INVERTING VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS INTRODUCTION ‘The op-amp inverting voltage amplifier is a very popular amplifier, It displays most of the characteristics of the noninverting amplifier except the extremely high input impedance. In addition, at low gains, it will have a smaller gain band- width product. In this experiment you will build and test an inverting op-amp voltage am- plifier and examine the characteristics of input impedance and gain bandwidth product. ‘The troubleshooting section will let you see the effects of simulated compo- | nent failures on your amplifier. REFERENCE Principles of Electronic Devices and Circuits - Chapter 12, Section 12.3 OBJECTIVES In this experiment you will: ¥ Demonstrate the characteristics of the inverting amplifier ¥ Determine the input impedance and gain bandwidth product of an inverting amplifier ¥ Demonstrate circuit problems caused by faulty resistors EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS: DC power supply Function generator Oscilloscope Operational amplifier, 741 or equivalent Resistors: 1 kO, 2.2 kO, 15 kaVout Aye Caloulated Value Ave Input Z Gain BW Bw Gain-BW Table 46.1 Beginning with step 8, you will measure the input impedance of your amplifier. SECTION FUNCTIONAL EXPERIMENT ‘Amplifier Gain r= 15k) Measured Values Vout = Ri _Topin2 Ne of the Ye 10k = 22kq opamp Calculated Value Av= Figure 46.1 Figure 46.2 “Amplifier Gain 1, Construct the circuit of Figure 46.1. ee __ ka) 2. Connect power to the circuit. Apply a S00-mVpp, I-kHz sinewave signal Measured Values to the input vig of the amplifier. Yn 3. Measure and record in Table 46.1 the input and output peak-to-peak voltages using your oscilloscope. Use the data from step 3 to determine the actual Ay; record it in Table 6.1 Calculate the expected gain for your amplifier and record in Table 46.1. Note: If your measured and calculated values for Ay are not close, check ‘your calculations and your circuit measurements. Remove power from the amplifier, Select a new value of Rrin the range of 2.2 kQ to 39 kQ. Record your Rr value in the second box of Table 46.1 Reapply DC power and input signal of 500 mVp» at I kHz. Measure the ‘peak-to-peak input and output voltages, and use the data to determine the actual amplifier gain. Record these values in the second box of Table 46.1 Calculate the expected gain for your amplifier and record in Table 46.1 Disconnect the AC signal source; tur off the DC source. Connect a 10-kQ potentiometer in series with Ri as shown in Figure 46.2. Change Reback to the 15-kQ resistor. Adjust the potentiometer to be zero ohms, Reapply DC power and reconnect the AC signal source. Set the input signal to obtain the same amplifier output recorded in step 3. Note this value below. Adjust the po- ‘tentiometer until the input signal is exactly one-half the noted value. Vou =10. uM. 12, 13, 14, ‘Tum off the AC and DC sources. Disconnect the potentiometer and meas- ure its resistance. This is the input impedance value of your amplifier. Re- cord in Table 46.1. Restore the input circuit connections, omitting the potentiometer. In the next procedure steps you will measure the amplifier gain and bandwidth to determine the gain bandwidth product. ‘Tum on DC power and the AC signal source. Measure the amplifier peak- to-peak input and output voltages. Note these below. Calculate the ampli- fier gain and note below. Viz Vo = Aye ‘While ensuring that Via stays constant, increase the generator frequency to the amplifier upper comer frequency. Measure and record this frequency. &= ‘Since the amplifier should operate to DC, fe is the bandwidth. Calculate the gain bandwidth product. You should find that your value is less than the expected result of 1 MHz. For the gain of your amplifier, ‘your gain bandwidth product is expected to be between 10% and 15% less. Lower gains produce even smaller gain bandwidth products. SECTION IL TROUBLESHOOTING Fault 1 - Feedback resistor (Re) open 1 ‘Tum off DC and AC sources. Remove the 15-kO Reand replace it with a 2.2-MQ resistor. Apply DC power and the AC signal input of 500 mVp». With your ‘oscilloscope connected to the amplifier output, observe the output ‘waveshape. Note the peak-to-peak value below. Vout 5) = ‘Measure and record below the following voltages. Vinee) = Va Vive=. Fault 2 - Input resistor (Ri) open 1 ‘Tum off DC and AC sources. Remove the 2.2-MO resistor and install the original 15-kQ Re. Remove the 2.2-kQ Rj resistor and replace with the 2.2-MQ resistor. Apply DC power and the AC signal input of 500 mVp-p. Measure and record the circuit values listed below. Va (P-p)= _____ Vou (P-p) = Vive This won’t simulate a com- pletely opened resistor, but will simulate the failure clearly ‘enough for this experiment. % Again, this won't completely simulate an open resistor, but it is sufficient for demonstrating this fault.DISCUSSION Section I 1. Compare and contrast the op-amp inverting amplifier to a BT common emitter amplifier by listing as many advantages and disadvantages as you can. 2. Given an audio amplifier application requiring a voltage gain of 75 in the frequency band of 30 Hz to 20 kHz, discuss how well or poorly an invert- ing amplifier based on the 741 would meet this application. Section II Fault I - Feedback resistor (Rp) open. 1. Describe the output waveform observed for this fault and discuss the reason for that waveform. 2. Discuss how well the measurements made point to the external circuitry as the fault rather than the op-amp. Fault 2 - Input resistor (Ri) open Do the data measured for this fault clearly indicate thatthe op-amp is cokay, with the fault having to be in the external circuitry? Discuss thi concept, considering what op-amp failures could produce the same cir- cuit faut measurements, Quick Check 1. The output signal of the inverting amplifier is 90° out of phase. True False If the value of the input resistor decreases, the gain will increase. True False 3. Ifthe value of the feedback resistor increases, the gain will increase. True False 4, For the amplifier of Figure 46.1, if Rr=27 kQ and R;= 3.9 KO, the amplifier gain would be__ (@)27 (b) 10.6 @79 @69