ESS/PSY340

Chapter 4 - Study Guide

Chapter 4
Motivation requirements & desires that lead people to behave in a particular way at a
particular time & place

Achievement Motivation Focus on mastering a task, achieving at a high level, persisting

even when confronted by obstacles

Extrinsic motivation motivation to participate in an activity for a tangible reward

1. Overjustification Hypothesis reinforcement that is given beyond what is

necessary can cause a participant to question the reason for playing to begin with

Intrinsic motivation motivation to participate in an activity for their enjoyment, not for
the reward it will get them

• Cognitive Evaluation Theory People may see external rewards as a factor outside
of themselves controlling their behavior

Controlling vs. Informational

Integrated Theory of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Sport

Social loafing tendency to reduce individual output when their contributions on a task
will be combined with others

Need for Achievement- Need to overcome obstacles

• Self-Efficacy Describes the importance of having a in one’s own ability to carry

out a given task

Collective Efficacy

Competence Motivation Theory

Sport-Confidence Model Focuses on people’s enduring beliefs about their competence
within themselves, and impact of these beliefs on performance

Goal achievement approach

Mastery
• Competitive goal orientation, Focus on outperforming others

• Approach Versus Avoidance Motivation Approaching a desirable goal vs.

avoiding an undesirable goal

McClelland-Atkinson Model
• Hope for success motivation to achieve success, perceived likelihood
of success, & incentive value of success

Fear of failure motivation to avoid failure, perceived likelihood of failure, & cost of
failure

Strategies for Increasing Intrinsic Motivation

1. Structure activities to guarantee some amount of success
2. Give athletes more power in decision making & goal setting (increases control)
3. Give praise to all players to facilitate intrinsic motivation
4. Set realistic goals
5. Vary the content, timing, sequence of practice activities
 Essay Study Guide – Chapter 4
ESS/PSY 340

Chapter 4
1. Describe how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can interact based on
situational factors.
a. They might interact by someone determining their self worth by the money
they receive.

2. Describe five ways to increase intrinsic motivation.

a. Structure activities to guarantee some amount of success
b. Give athletes more power in decision making & goal setting (increases
control)
c. Give praise to all players to facilitate intrinsic motivation
d. Set realistic goals
e. Vary the content, timing, sequence of practice activities

3. Why is the link between motivation-performance likely to be bi-directional? Give

an example to demonstrate your answer.
a. This is because it can go both ways on the scale you can have motivation
and produce good results and you can have no motivation and still have
good results just like you can have bad results on a good day.

4. Provide two impacts external rewards may have on performance. Provide an

example to demonstrate each possibility.
a. They might view their self worth by the money they get. Someones social
status may change which causes their ego to evolve.

5. If increasing self-efficacy is important for increasing performance, should

coaches ever be critical of their players? (Is there a limit to increasing an athlete’s
self-efficacy?)
a. Coaches can be critical of their players of course but there is no limit to to
increasing ones self efficacy this is how you push yourself.