in the generic mark scheme.
The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include all the material which is
indicated as relevant. Additional content included in the response must be scientific and relevant.
data used to support trends e.g. figures quoted / calculation done

table 1 shows that resolution increases with an increase in numerical aperture
table 2 shows an increase in wavelength decreases the resolution
table 1 suggests an increase in magnification increases the resolution
comparison of objectives with the same magnification shows that increase in numerical aperture increases
resolution
at higher magnifications shorter wavelengths of light would need to be used to achieve maximum resolution
Level Marks
0 0 No awardable content
Demonstrates isolated elements of biological knowledge and understanding to the given context with
generalised comments made.
Vague statements related to consequences are made with limited linkage to a range of scientific ideas,
1 1-2
processes, techniques and procedures.
Attempts to comment on each of the factors but fails to understand that a small value
represents better resolution
Demonstrates adequate knowledge and understanding by selecting and applying some relevant biological
facts/concepts.
2 3-4 Consequences are discussed which are occasionally supported through linkage to a range of scientific
ideas, processes, techniques and procedures.
Understands that a small value means better resolution and correct comments made about two
variables using quoted data.
Demonstrates comprehensive knowledge and understanding by selecting and applying relevant knowledge
of biological facts/concepts.
5-6
3 Consequences are discussed which are supported throughout by sustained linkage to a range of scientific
ideas, processes, techniques or procedures.
Correct comments made about the interaction of the three variables on resolution.

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Write your name here
Surname Other names
Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number
Level 3 GCE
Biology B
Advanced Subsidiary
Paper 2: Core Physiology and Ecology
Tuesday 6 June 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes 8BI0/02

You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, HB pencil, ruler
Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Show yourall questions.
Answer
• answer whereworking in any calculation questions and include units in your
appropriate.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• You may use a scientific calculator.
• ability
In question(s) marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your
to structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you
make are related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over
P49851A
©2017 Pearson Education Ltd.
2/2/1/1/1/
*P49851A0128*
Answer ALL questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 A person visited his doctor for a health check.

The doctor obtained an ECG trace to show the electrical activity of the person’s heart.
The diagram shows part of this trace.
0.5 mV

0.2 s
(a) The trace shows the P waves, T waves and QRS complexes.
Which of the following shows the electrical activity during ventricular systole?
(1)
A P wave only
B P and T wave
C T wave only
D QRS complex
(b) Twelve months later, the same person visited his doctor with symptoms of stress.
The doctor obtained another ECG trace.
The diagram shows part of this trace.
0.5 mV
0.2 s
2
*P49851A0228*
The doctor diagnosed that the person was suffering from stress.
Analyse the data in both ECG traces to comment on this diagnosis.
(3)
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................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Stress increases blood pressure, which can damage blood vessels.
Explain why stress is a health risk.
(4)
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
2 Amoeba proteus is a single-celled organism that lives in pond water.
Amoeba has a structure called a contractile vacuole that removes excess water from

the cell.
Water that moves into the cytoplasm is transported into the contractile vacuole.
When full, the contractile vacuole moves to the surface of the cell and fuses with the
cell membrane. This allows the water it contains to be removed from the cell.
The diagram shows Amoeba with a contractile vacuole.
cytoplasm
cell membrane

contractile
vacuole
nucleus
(a) Amoeba belongs to the domain

(1)
A Eukaryota
B Bacteria
C Archaea
D Animalia
4
*P49851A0428*
(b) The actual diameter of the contractile vacuole shown in this diagram is 20 µm.
Calculate the magnification of this Amoeba.
(2)
Answer .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) The water leaves the contractile vacuole by
(1)
A endocytosis
B exocytosis
C osmosis
D facilitated diffusion
5
(ii) A student investigated the effect of mineral ions in pond water on the rate at
which the contractile vacuole emptied.

The student placed different specimens of Amoeba in different concentrations
of mineral ion solution on microscope slides.
The student recorded the rate at which the contractile vacuole emptied.
The results are shown in the table.
Concentration of mineral ions Number of times contractile

/ arbitrary units vacuole emptied per minute
5 14
10 6
15 5
20 3

25 2
Analyse the data to explain the change in the rate at which the
contractile vacuole emptied.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
*P49851A0628*
Turn over
7
*P49851A0728*
BLANK PAGE
3 Mineral ions are transported from the soil into the cytoplasm of plant root cells.
The table shows the concentration of sodium ions and chloride ions in soil and in the

cytoplasm of plant root cells.
Ion concentration / mg dm−3

Location
Sodium Chloride
soil 28 25
cytoplasm 1988 3750
(a) (i) Give the ratio of sodium ions in the soil to those in the cytoplasm.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Which of the following describes how these mineral ions are transported into
the cytoplasm of plant root cells?
(1)

A active transport through carrier proteins
B diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer
C facilitated diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer
D mass transport through carrier proteins
8
*P49851A0828*
(b) Water is also taken up by plant root cells.
(i) Which of the following describes the pathway taken by this water before
entering the xylem?

(1)
A apoplast only
B apoplast and symplast
C neither apoplast nor symplast
D symplast only
(ii) Explain how this water is transported in the xylem to the leaves.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
(c) Transpiration involves the loss of water vapour from leaves.
The rate of transpiration can be measured using the apparatus shown in the diagram.

leafy shoot
rubber stopper
weighed flask
oil
water
balance

A student used this apparatus to investigate how wind affected the rate of
transpiration by a plant.
The mass of water lost by a plant was measured during a twenty-minute period in
still air. This was repeated in wind.
The graph shows the results.
4
Water loss / g
3 Key
In wind DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

2 In still
air
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time / min
10
*P49851A01028*
(i) Calculate the increase in the rate of water loss caused by wind.
(2)

Answer .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g min−1
(ii) The student was told that this investigation was not valid because certain
variables had not been controlled.
Explain how the student could modify this investigation to improve its validity.
(2)
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
4 Cancer treatment using chemotherapy can affect the number of white blood cells in
the body.

The graph shows the number of white blood cells in a patient during chemotherapy.
12 000 –
11 000 –
10 000 –
Number of white blood cells per mm3
9000 –
8000 –
7000 –
6000 –
5000 –

4000 –
3000 –
2000 –
1000 –
0–
–
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time / months
(a) (i) Which of the following shows the white blood cell count in the blood of this
patient at the start of treatment?
(1)
A 12 × 10 per dm
3 3
B 12 × 106 per dm3 DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

C 12 × 109 per dm3
D 12 × 1012 per dm3
12
*P49851A01228*
(ii) Calculate the percentage change in the white blood cell count by the end of
the first month of chemotherapy.
(2)
Answer ........................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Cancer treatment can cause pancytopenia.

Pancytopenia is a condition in which the numbers of white blood cells, red blood cells
and platelets in the body are reduced.
Explain how two of the symptoms of pancytopenia could be treated.

(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
5 The World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) is the largest conservation organisation in
the world.

The WWF recently claimed that ‘some 46 000 to 58 000 square miles of forest are lost
each year. This is equivalent to 36 football fields every minute’.
This level of deforestation affects biodiversity.
Scientists studied the relationship between protecting land from deforestation and
the percentage of species conserved.
The graph shows the results of the study.
100 –
80 –
Percentage of species conserved (%)

60 –
40 –
20 –
0–
–
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of land protected from deforestation (%)
14
*P49851A01428*
(a) Analyse the data in the graph to explain how protection of land affects the
percentage of species conserved.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
(b) The number of species in a forest is one factor that affects biodiversity.
Some scientists use the following formula to calculate biodiversity.

N(N − 1)
D=
Σn(n − 1)
Describe how scientists could collect the data needed for this formula in order to
calculate biodiversity.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P49851A01628*
*(c) Some scientists state that ‘all forests should be protected from deforestation’.
Evaluate this statement.
(6)
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
6 The photograph shows a species of insect, Gryllus pennsylvannicus.

Scientists used to think that G. pennslyvannicus and two other species, G. fultoni and
G. rubens, belonged to the same species.
The insects live in North Carolina in the USA.
Scientists have produced evidence that these insects have evolved into three distinct
species from a common ancestor.
They recorded the male mating calls of each species and produced a graph

representing the sound made. The graph is called a sonogram.
The diagram shows the sonogram for each species.
G. pennslyvannicus
Frequency
of sound
Time
G. fultoni
Frequency
of sound
Time

G. rubens
Frequency
of sound
Time
18
*P49851A01828*
(a) Explain how the insects evolved from a common ancestor into three distinct species.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Explain how gel electrophoresis could be used to identify which species is most
closely related to the common ancestor.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
7 A farmer used anticoagulant bait to kill rats on his farm.
The anticoagulant prevents the activity of vitamin K that is needed for the synthesis

of prothrombin.
The farmer’s dog became ill with excessive bleeding in the gums.
A vet carried out a prothrombin test that measures the clotting time of blood plasma.
The diagram shows the test procedure with blood plasma from a healthy dog.
thromboplastin and
calcium added
time taken for
plasma to clot
plasma recorded
(a) (i) Give the reason why thromboplastin and calcium ions were added to the

plasma samples.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P49851A02028*
(ii) The clotting time for the plasma from the farmer’s dog was 73 seconds. The
clotting time for the plasma from the healthy dog was 12 seconds.
Explain the difference in these clotting times.

(3)
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Give one way in which the vet could treat the farmer’s dog to reduce the
symptom of excessive bleeding in the gums.
(1)
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The vet noticed that blood had collected in the lower part of the lungs of the
farmer’s dog.
Explain how this would affect the farmer’s dog.
(2)
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
8 The production of tissue fluid is vital for cells in the human body.
(a) (i) Explain why the production of tissue fluid is vital for cells in the human body.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Tissue fluid makes up 16% of the mass of a human body.

Calculate the mass of tissue fluid, in grams, that would be found in a person
with a mass of 80 kg.
(2)

Answer .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
22
*P49851A02228*
(b) The diagram shows the production and circulation of tissue fluid.
lymphatic
arteriole
capillary
tissue
X
capillary
venule Y
(i) Which of the following describes the pressures at X and Y in the diagram?
(1)
Blood hydrostatic pressure Plasma oncotic pressure

/ kPa / kPa
At X At Y At X At Y
A 3.3 2.0 3.3 2.0
B 3.3 3.3 4.7 2.0
C 4.7 2.0 3.3 3.3

D 4.7 3.3 2.0 3.3
(ii) Compare and contrast the transport of fluid in a vein with its transport in a
lymph vessel.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
(c) In some parts of the world, mosquito bites can infect people with roundworms
called Wuchereria bancrofti.

The roundworms block lymph vessels and prevent proteins in tissue fluid entering
the lymph vessels.
This causes a disease called lymphatic filariasis (LF). One symptom of LF is
swelling of the legs.
Which of the following explains why someone with LF has swollen legs?
(1)
A turgor pressure in blood is higher than in tissues
B turgor pressure in blood is lower than in tissues
C oncotic pressure in blood is higher than in tissues
D oncotic pressure in blood is lower than in tissues
(d) The World Health Organisation (WHO) considers LF to be a global health problem
affecting over 120 million people in 73 countries.
Scientists investigated whether drug treatment could protect people from LF.

All the people in one area were given drugs to kill the roundworms that cause LF.
This was done every year for six years.
Each year, a sample of five hundred people was randomly selected and tested for signs of LF.
The graph shows the results of this investigation.
100 –
Percentage of sample with signs of LF (%)
80 –
60 – DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

40 –
20 –
0–
Before Year Year Year Year Year Year
treatment one two three four five six
Time / years
24
*P49851A02428*
The scientists claimed that LF could be eradicated by using this drug treatment.
Analyse the data to criticise this claim.
(4)
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
9 The insect Dytiscus marginalis is a beetle that can dive underwater to feed.
Before diving underwater, the beetle traps an air bubble underneath its wings.

The air bubble is connected to its spiracles.
The diagram shows a beetle with an air bubble attached to its body.
air bubble

(a) State how the oxygen in the air bubble reaches the cells in the beetle.
(1)
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
*P49851A02628*
(b) When the beetle is underwater, gases can enter or leave the air bubble.
These gas movements affect the size of the bubble.
When the beetle first dives, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the bubble
than in the water.
Explain why these facts will affect the time the beetle can stay underwater.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
(c) Warm weather increases the temperature of the water.
This affects the time a beetle can stay underwater.

Devise an investigation to show the effect of water temperature on the time a
beetle can stay underwater.
(5)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material.
Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications
in future editions.
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Mark Scheme (Results)
Summer 2017
Pearson Edexcel GCE Biology (8BI0)

Paper 02 Core Physiology and Ecology
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General Marking Guidance
All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they
mark the last.
Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than
penalised for omissions.
Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may
lie.
There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used appropriately.
All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if
the answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is
not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by which marks will be awarded and
exemplification may be limited.
When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must
be consulted.
Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.
Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands of QWC, are being assessed. The strands are as
follows:
i) ensure that text is legible and that spelling, punctuation and grammar are accurate so that meaning is clear
ii) select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex subject matter
iii) organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when appropriate
Using the Mark Scheme
Examiners should look for qualities to reward rather than faults to penalise. This does NOT mean giving credit for incorrect
or inadequate answers, but it does mean allowing candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of
principles and knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response: even if it is not what is
expected it may be worthy of credit.
The mark scheme gives examiners:

an idea of the types of response expected
how individual marks are to be awarded
the total mark for each question
examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.
/ means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should receive full credit.
( ) means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but helps the examiner to get the sense of the
expected answer.
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the actual word is essential to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward) means that a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a question is used correctly in
answer to a later part of the same question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Make sure that the answer makes sense. Do
not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together in a meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct
context.
Quality of Written Communication

Questions which involve the writing of continuous prose will expect candidates to:
write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to make the meaning clear
select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex subject matter
organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when appropriate.
Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above abilities.
Questions where QWC is likely to be particularly important are indicated (QWC) in the mark scheme, but this does not
preclude others.
Question Answer Mark
number
1(a)
The only correct answer is D
A is not correct because the P wave shows depolarisation of the atria
B is not correct because the P wave shows depolarisation of the atria and the T wave represents
repolarisation of the ventricles
C is not correct because the T wave represents repolarisation of the ventricles (1)
Question
Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
1(b) An answer that makes reference to three of the following:
heart rate is faster so person may have stress (1) Accept calculation of heart rates
there are other reasons for an increased heart rate (1) Eg: exercise / drugs / smoking /
BMI / fitness / diet /
difference in heart rate may or may not be significant (1) atherosclerosis
need to repeat ECG to confirm diagnosis (1)

(3)
Question
Number
1(c) An answer that makes reference to four of the following:
damage to endothelium (1)
therefore inflammatory response occurs (1)
therefore formation of {atheroma / plaque / atherosclerosis}

in arteries (1)
therefore arteries are narrowed which reduces {blood flow / Ignore blocked
oxygen supply / glucose supply} (1)
high blood pressure causes {heart disease / stroke} (1)
or
therefore arteries are narrowed which leads to (further)

increase in blood pressure
therefore {heart disease / heart attack / stoke / angina /

thrombosis / blood clots / aneurysm (1)
(4)
number
2(a)
The only correct answer is A
B is not correct because bacteria do not have a nucleus
C is not correct because archaea do not have a nucleus
D is not correct because Animalia are multicellular / is a kingdom (1)
Question
Number
2(b) measure contractile vacuole as 1.5cm / 15mm /
15000 µm (1) Example of calculation
15000 ÷ 20
understands that 1mm = 1000µm and divides by 20 to get
correct answer (1) = 750
Correct answer gains full marks, with

no working shown.
(2)
number
2(c)(i)
The only correct answer is B
A is not correct because endocytosis would involve water uptake
C is not correct because osmosis does not involve fusion of membranes
D is not correct because facilitated diffusion does not involve the fusion of membranes
(1)
Question
Number
2(c)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following: Accept converse
as concentration increases rate decreases (1)
because (at higher concentrations) less water enters cell Ignore water potential is lower in
/ less osmosis into cell (1) solution / water potential similar
(2)
Question
Number
3(a)(i) 1:71 Ignore 7:497 or 28:1988 or 1/71
(1)

number
3(a)(ii)
The only correct answer is A
B is not correct because diffusion happens down a concentration gradient
C is not correct because facilitated diffusion happens down a concentration gradient
D is not correct because the mineral ions are not moving in bulk (1)

number
3(b)(i)
The only correct answer is B
A is not correct because the symplast is also involved
C is not correct because both the apoplast and symplast are involved
D is not correct because the apoplast is also involved (1)

Question
Number
3(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to three of the
following:
water is {evaporated / lost / transpired / diffused } from

{leaves / stomata} (1)
therefore leaf cells have a low water potential / water Accept osmotic potential
potential gradient created (1)
because of cohesion of water molecules that {are polar / form

hydrogen bonds} (1)
adhesion of water molecules to xylem walls (1) (3)

Question
Number
3(c)(i) Example of calculation
rates calculated from gradients for wind and for still air Wind = (5.0 ÷ 20) = 0.25
(1) Still air = (2.6 ÷ 20) = 0.13
(5.0 – 2.6) ÷ 20 = 0.12
rate in still air subtracted from rate in wind (1) 0.25 – 0.13 = 0.12
Allow calculations based on other

times
eg 1.9 ÷ 7.5 = 0.25

1 ÷ 7.5 = 0.13
0.25 – 0.13 = 0.12
or
1.9 ÷ 7.5 = 0.253

1 ÷ 7.5 = 0.133
0.253 – 0.133 = 0.116
Allow one mark for calculation of

one rate if answer incorrect
Correct answer gains full marks,

with no working shown. (2)
Question
Number
3(c)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
control {light intensity / temperature / humidity} (1)
therefore use same {wattage bulb / lamp / distance from light Ignore dark room
source / time of day / room / thermostat / greenhouse} (1)
Ignore water bath / incubator /
oven
Ignore plastic bag (2)

number
4(a)(i)
The only correct answer is C
A is not correct because it fails to multiply correctly
B is not correct because it fails to multiply correctly
D is not correct because it fails to multiply correctly (1)
Question
Number
4(a)(ii) Example of calculation
subtract 2500 from 12 000 (1) 12 000 – 2500 = 9500
divide answer by 12 000 and multiply by 100 to ÷ 12 000 x 100 = 79 %

calculate percentage (1)
Accept 79.2 / 79.17 / 79.167 / 79.16
recurring
Correct answer gains full marks, with

no working shown. (2)
Question
Number
4(b) An explanation that makes reference to four of the
following:
Two symptoms from:
infection (because white blood cell count is lowered) (1)
bleeding / failure to clot (because platelet count is

lowered) (1)
tiredness / breathlessness (because red blood cells Ignore dizzy / faint

count is lowered) (1)
Two treatments from:
have {microbe free environment / antibiotics / bone Accept treatments if no symptoms

marrow transplant / stem cell transplant} (1) given
transfusion of {red blood cells / platelets / Allow any factor involved in blood
blood clotting factors / bone marrow} (1) clotting
Ignore blood / iron / coagulant
use of {bone marrow / stem cells / Ignore white cell transfusion

transfusion of red blood cells / oxygen (therapy) /
iron tablets} (1) (4)

Question
Number
5(a) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
increase in land protection increases species conserved (1)
because (trees) provide {niches / habitat / food / shelter} (1)
when no land protected (10 to 12%) species still exist (1)
because these species {live in soil / not in trees} (1)

(4)
Question
Number
5(b) A description that makes reference to the following:
use of a stated sampling method (1) Eg. quadrat / sweep net /

tree beating / light trap
(count N = total) number of organisms of all species (1)
Ignore species richness /
(count n = total) number of organisms of evenness / abundance (3)
{a particular species / each species} (1)
Question
Indicative content
Number
*5(c) Answers will be credited according to candidate's deployment of knowledge and understanding of the
material in relation to the qualities and skills outlined in the generic mark scheme.
The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include all the material
which is indicated as relevant. Additional content included in the response must be scientific and
relevant.
Reasons against deforestation:
conservation of biodiversity is important for medicines / wood products / sustainable products / prevent
extinction / gene preservation
forests provide livelihood / homes / food for indigenous people and recreational opportunities for non-
indigenous people
deforestation contributes to greenhouse effect / global warming / climate change / raised carbon
dioxide
deforestation results in soil erosion / landslides / flooding / desertification
Reasons for deforestation:
deforestation has economic implications for employment / national income

deforestation needed for wood products used in building of houses / fuel
deforestation needed for cattle farming / crop growth
deforestation results in habitat destruction / reduction of biodiversity / extinction
Level Mark Descriptor
0 No awardable content
Demonstrates isolated elements of biological knowledge and understanding to the given context with generalised
comments made.
Vague statements related to consequences are made with limited linkage to a range of scientific ideas, processes,
techniques and procedures.
Level 1 1-2
The discussion will contain basic information with some attempt made to link knowledge and understanding to the
given context.
Explains one reason for AND one reason against deforestation =2
Explains two reasons for = 2 OR explains two reasons against deforestation =2
Demonstrates adequate knowledge and understanding by selecting and applying some relevant biological
facts/concepts.
Consequences are discussed which are occasionally supported through linkage to a range of scientific ideas,
3-4 processes, techniques and procedures.
Level 2
The discussion shows some linkages and lines of scientific reasoning with some structure.
Explains two reasons for and one against = 3 Explains one reason for and two against = 3
Explains two reasons for and two against = 4
Demonstrates comprehensive knowledge and understanding by selecting and applying relevant knowledge of
biological facts/concepts.
Consequences are discussed which are supported throughout by sustained linkage to a range of scientific ideas,
processes, techniques or procedures.
Level 3 5-6
The discussion shows a well-developed and sustained line of scientific reasoning which is clear and logically
structured.
Explains two or three reasons for and two or three against with some evidence of detail = 5
Offers an opinion / summary / conclusion of which reflects evidence presented = 6
Question
Number
6(a) An explanation that makes reference to four of the following:
there have been mutations (1)
therefore each species has a different mating call (1)
so mating call not recognised /

females of one species not attracted to males
of another species / (1)
therefore {reproductive isolation / behavioural isolation / Reject geographic isolation

no interbreeding / no gene flow} occurs (1) Ignore no mating
therefore sympatric speciation (1) Reject allopatric (4)

Question
Number
6(b) An explanation that makes reference to four of the
following:
use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments (1)
use of agar and electric current to

{separate bands / move DNA} (1)
therefore (DNA) fragments move different distances

based on {mass / size / length / charge} (1)
use {radioactive probes / dye / UV light / fluorescence /

Southern blotting / autoradiograph} to see bands (1)
the species with the most similar {pattern / bands} is (4)

most closely related to the common ancestor (1)
Question
Number
7(a)(i) to convert prothrombin to thrombin (1) Ignore to produce thrombin alone
(1)
Question
Number
7(a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
Allow converse for healthy dog
plasma from the farmer’s dog lacks vitamin K (activity) (1)
therefore less prothrombin to convert to thrombin (1) Accept prothrombin not

converted to thrombin
Ignore less thrombin alone
therefore less fibrinogen converted to fibrin (1) Ignore less fibrin alone (3)
Question
Number
7(b) give {vitamin K / prothrombin / thrombin / coagulant Ignore thromboplastin /
/ emetic / blood transfusion} fibrinogen / fibrin (1)
Question Additional
Answer Mark
Number guidance
7(c) An explanation that makes reference to two of the following:
less {surface area / fewer alveoli} (1)
therefore less {gas exchange / oxygen uptake / diffusion / absorption} (1)
therefore dog would have {fatigue / less energy / less respiration} (1)
(2)
Question Additional
Answer Mark
Number guidance
8(a)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:
One from:
supplies {oxygen / glucose / amino acids / fatty acids / salts / hormones} (1)
removes {carbon dioxide / urea} (1)

Ignore waste
One from:
therefore {respiration / growth / protein synthesis} can occur (1)
therefore {pH controlled / cells not poisoned} (1) (2)
Question
Number
8(a)(ii) Example of calculation
calculates 12.8 as 16 percent of 80 (1) 16 ÷ 100 x 80 = 12.8
multiplies by 1000 (1) x 1000 = 12 800
Correct answer gains full marks,

with no working shown. (2)
number
8(b)(i)
The only correct answer is C
A is not correct because the oncotic pressure cannot be lower at Y than it is at X
B is not correct because the hydrostatic pressures are not the same at X and Y
D is not correct because the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure at Y cannot be the same (1)
Question
Number
8(b)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following:
One similarity from:
both have low pressure (1)
both have valves (1)
both use muscle squeezing to move fluid (1)
One difference from:
faster flow in vein (1) Allow converse where

appropriate
heart causes {mass flow / movement} in vein (1)
flow to heart in vein but to {glands / neck} in lymph (1) (2)

number
8(c)
The only correct answer is D
A is not correct because blood does not have turgor
B is not correct because blood does not have turgor
C is not correct because if true water would not leave the blood (1)
Question
Number
8(d) An answer that makes reference to four of the following:
effective because {large / quantified} reduction (1)
investigation that uses

{large sample size / continues for many years} (1)
not completely effective as {some still remain in year 6 /

recognises rise in year 5 /
time period should extend beyond six years} (1)
only one area tested (1)
decrease could be due to {mosquito nets / repellent / Ignore immune

reduction in number of mosquitoes / drug resistant worms} (1)
(4)
Question
Number
9(a) via spiracles and along {tracheae / tracheoles} by diffusion Allow trachea
(1)
Question
Number
9(b) An explanation that makes reference to three of the following:
oxygen used in respiration (1)
oxygen in bubble may leave

{by diffusion / down concentration gradient} (1)
therefore bubble {becomes smaller / has less surface area} (1)
therefore less oxygen can diffuse into bubble (1)
oxygen will diffuse into bubble when there is less oxygen in

bubble than in water (1) (3)
Question
Number
9(c) An answer that makes reference to five of the following:
beetles kept in water at a minimum of five stated

temperatures within range of 50C to 400C (1)
standardisation of beetle as biotic variable (1) Eg. same beetle / size / age / sex
/ species
repeat readings at each temperature (1)
measure time underwater in {s / min / hr} (1)
standardisation of abiotic variable (1) Eg. use same oxygen

concentration in water / depth of
water / volume of water / pH of
water / source of water / light
intensity
(5)
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Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

Thursday 25 May 2017 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes 8BI0/01

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1 Plant and animal cells contain a number of organelles.

Organelle Information about the organelle

R involved in aerobic respiration

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U has a single membrane

(a) Which of the following describes the structure of organelle S?

(b) Which row of the table is correct for organelles Q and R ?

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(d) The number of organelles in the table which contain DNA is

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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Explain what conclusion can be made about this female embryo.

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(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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The root tip was placed in an appropriate

The root tip was put onto a microscope

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The preparation was observed using a

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(Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)

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Carbohydrate 2 to 3 16.8 4.2 to 6.3 3528

Triglyceride 0 37.8 37.8 567 000

Protein 2 to 3 16.8 4.2 to 6.3 100 800

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(Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)

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Molecule that the

Actinomycin D Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Rifamycin Prokaryotic only RNA polymerase

α-Amanitin Eukaryotic only RNA polymerase

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(iii) Explain the effect of Rifamycin and α-Amanitin on protein synthesis.

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(Total for Question 5 = 13 marks)

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