IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 11, NO.
1, JANUARY 2020
Grid-Connected Wind-Solar Cogeneration Using
Back-to-Back Voltage-Source Converters
Amr Ahmed A. Radwan , Member, IEEE, and Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed , Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—This paper introduces a new topology, yet simple
and efficient, for a grid-connected wind-solar cogeneration sys-
tem. A permanent magnet synchronous generator-based full-scale
wind turbine is interconnected to the utility-grid via back-to-back
voltage-source converters (VSCs). The dc-link capacitor has been
utilized to directly interface a photovoltaic solar generator. No
dc/dc conversion stages are required, and hence, the hybrid system
is simple and efficient. Moreover, the proposed topology features an
independent maximum power point tracking for both the wind and
the solar generators to maximize the extraction of the renewable
energy. The regulation of the VSCs is achieved via the vector control
in the rotating reference frame. The detailed small-signal models
for the system components are developed to characterize the overall
stability. The influence of the utility-grid faults on the performance
of the proposed system is also investigated. Nonlinear time-domain
simulation results under different operating conditions are pre-
sented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed topology.
Index Terms—AC-DC power converters, DC-AC power convert-
ers, maximum power point trackers, permanent magnet machines,
solar power generation, wind power generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE cost of the wind and solar generation has been
T rapidly falling since the last decade. Driven by their eco-
nomic and technical incentives, the global installed solar and
wind power capacity has approached 303 Gigawatt (GW) and
487 GW in 2016, as compared to 6 GW and 74 GW in 2006,
respectively [1].
Due to the intermittent and unregulated nature of the wind
and solar energy, power-electronic converters are utilized as an
interfacing stage to the load-side or the utility-grid to create
distributed generation units [2], [3]. In the literature, most of
the distributed generation systems are solely dedicated for one
form of renewable resources, e.g., a solar energy as in [4], [5] or
a wind energy as presented in [6]–[8]. In order to maximize the
benefits of the available renewable resources, the combination of
the wind and solar generators in one location has been recently
considered [9]–[22].
Manuscript received June 2, 2018; revised October 8, 2018; accepted Novem-
ber 21, 2018. Date of publication January 4, 2019; date of current version De-
cember 18, 2019. Paper no. TSTE-00526-2018. (Corresponding author: Amr
Ahmed A. Radwan.)
A. A. A. Radwan is with the Western Washington University, Bellingham,
WA 98225 USA (e-mail:,amr.radwan@ieee.org).
Y. A.-R. I. Mohamed is with the Electronics and Communication Engi-
neering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada (e-mail:,
yasser2@ualberta.ca).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSTE.2019.2890828
1949-3029 © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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315
The hybrid wind and solar energy cogeneration features the
following characteristics; 1) the availability of the wind and
solar energy is generally complementary, and hence combining
both forms of energy increases the overall operational efficiency
[23]. 2) the hybrid wind and solar co-generators optimize the
utilization of lands resources due to the reduced footprint of the
combined system, and hence improves the capital investments
[24]. 3) as compared to the static solar generators, the combined
wind and solar cogeneration systems are more dynamically ca-
pable to support the utility-grid thanks to the available moment
of inertia in the mechanical parts of the wind generators [8].
4) having two sources of energy increases the generation relia-
bility [9], [10].
In the literature, the grid-connected wind and solar co-
generators are not widely addressed [9]–[15]. On the contrary,
several wind and solar hybrid systems are available for the stan-
dalone off-grid applications [10], [16]–[22].
An optimal sizing method for a wind-solar-battery system in
the grid-connected and standalone applications has been pro-
posed in [10]. A systematic stochastic planning for a hybrid
system consisting of the wind and solar systems is proposed
in [11]. In [12]–[14], the integration of the renewable energy
resources has been improved by utilizing multiple-input con-
verters. A buck/buck-boost fused dc-dc converter is proposed
in [12]. A dc-dc converter with a current-source interface, and
a coupled transformer are proposed in [13] and [14], respec-
tively. Beside the relatively complex structured topologies in
[12]–[14], the proposed systems are based on the dc power dis-
tribution which might not be the ideal distribution medium in
the ac-dominated power systems. Moreover, the introduced sys-
tems are proposed for relatively low-power levels and have not
been tested in high-power applications.
A standalone hybrid wind and solar system is proposed in
[16], [17] including a diesel engine generator and a storage
battery. On the small-scale level, a single phase hybrid system
has been proposed in [18] whereas a laboratory-scale system
is introduced in [19], [20]. Generally, the system structure in
[16]–[20] comprises a common dc-bus that interfaces several
parallel connected converters-interfaced renewable energy
resources, which might reduce the overall system efficiency
and increase the cost [12]. Moreover, the cascaded connection
of power converters requires rigorous controllers design and
coordination to avoid the induced interactions dynamics among
the tightly regulated power converters, which might yield
instabilities [25], [26]. A back-to-back (BtB) voltage-source
converter (VSC) connected to a doubly-fed induction generator
316
is used to interface a dc-dc converter-interfaced photovoltaic
(PV) generator and an energy storage unit in [21]. In [22],
a PV generator charging a battery bank and interfaced to a
wind driven induction generator via a VSC is proposed. The
hybrid wind-solar systems in [21], [22] highlights the efficient
integration of the renewable energy resources with the minimal
utilization of power electronic conversion stages. However,
these systems are proposed for specific off-grid applications.
Up to the authors’ best knowledge, the combination of the
grid-connected wind-solar systems has been mainly addressed
in [15]. The system in [15] comprises a BtB VSCs to inter-
face the solar and wind generators to the utility-grid. On the
machine-side-VSC, the dc-link voltage is regulated to the maxi-
mum power-point tracking (MPPT) value of the PV panel by an
outer loop Proportional-and-Integral (PI) dc voltage controller.
The reference values of the machine-side currents are calcu-
lated using the synchronous detection method, and a hysteresis
current controller is utilized for the regulation. On the grid-side-
VSC, a hysteresis grid-current controller is used to inject the
total currents to the utility-grid. In spite of the potential ben-
efits of the proposed system in [15], the following challenges
are noted; 1) the MPPT of either the PV and wind power in-
volves the operation of both VSCs, which in some cases might
decrease the system reliability and increase the losses. For in-
stance, if the wind velocity is lower than the cut-off speed of
the wind turbine, i.e., no wind power, the machine-side VSC
may be unable to track the solar PV MPPT dc-link voltage [15].
2) the dc-link voltage is regulated from the machine-side, and
there is no a direct regulation on the speed of the wind turbine,
i.e., a servo operation. 3) the machine and grid-side currents
are controlled using hysteresis controllers resulting in a variable
switching frequency and higher harmonic contents.
Motivated by the promising benefits of the hybrid wind-solar
generation systems, and the challenges facing the proposed sys-
tem in [15], this paper introduces a new topology, yet simple
and efficient to interface both the wind and solar generators into
the utility-grid. The contributions of this paper are as follows:
1) The realization of the combined grid-connected wind and
solar generators using BtB VSCs with no extra power
electronic switches.
2) Unlike the proposed system in [15], the voltage-source
rectifier (VSR) is solely responsible for MPPT of the wind
generator whereas the voltage-source inverter (VSI) har-
vests the maximum PV power by regulating the dc-link
voltage to inject the total dc power into the utility-grid.
3) The development of the entire small-signal state-space
model of the proposed system to characterize the overall
system stability.
4) The performance of proposed hybrid system has been in-
vestigated under different operating conditions including
the utility-grid faults using time-domain simulations.
II. MODELING AND CONTROL OF THE PROPOSED HYBRID
WIND-SOLAR GENERATOR
As shown in Fig. 1, the proposed system consists of a VSR
to interface the wind generator, and a VSI to connect the hybrid
cogeneration system into the utility-grid. The PV generator is
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2020
directly connected to the dc-link capacitor of the BtB VSCs
via a dc cable [27]. The VSR and VSI are two-level converters
consisting of six cells; each comprises an insulated-gate-bipolar-
transistor (IGBT) in parallel with a diode. In the following sub-
sections, the complete modeling and control of the proposed
system are provided.
A. Wind Generator
A full-scale wind turbine (FSWT) utilizing a permanent mag-
net synchronous generator (PMSG) is selected for its low main-
tenance and low operational cost [2]. The wind turbine model
is represented as follows,
1 Rωr
Pm = Cp (β, λ) ρπR2 vw3 in d , λ = (1)
2 vw in d
where Pm is the mechanical power captured by the the wind
turbine bladed; Cp is the rotor power coefficient which is a non-
linear function of the blade pitch angle β and the tip-speed ratio
λ; ρ is the air density; R is the radius of the wind turbine blade;
and vw in d is the wind speed. In this paper, β is set to zero in
the normal operating conditions to maximize the wind power
generation [13]. The PMSG is modeled as following,
dīs
v̄s = Rs īs + Ls+ jPωr (ψ + Ls īs ) (2)
dt
d 3
J ωr + βωr = PψIsq − Tm (3)
dt 2
where v̄s and īs are the stator voltage and current in the com-
plex vectors representation, respectively, where a complex vec-
tor x̄ = Xd + jXq such that Xd and Xq are the direct (d−)
and quadrature (q−) components of x̄ in the rotating reference
frame; Rs and Ls are the stator-winding resistance and induc-
tance, respectively; j is the imaginary unit number; ψ is the
flux linkage of the rotor magnets; ωr is the mechanical speed
of the rotor; P is the number of poles pairs; Tm is the mechan-
ical torque; whereas J and β are the motor inertia, and viscous
friction, respectively.
Fig. 2 shows the relationship between the mechanical rotor
speed and the generated turbine power at different wind speeds.
The maximum wind power can be generated if the rotor speed
is optimally regulated to follow the wind speed variations. As
shown in Fig. 1, this role can be achieved at the VSR-side using
the MPPT for the wind generator (MPPTw ) that utilizes the
wind speed (vw ) to generate the reference value of PMSG rotor
speed (ωr∗ ) [17], [19].
B. Machine-Side Voltage Source Rectifier (VSR)
The VSR is utilized to capture the maximum wind power by
regulating the mechanical rotor speed of the PMSG to follow the
MPPTw characteristics in Fig. 2, using the PI speed controller
(Gs (s)) in (4).
∗
Isq = (ωr∗ − ωr ) Gs (s) , Isd
∗
=0 (4)
The PI speed controller (Gs (s) = gps + gis /s) is im-
plemented in the outer loop, where s represents the
differential operator and the superscript “∗” denotes the ref-
erence values of the variable. The speed controller regu-
RADWAN AND MOHAMED: GRID-CONNECTED WIND-SOLAR COGENERATION USING BACK-TO-BACK VOLTAGE-SOURCE CONVERTERS
Fig. 1. Proposed wind-solar cogeneration system.
Fig. 2. Mechanical characteristics of the wind turbine at different wind speeds.
lates the PMSG speed to the optimal value (ωr∗ ) and dic-
∗
tates the q- component of stator current reference (Isq ),
∗
whereas Isd is set to zero to operate at maximum produced
torque [19].
∗ In this paper, a PV array of a model “PV-UD190MF5” has
Solving (3) and (4), assuming Isq ≈ Isq within the bandwidth
of the speed controller, and setting gis /gps = β/J, the closed
loop transfer function of the speed controller (Gs (s)) becomes
3
Pψ g 3
Pψ g
ωr /ωr∗ = ( 2 J p s )/(s + 2 J p s ), where the bandwidth of the
speed controller is 32 Pψgps /J [rad/s], and is selected around
0.1 of the bandwidth of the inner PI current controller (Gi (s))
[shown in (5)]. The speed controller parameters, i.e., gps and
gis , can be tuned accordingly.
The PI current controller (Gi (s) = gpi + gii /s) is imple-
mented in the inner loop, so that the generated stator currents of
the PMSG follow the corresponding references in (4).
v̄s = (ī∗s − īs ) Gi (s) + jPωr◦ Ls īs + jPψHωr (5)
Note that jPωr◦ Ls īs are the decoupling loops; whereas the
superscript “°” denotes the steady-state value of the variable.
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317
Fig. 3. Electrical characteristics of the PV array at different solar irradiance
levels.
Similar to the speed controller design, the current controller is
designed by solving (2) and (5). By setting gii /gpi = Rs /Ls , the
closed loop transfer function of the current controller becomes;
∗
Isd /Isd = 1/(τi s + 1), where the bandwidth of the current con-
troller is 1/τi = gpi /Ls [rad/s], and is selected around 0.1-0.2
of the switching frequency.
C. Photovoltaic Generator
been considered [28]. The PV model is highly-nonlinear but
reflects no dynamics on the transient stability of the system.
The model of the PV generator is given in Appendix A whereas
the dc cable dynamics in Fig. 1 are modeled as following;
dIpv
Vpv = Vdc + Rdc Ipv + Ldc (6)
dt
The characteristics of the PV array are shown in Fig. 3. At
any solar irradiance level (S), there is an optimal operating point
◦ ◦
(Ipv , Vpv ), where the generated solar power is maximized. The
MPPT of the PV array (MPPTs ) is responsible for determining
the dc-link voltage value that corresponds to the generation of
the maximum PV power [4].
The design of the PV array should consider the coordination
between the MPPT voltage of the PV array, i.e., Vdc , and the
318 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2020

root-mean-square (rms) of the voltage at the point-of-common on Icq , as shown in (11).

coupling (PCC), i.e., vf , under all solar irradiance levels. In  
Pv si = Real 1.5v̄c īcon
c
j u g ate
= 1.5Vcd Icd ,
the VSI in Fig. 1, the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) and the
 
switching pattern is dictated by the ratio between the ac and Qv si = Iamginary 1.5v̄c īcon c
j u g ate
= −1.5Vcd Icq . (11)
the dc voltage such that v̄c = m̄ V2d c , where m̄ is the modula-
tion signal. As v̄c is relatively constant, and so v̄f under the To summarize, the roles of the VSI in the proposed hybrid
steady-state conditions, then any major variations in Vdc might system are;
induce an over-modulation operation or a poor switches utiliza- 1) Generation of the Maximum PV Power: This can be
tion, which in turns degrades the injected power quality into achieved by regulating the dc-link voltage of the BtB VSCs
the utility-grid. Referring to Fig. 3, Vdc ranges from 0.997 to (Vdc ) to the reference value Vdc∗ that corresponds to the genera-
1.012 p.u. at zero to full solar irradiance level, respectively. tion of the maximum PV power under different solar irradiance
Clearly, this is a slight variation in the dc-link voltage under the levels. A PI dc voltage controller (Kdc (s) = kpdc + kidc /s) is
wide spectrum of the irradiance levels, and so the correspond- therefore implemented as following;
 
ing influence on the injected power quality and the switching
∗
 ∗2  1
pattern is minimal. Icd = − Vdc − Vdc Kdc (s)
2
(12)
1.5Vf◦d
As shown in Fig. 3, the nominal MPPT voltage for PV arrays
is selected at 1457 V. With nowadays improvements in the cen- 2) Transferring the the DC Power to the Utility-Grid: Refer-
tralized power converters, PV arrays can be directly connected ring to Fig. 1, the rate of change of the energy in Cdc is governed
to a dc-link with nominal dc voltage up to 1500 V at 2.0 MVA by the balance between the delivered dc power (Pw in d + Psolar )
[29]. and the injected active power to the utility-grid (Pv si ), assuming
a lossless converter.
D. Grid-Side Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) 1 d
Cdc Vdc2 = Pw in d + Psolar − Pv si (13)
As shown in Fig. 1, the ac-side of the VSI is terminated by 2 dt
an inductive filter (Lf ) with an internal resistance (Rf ) and a where Pw in d = Real{1.5v̄s īcon
s
j u g ate
} and Psolar = Vdc Ipv .
shunt capacitor (Cf ). The rms value of the three-phase terminal Therefore, the regulation of the control variable in (12) is
voltage and currents of the VSI are vc and ic , respectively. squared so that the input-output power balance in (13) is main-
∗
The utility-grid-impedance comprises an inductive part (Lg ) in tained and the active power component (Icd ) is generated.
series with the equivalent resistance of the line (Rg ); vg and Using (11)–(13), the open-loop transfer function of the
ig are the utility-grid three-phase rms voltage and currents, dc-link voltage controller (Kdc (s)) becomes; lv dc (s) =
respectively. The Lf − Cf filter and the utility-grid impedance 2k p d c
k
s+ k i d c
are modelled as following; τk Cd c ( s+ τ1
pdc
) s12 , where 1
τk is the bandwidth of the inner cur-
k
rent controller of the VSI [discussed in the following section].
dīc Note that the lv dc (s) has three poles; two at zero and one at
v̄c = v̄f + Rf īc + Lf + jωLf īc (7)
dt − τ1k . At low frequencies, the phase angle of lv dc (jω) ≈ −180◦
dīg due to the double poles at zero. Therefore, the controller pa-
v̄f = v̄g + Rg īg + Lg + jωLg īg (8) rameters are selected such that kkpi dd cc < τ1k . As a result, the
dt
v dc
dv̄f phase angle of lv dc (jω) increases to a maximum value δm =
īc = Cf + īg + jωCf v̄f (9) kidc
1−τ k k

dt sin−1 ( pdc v dc 2k
= τ k Cp ddcc , and
k i d c ) at a certain frequency ωm
1+τ k kpdc
Using (10), the VSI is regulated by the vector control topology
asymptotically decreases to approach −180◦ . The cross-over
where a phase-locked-loop (PLL) is used to synchronize the
frequency (ωcv dc ) is selected as ωm
v dc
which holds by choosing
converter to the utility-grid [30].
kpdc = Cdc ωc such that |lv dc (jωcv dc )| = |lv dc (jωm
v dc v dc
)| = 1,
v dc
Vfcq and hence δm becomes the phase margin. By solving the pre-
ω = ω◦ + Kδ (s) (10)
Vf◦d ceding equations, the parameters of the dc-link voltage con-
troller can be determined [31].
In (10), (Kδ (s) = Kpδ + Kiδ /s) is a PI controller imple- 3) Regulation of the PCC Utility-Grid Voltage: A PI ac volt-
mented in the PLL structure to set the q-component of the PCC age controller (Kac (s) = kpac + kiac /s) is used to regulate
∗
voltage (Vcq ) to zero and generate the synchronization angle the PCC voltage v̄f by generating Icq that corresponds to the
δ(t), where δ(t) = ∫ ω(t)dt, and the superscript “c” denotes the required reactive power to maintain a unity PCC voltage.
converter reference frame. Under transient conditions, the angle ∗
 
Icq = − Vf∗d − Vfcd Kac (s) (14)
δ(t) oscillates to resynchronize the converter with the utility-
grid and eventually becomes zero in the steady-state conditions. The injected currents to the utility-grid are controlled using
The main advantage of the vector control is the decoupling the PI ac current controller (Ki (s) = kpi + kii /s) as following;
between the active and reactive power regulation. As Vcq is
v̄cc = (ī∗c − īcc ) Ki (s) + jω ◦ Lf īcc + v̄fc (15)
set to zero by (10) and assuming Vcd is constant, the active
◦
power injection from the VSI (Pv si ) can be regulated by control- where jω and Lf īcc v̄fc
are the decoupling terms and the feed-
ling Icd whereas the reactive power (Qv si ) is solely dependent forward loop, respectively.

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RADWAN AND MOHAMED: GRID-CONNECTED WIND-SOLAR COGENERATION USING BACK-TO-BACK VOLTAGE-SOURCE CONVERTERS
TABLE I
EIGENVALUES OF THE PROPOSED HYBRID SYSTEM
The parameters tuning of Kac (s) should be similar to the dc
voltage controller in (12), whereas the current controller Ki (s)
is designed following the approach described for Gi (s) in (5).
It should be noted that the measured ac quantities (i.e., ic
and vf ) should be transformed to the converter reference frame
whereas the controller output signals (i.e., vc ) should be re-
transformed to the grid reference frame to accurately model the
influence of the PLL on the system dynamics [30]. The frame
transformation is mathematically represented in (16), assuming
the angle difference between the two frames is very small such
that cos δ ≈ 1 and sin δ ≈ 0.
īcc = (1 − jδ) īc , v̄fc = (1 − jδ) v̄f , v̄c = (1 + jδ) v̄cc . (16)
The system parameters are all included in Appendix B.
III. SMALL-SIGNAL MODELING AND STABILITY ANALYSIS
The small-signal model has been developed considering the
PMSG model in (2), (3); the VSR model and control loops in
(4), (5); the dc-link dynamics in (6) and (13); the VSI circuits
model and controllers in (7)–(9), (12), and (14), (15); and the
PLL controller and reference-frame transformation in (10) and
(16). The final state-space model of the entire system comprised
20 states and is given as follows.
[Δx· ] = [A] [Δx] (17)
where Δx is the states vector, and A is the state matrix, which
are given in Appendix C. The states (Δγid , Δγiq ), Δγs , (Δϕid ,
Δϕiq ), Δϕv dc , Δϕv ac , and (Δδ, Δϕδ ), represent the integral
terms of the VSR current and speed controllers, the VSI current,
dc voltage, ac voltage controllers, and the PLL control loops,
respectively.
A. Dominant Eigenvalues
Referring to Table I, the dynamics of the speed and current
controller of the VSR, i.e., Δγs , Δγid , and Δγiq , influence
the most dominant Eigenvalues and hence drive the transient
performance of the proposed system. Moreover, the ac voltage
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319
Fig. 4. Step response of the dc-link voltage to verify the developed small-
signal model in (17).
controller of the VSI [state Δϕv ac ] has a significant impact on
the system stability. The migration of the dominant modes is
however less likely to occur because their location is correlated
to the controllers parameters which are typically constant under
the different modes of operation.
B. Influence of the MPPTw and MPPTs on the System
Stability
As shown in Table I, the states related to the dynamics of
the dc-link voltage, i.e., ΔVdc2 , and the mechanical speed, i.e.,
Δωr , influence relatively highly-damped Eigenvalues [λ14 and
λ11, 12 ]. Therefore, the driving components for the MPPTw
and MPPTs has a minimal influence on the system stability.
Referring to Figs. 2 and 3, the variation range of the opti-
mal ωr and Vdc to maintain the maximum power extraction at
different wind speeds and solar irradiance levels is 0.501-to-
1.0 p.u. and 0.997-to-1.012 p.u., respectively. As expected from
the participation factor analysis in Table I, following the optimal
trace of ωr and Vdc reflects minimal changes on the dominant
modes whereas the migration of λ11, 12 and λ14 have not been
significantly affected.
IV. EVALUATION RESULTS
A time-domain simulation model for the hybrid system in
Fig. 1 is developed under the Matlab/Simulink environment
to evaluate the validity and the performance of the system.
The wind and solar generators are rated at 2.0 and 0.9 MVA,
respectively. The complete model entities are built using the
SimPowerSystem toolbox. The VSCs are simulated using
average-model-based blocks. The simulation type is discrete
with a sample time of 50 μs.
In the following subsections, the proposed hybrid system is
subjected to theoretical challenging operating conditions which
might not occur in the realty, e.g., large step variations in the
wind speed and the solar irradiance levels, and three-phase-to-
ground (3PG) faults conditions. The external disturbances have
been applied in the worst case to challenge the system stability
and show the effectiveness of the designed controllers.
A. Small-Signal Model Verification
The accuracy of the small-signal state-space model in (17)
is validated in Fig. 4 following a 5.0% step increase in Vdc at
t = 1.0 s. Originally, the system controllers are designed such
320
that a highly damped performance is yielded. However, a lightly
damped response has been induced by increasing the bandwidth
of the dc-link voltage controller so that the model can be easily
validated.
For an eigenvalue λ = −σ ± jωλ , the frequency of oscillation
is ωλ [in rad/s] whereas the envelope of the oscillatory response
decays following the exponential function Aλ exp(−σt), where
Aλ is the amplitude of the oscillation and t is the time in seconds.
From (17), the yielded dominant lightly-damped mode is
λ = −73.03 ± j251.7. Referring to Fig. 4, the frequency of the
oscillation of the same lightly-damped response is 247.4 rad/s
whereas the oscillatory response decays following a close match
to Aλ exp(−73.03t), which implies the accurate development of
the small-signal model in (17).
B. Wind and Solar Co-Generation
The co-generation of the wind and solar energy is investigated
following different weather conditions. As shown in Fig. 5(a),
the wind speeds increases from 8.4 to 10.8, then drops to 7.2,
and finally increases to 12 m/s at t = 2, 4, and 6 s, respectively.
Along with the wind speed variations, the solar irradiance level
decreases from 1 to 0.8, and then 0.4, and finally increases to
0.6 kW/m2 , at t = 3, 5, and 6 s, respectively. Following Figs. 2
and 3, the MPPTw and MPPTs generate the optimal ωr∗ and
Vdc∗ . As shown in Figs. 5(b) and (c), both ωr and Vdc have a well-
damped performance which is reflected on the generated wind
and solar power as depicted in Figs. 5(d) and (e), respectively,
and the injected current to the utility-grid as in Fig. 5(f).
For further investigations, the maximum wind power, i.e.,
2 MW, and a solar power of 0.568 MW are generated at t =
6.0 s where the dc-link stability is preserved with a maximum
overshot of 0.06 p.u. Under all conditions, a unity PCC voltage
is maintained as shown in Fig. 5(g). The designed controllers
for the hybrid wind-solar system do not saturate the pulse-width
modulation of the BtB VSCs as shown in Figs. 5(h) and (i),
where the variable frequency operation of the VSR is clearly
noted.
C. Wind-Only Generation
During the night-time at low-irradiance conditions, the PV
generator provides zero (or negligible) power to the utility-grid.
Under these conditions, the dc-link voltage controller regulates
Vdc to the minimum value following the PV characteristics in
Fig. 3. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the dc-link voltage drops to
0.858 p.u. at t = 2.0 s as the PV power generation drops to
0, and is restored back to 1.0 p.u. at t = 3.0 s when the PV
power is generated. The corresponding wind and solar power as
well as the injected ac current to the utility-grid are shown in
Figs. 6(b)and (c), respectively. Note that a blocking diode is usu-
ally connected in series with each PV string to prevent reverse
current flowing into the PV array at low irradiance levels.
D. PV-Only Generation
The wind speed is assumed to be less than the cut-off speed,
and hence the majority of the generated wind power is con-
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2020
Fig. 8. Response to a 3PG fault at t = 4.0 s for 4.0 cycles – 1.0 and 0.5 p.u.
wind power generation with 1.0 p.u. solar power.
sumed in the system losses. Therefore, the PMSG operates in
the braking mode and the rotor is brought to a stand-still by
mechanical means.
As shown in Fig. 7(a), the speed controller is utilized to drop
ωr from 1 p.u. to 0, and then back to 1p.u. at t = 2 and 3 s,
respectively. This corresponds to a sudden change in the wind
power between 0 and 1 p.u. as shown in Fig. 7(b). In spite
of the challenging operating scenario, the system stability is
maintained.
E. Co-Generation Under Utility-Grid Faults Conditions
Converter-based distributed generation units roughly con-
tribute by the rated currents under the short circuit conditions.
Therefore, and due to the increased penetration of the renew-
able energy resources to the electrical grids, some utilities have
enforced the fault-ride through of power converters [32]. Ac-
cordingly, the distributed plants must not disconnect during a
voltage drop down to 0 p.u. that continues to less than or equal
to 150 ms (9 cycles for 60 Hz systems).
In this operational scenario, the proposed hybrid wind-solar
system is investigated for the fault-ride-through capabilities.
The PCC in Fig. 1 has been subjected to a 3PG fault at t = 4 s
for 4.0 cycles. Further, the VSCs have been implemented in the
Simulink model using pulse-width-modulated switching blocks.
Fig. 8 shows the performance of the dc-link and the utility-grid
current under the 1.0 p.u. and 0.5 p.u wind power generation
whereas the solar power generation is maintained at 1.0 p.u.
At 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation, and after the
clearance of the 3PG fault, the dc-link voltage stability is vio-
lated whereas the quality of the injected ac current is degraded
with a THD of 8.75%. On the contrary, the response with the
0.5 and 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation, respectively,
reflects a stable dc-link voltage and a better current quality with
a THD of 3.61%. This implies that the wind generator is asso-
ciated with the system instabilities under the utility-grid faults
conditions. The fault conditions induce a sudden drop in the
PCC voltage that hinders the maximum power transfer from
the dc-link to the grid. As the input wind power is driven by
a relatively slow mechanical system, the wind power is there-
fore kept injected to the dc-link capacitor such that the dc-link
voltage increases at the fault instant as shown in Fig. 8(a). On
the contrary, the PV generator does not contribute to the dc-link
voltage instabilities under the fault conditions. The increased
dc-link voltage relocates the operating points of the PV array
beyond the maximum power point, as shown in Fig. 3, where
the corresponding generated PV power is significantly reduced.
RADWAN AND MOHAMED: GRID-CONNECTED WIND-SOLAR COGENERATION USING BACK-TO-BACK VOLTAGE-SOURCE CONVERTERS 321

Fig. 5. Performance of the wind and solar generators.

Fig. 6. Performance of the wind generator only. (a) DC-link voltage. (b) Wind and solar generated powers. (c) Injected ac current to the utility-grid.

Fig. 7. Performance of the PV generator only. (a) DC-link voltage. (b) Wind and solar generated powers. (c) Injected ac current to the utility-grid.

Therefore, the PV generator has self-healing capabilities under

the utility-grid faults conditions.
In the literature, the protection against the fault conditions in
the PMSG wind generators has been achieved by activating the
following protection schemes at the utility-grid fault conditions
[33]; 1) using a braking resistance in parallel to the dc-link
capacitor so that the generated wind power can be dissipated
during the faults. 2) using the pitch angle control so that the
wind turbine blades are twisted to reduce the amount of wind
power extraction, and hence the input mechanical torque to
the PMSG is reduced. Note that both approaches can be used
so that the braking resistance provides a quick damping till
the mechanical pitch controller is activated. Fig. 9 shows the
system performance when the preceding fault protections are
implemented under 1.0 p.u. wind and solar power generation.
Fig. 9. Response to a 3PG fault at t = 4.0 s for 4.0 cycles – 1.0 p.u. wind and
The increase of the dc-link voltage has been limited whereas the solar power generation with implemented fault protection schemes.
injected ac current to the grid is maintained stable. The fault-ride

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322
Fig. 10. Response to a 1PG fault at t = 4.0 s for 4.0 cycles – 1.0 p.u. wind
and solar power generation with and without the fault protection schemes.
Fig. 11. DC-link voltage response at different values of SCR – 1.0 p.u. solar
power and a step change of the wind power from 0.5 to 1.0 p.u. at t = 1 s.
through has been enabled by dissipating the wind power into the
braking resistance and reducing the generated wind power using
the pitch angle control, and so the input-output power balance
across the dc-link capacitor is achieved.
For further investigations, the system performance under the
single-phase-to-ground (1PG) fault conditions is investigated in
Fig. 10. It is clear that the 1PG fault is not detrimental to the
system performance as compared to the 3PG faults in Fig. 8.
However, the protected system in Fig. 10 reflects a more damped
dc-link response as compared to the unprotected scenario.
F. Co-Generation Under Parameters Variation – Robustness
It is shown in Fig. 5 that the system performance is stable un-
der wide variation range of operating points. In this section, the
system performance is evaluated against the parameters varia-
tions.
The short-circuit-ratio (SCR) is a quantity characterizing the
stiffness of the utility-grid, where SCR is the ratio of the short-
circuit capacity of the utility-grid at the PCC to the rated dc
power of the interconnected power converter. In this paper, the
utility-grid is originally assumed strong with SCR = 15 [results
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2020
Fig. 12. PCC voltage response at different values of C f .
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented the combination of the wind and
solar systems using vector-controlled grid-connected BtB
VSCs. The VSR at the wind generator side is responsible
for extracting the maximum wind power following the wind
velocity variations. On the utility-grid side, the roles of the VSI
are to extract the maximum PV power from the PV generator,
achieve the balance between the input and output powers across
the dc-link capacitor, and to maintain a unity PCC voltage
under different modes of operation. A small-signal linearization
analysis has been conducted where the entire state-space model
is developed to investigate the system stability. The proposed
system features the following advantages; 1) the increased
reliability and efficiency due to the combined wind and solar
generators. 2) the independent MPPT extraction as the VSR
and VSI are solely responsible for extracting the wind and PV
powers, respectively. 3) the regulation of the dc-link voltage
under all operating conditions is maintained by the VSI and
hence a better damped performance is yielded. 4) simple system
structure and controllers design. 5) fault-ride through can be
achieved using existing protection schemes. A well-damped
performance and an efficient operation have been revealed from
the time-domain simulations results under the Matlab/Simulink
environment under different operational scenarios.
APPENDIX
A. Model of the PV Generator

S
Ipv = Np [Isc + αi (t − tr )]
Sr

 
in Fig. 5]. In this section, the SCR has decreased to 4.0 and 2.3 to VD q VD
challenge the interconnected converter, as shown in Fig. 11. In − Io exp −1 − ,
ns KAt Rsh
both cases, the solar power is maintained at 1.0 p.u. whereas the

Ns
wind power is subjected to a step increase from 0.5 to 1.0 p.u. at Vpv + Ipv N p
Rse
t = 1 s. The system response is stable at a wide variation range VD = ,
Ns
of SCR values from SCR = 15 to SCR = 4.5 as shown in Figs. 5  3
 
and 11, respectively. However, the system becomes unstable at t teg q 1 1
Io = Ior exp − .
SCR = 2.3 which is expected at the very weak grid conditions tr KAt tr t
due to the interaction with the PLL dynamics [7]. Under the where S and Sr are the actual and reference solar irradiance
same operating conditions, the influence of the variations of Cf levels, Isc is the short-circuit current of the PV module, αi is
on the grid voltage is investigated in Fig. 12. As shown, the the temperature coefficient, t and tr are the actual and reference
total harmonic distortion (THD) for the PCC voltage increases temperature in Kelvin, Io and Ior are the reverse saturation
from 0.05% to 9.8% at 1.25 and 1.5Cf , respectively. In spite of current at the operating and reference temperature, VD is the
using simple PI controllers for the proposed system, the results internal diode voltage of the PV module, q is the unit charge,
in Fig. 11and 12 indicate a reasonable robustness against the K is the Boltzmann’s constant, A is the ideality factor, Rsh and
utility-grid parameters variations Rse are the equivalent shunt and series resistance of the PV

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RADWAN AND MOHAMED: GRID-CONNECTED WIND-SOLAR COGENERATION USING BACK-TO-BACK VOLTAGE-SOURCE CONVERTERS 323

array, eg is the band-gap energy of the PV cell; ns is the number 60 μF, Kδ (s) = 180 + 3200/s, Kdc (s) = 1 + 100/s,
of PV cells; Ns is the number of series connected modules; Np Kac (s) = 0.001 + 24/s, and Ki (s) = 1.289 + 12.89/s.
is the number of parallel strings in the PV array. - Utility-Grid: vf = 600 V, M V Asc = 100 MVA, X/R
Ratio = 10.
B. System Parameters
C. State-Space Model of the Hybrid Wind-Solar System
- PMSG: Rs = 0.821 mΩ, Ls = 1.5731 mH, P = 26, ψ =
2 A = [ A1 A2 ] which are defined in the bottom of this page
5.8264 Wb, J = 32166 kg.m .
- VSR: Fsw = 3420 Hz, Gs (s) = 3000 + 6500/s, Gi (s) = and next page.
3.38 + 1.76/s, and H = 1.
Δx = [ΔIsd ΔIsq Δωr Δγid Δγiq Δγs ΔIcd ΔIcq
- PV: Np = 83, Ns = 59, ns = 50, Rdc = 0.125 mΩ, Ldc =
0.34 μH. ΔIg d ΔIg q Δvf d Δvf q Δϕid Δϕiq Δϕv dc Δϕv ac
- DC-Link: Cdc = 4.7 mF.
- VSI:Fsw = 3420 Hz, Rf = 3 mΩ, Lf = 0.3 mH, Cf = Δδ Δϕδ ΔVdc2 ΔIpv ]T
⎡ −1 ◦
L s (Rs + gpi ) 0 PIsq 1
Ls 0 0
⎢ −1 −g p i g p s Pψ
− 1 gp i
⎢ 0 Ls (R s + g pi ) Ls + Ls (H 1) 0 Ls Ls
⎢ 3 Pψ
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 2 J
⎢ −gii 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 −gii −gps gii 0 0 gii
⎢
⎢ 0 0 −g is 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
A1 = ⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 3  ◦  3   3I s◦ q 3I s◦ q 3g p i I s◦ q
⎣C ◦ ◦ ◦
Pωr Ls Isq + Vsd C d c −gpi Isq + Vsq ◦
C d c (PψH − gpi gps ) 0 Cd c Cd c
dc
0 0 0 0 0 0
⎤
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 0 ⎥
−1 ⎥
L f (Rf + kpi ) 0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 −1
L f (Rf + kpi ) 0 0 ⎥ ⎥
⎥
− L gg ω ◦ ⎥
R
0 0
⎥
−ω ◦ − L gg ⎥
R
0 0 ⎥
1 1 ⎥
0 0 ⎥
Cf Cf ⎥
0 1
Cf 0 − C1f ⎥ ⎥
−kii 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎥
0 −kii 0 0 ⎥ ⎥
0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎥
0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎥
0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎥
 0   0  0 0 ⎥ ⎥
−3
V ◦ − kpi I ◦ + ω ◦ Lf I ◦
Cd c cd cd
−3
cq V ◦ − kpi I ◦ − ω ◦ Lf I ◦
Cd c cq cq cd 0 0 ⎦
0 0 0 0

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324 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 11, NO. 1, JANUARY 2020

⎡
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ k p δ I c◦q ◦
+ ω ◦ Icd
◦
kp i k
⎢ 0 V f◦d
1
0 0 − kpδ + Lpfi Icq
⎢ Lf Lf
 
⎢ k p δ I c◦d ◦
+ ω ◦ Icq
◦
+ L1f Vcd◦ − Vf◦d
kp i kp a c kp i k
⎢ − V◦ 0 1
0 kpδ + Lpfi Icd
⎢ Lf fd Lf Lf
⎢ 1 k p δ I g◦ q
−Ig◦q kpδ
⎢ V f◦d 0 0 0 0
⎢ Lg
⎢ k p δ I g◦ d
Ig◦d kpδ
L g − V f◦d
1
A2 = ⎢
⎢
0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 0 ω ◦
0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ −ω ◦ −kpδ 0 0 0 0 Vf◦d kpδ
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 kii 0 −kii Icq◦
⎢
⎢ kpac kii 0 0 0 0 kii ◦
kii Icd
⎢
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ kiac 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ kp δ
−kpδ
⎢ 0 V f◦d 0 0 0 0
⎢
⎢ 0 ki δ
0 0 0 0 −kiδ
⎢ V f◦d
⎢   −3I c◦q −3I c◦d −3I c◦q −3I c◦d k p i −3I c◦q k p i  ◦ 
⎣ −3 ◦
Icd ◦
+ kpi kpac Icq −3 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
2 ◦ 2
Cd c Cd c Cd c Cd c Cd c Cd c C d c Icq Vcd + ω Lf Icd + ω Lf Icq
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎤
0 0 0
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
◦
Icq
kp i kp d c
0 ⎥
1.5V f◦d L f ⎥
◦ ⎥
−Icd 0 0 ⎥
⎥
Ig◦q 0 0 ⎥
⎥
−Ig◦d 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
−Vf◦d 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0
ki i kp d c
0 ⎥
1.5V f◦d ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 ki d c
0 ⎥
1.5V f◦d ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
1 0 0 ⎥
⎥
0 0 0 ⎥
I p◦ v 2k p i k p d c I c◦d 2V d◦c ⎥
0 Cd c V ◦ − Cd c V ◦ ⎥
dc fd Cd c  ⎦
−1 −1 V p◦v
0 2L d c V ◦ Ld c R dc + I◦
dc pv

[2] F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, “Power electronics as efficient

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Amr Ahmed A. Radwan (S’11–M’16) was born in
Cairo, Egypt, on December 27, 1984. He received the
B.Sc.(hons.) degree in electrical engineering from
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, in 2007, and
the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineer-
ing from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,
Canada, in 2012 and 2016, respectively. His research
interests include the areas of smart active distribution
systems and control of power electronic converters.
He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Engi-
neering and Design Department, Electrical Engineer-
ing, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA.
Dr. Radwan is a registered Professional Engineer in the Province of Alberta.
Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed (M’06–SM’11)
was born in Cairo, Egypt, on November 25, 1977.
He received the B.Sc. (hons.) and M.Sc. degrees in
electrical engineering from Ain Shams University,
Cairo, in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and the Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, in 2008. Since
September 2009, he has been with the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, where he is cur-
rently a Full Professor. His research interests include
dynamics and controls of power converters, grid integration of distributed gen-
eration and renewable resources, microgrids, modeling, analysis and control of
smart grids, and electric machines and motor drives.
Dr. Mohamed is an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUS-
TRIAL ELECTRONICS and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,
and an Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS and the IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the
Province of Alberta.