Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 1: Classification 1 a movement, growth, nutrition, sensitivity, excretion » reproduction, respiration 2 Commiphora africana and Commiphora angolensis, because they both belong to the same genus (Commiphora). 3. Your table should have these features: © two columns headed ‘Animal’ and “Plant. ‘There could also bea first column headed ‘Feature! © comparable points in the same row. For example, the first row could be: ‘nutrition’ “animals feed on organic food substances’ and ‘plants feed by photosynthesis. «© three comparative points that make a correct statement about animals and plants, to include: animals feed on organic food substances, plants photosynthesise animal cells do not have cell walls, plant cells do animal cells do not have chloroplasts, plant cells often do, 4. Use this scheme to get a friend to mark your key, and you can mark theirs ~it is difficult to ‘make these judgements on the key you have written yourself each pair of statements describe one contrasting feature (e.g. blond hair, no hair rather than blond hair, brown eyes) a] for each pair, the correct statement can be decided without having to compare one person with another a) there are no more than four pairs of statements [1] there are only three pairs of statements (1) the key actually works 22] (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy 5b diagram is significantly larger than the photograph diagram has clean, clear, unbroken lines relative proportions ate correct all visible structures are clearly shown, no shading or colour is used. 65] diameter on photograph is 44mm magnification is x0.6, so actual diameter is 44 =73 mm; 13] 06 evidence against not made of cells; ‘no cell membrane / cytoplasm; cannot carry out any of the features o things (on its own); can only reproduce when inside another living cell; evidence for contains DNA, which is normally found only in living things; is able to reproduce to make more viruses like itself [max 5] length of scale bar = 20 mm convert both measurements to the same unit, eg, 100 nm = 100 000 000 mm / 10° mm so magnification = 100 000 000+ 20 = 5000 000. [4] Chaper 1 Cataion Aner tendtchapter questions =Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 2: Cells 1 starch grain, mitochondrion, nucleus, tracheal cell, c ‘An organelle isa tiny structure inside a cell, stomach for example a mitochondrion. An organ ~ for NO example the liver, an eye or leaf ~ is made ial up of thousands of cells, which in turn are ‘b organ organised into tissues. © tissue 5 a i inthelining of the respiratory passages; [1] organ {i in the palisade mesophyll layer ofa leaf} [1] © organism b wall; £ organism cellulose; hil chloroplasts; organ vacuole; 3 a chloroplast cell sap; [5] (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy mitochondrion cell membrane nucleus e vacuole £ cell wall 4 A chloroplast is an organelle that contains the pigment, chlorophyll. (A chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes. Folded ‘membranes inside the chloroplast have molecules of chlorophyll on them.) Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, with the help of chlorophyll, which absorbs energy from light. b Allcells have a cell membrane, which isa thin layer of protein and lipid that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves it, Plant cells (and bacterial cells) also have a thicker layer surrounding them. In plant cells, this is ‘made of cellulose. Cell membranes are partially permeable. Cell walls are fully permeable. Chater 2 Ces Arner tent chape questionsAnswers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 3: Movement in and out of cells 1 @ Osmosis, Water is at a high water potential (dilute solution) in the soil, at a lower water potential (concentrated solution) inside the root cells. It moves through the partially permeable cell membrane, down its water potential gradient, b Neither. In this case, all the molecules in the saliva move as one, like water flowing in a river, Both diffusion and osmosis involve the random, individual movement of molecules or ions. © Diffusion. ‘The ink particles move randomly, bumping into each other and into the water particles, gradually spreading throughout the water. «Diffusion. ‘The carbon dioxide particles move randomly, and some will ‘bump into’ a stoma in the underside of the plant leaf, There is a ow concentration of carbon dioxide inside the leaf, because the plant uses it up very quickly in photosynthesis, The carbon dioxide diffuses down its concentration gradient, from the air into the leat. 2 a The sugar solution as a whole does not do anything. We need to think about the individual particles in the sugar solution ~ the water molecules and the sugar molecules. Both of these move about randomly. The water ‘molecules can get through the tiny holes in the tubing, but the sugar molecules are too big ‘What will happen is that the water molecules will move randomly back and forth through the holes, Because there are more of them in the water than in the sugar solution, their ‘net movement will be info the tubing. So the corrected sentence could be: If Visking tubing containing a sugar solution is put into a beaker of water, water will move from the water into the sugar solution, by osmosis. (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy bb Itis true that plant cells do not burst in pure water, but this is because the cell wall is strong, enough to prevent this happening, The cell ‘wall is fully permeable, and cannot stop water molecules going through it. So the corrected sentence could be: Plant cells do not burst in pure water because, although water enters the cell by osmosis, the strong wall prevents the cell from bursting, © Itis true that water will move out of a plant cell by osmosis, if the cel is placed in a concentrated sugar solution. However, the cell wall is not partially permeable - itis fully permeable, So the corrected sentence could be When a plant cell is placed in a concentrated sugar solution, water moves out of the cell by osmosis, through the partially permeable cell membrane, 4d Plasmolysis is the result of placing a plant cell in a concentrated sugar solution. So much water moves out of the cell by osmosis that the contents shrink, and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. As animal cells do not have a cell wall, they cannot undergo plasmolysis. So the corrected sentence could be either: ‘Animal cells shrink when placed in a concentrated sugar solution, oR Plant cells plasmolyse in a concentrated sugar solution. Diffusion is a result of the random movement of molecules or ions. At higher temperatures, these have more kinetic energy and move faster, so diffusion happens faster. b During daylight, plants photosynthesise. They produce oxygen in their leaves, so the oxygen concentration inside the leafs higher than the oxygen concentration in the air outside, Chape2: Movant in and out cls Anwers tence questionsOxygen therefore diffuses down its concentration gradient, from the leaf and into the air. Visking tubing is a partially permeable membrane. It has tiny, molecule-sized holes in it, Water molecules are even smaller than the holes, so they can pass through. Sugar molecules are much bigger than the holes, so they cannot pass through. When it is placed in pure water, an animal cell absorbs water by osmosis. This is a higher water potential outside the cell than inside it, The extra water makes the cell swell, until it bursts is because there € Plant cells are held in shape by their full vacuoles, which push outwards against the strong cell wall, producing a very firm structure. A plant cell like this is said to be turgid. Turgid cells pressing against each other make plant tissues strong and firm, When the cells are not full of water, they are no longer turgid, and their contents do not press outwards on the cell wall. ‘The cells, and the tissues in the leaves that they ‘make up, become soft and floppy. This is why the plant wilt. 4 a the movement of molecules / ions, down, a concentration gradient / from a high concentration to a low concentration as.a result oftheir random movement Q] bin 0 250 & B40 ‘ample 8 Evo s 220 é vo Tipe B oi 4 6 8 h ts i Distance along tube /em all points correctly plotted; lose one mark for any incorrect point neat best fit line drawn; (3) (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley ii_ammonium hydroxide is alkaline; i) iii AS a iv. C’ concentration was between A and B; specific evidence quoted to support this statement, eg. it took less time for it to travel 10 cm than A and more time than By (2) 5 a more potassium in the plant cells than in the waters ‘more sodium in the water than in the plant cells, use of comparative figures; Concentration arbitrary units potassium sodium lon [El pond water plane cells (3) active transport; if diffusion then concentrations in the cells and the water would be the same. 2 ¢ cells are using energy: from respiration; to, move potassium ions into the cell / move sodium ions out of the cell; against their concentration gradients; reference to transport proteins; [max 4] Chap 2: Moen and onto cls Aner tendtchaperquesions 2Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 4: The chemicals of life 1 @ monosaccharide, found in both plants and animals, used as fuel in respiration }b polysaccharide, found in plants only, used as ‘an energy store in plant cells. © polysaccharide, found in plants only, used to make cell walls polysaccharide, found in animals only, used as an energy stores in (Liver) cells 2 a nitrogen (or sulfur) b amino acids Benedict's lipid (fat) © sucrose £ metabolism 3. Measure equal volumes of each solution into two identical test tubes. Add equal volumes of Benedict's solution to each one. Place both tubes into a water bath at about 80°C. Do this at exactly the same time. ‘Watch carefully. The one that changes to green or orange first, or the one that is the darkest orange after a set length of time, is the one that has the ‘most concentrated solution of reducing sugar. eeu) Becca Tenet eng Ere cie Ponoka iad 5 a 30% because every T base will be paired with an A base (so their percentages will be the same); [2] 20% because the remaining 40% must be Gand C, which will each be in equal amounts; py the sequence of bases determines the sequence of amino acids; used to build proteins. a different base sequence will result in different proteins; with different effects on the organism; [2] reac cone mark per correct row. (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy ‘haemoglobin | C,H,0,N_ | protein biuret test carries oxygen in theblood alucose CHO | carbohydrate | Benedict’ test to provide energy cellulose | CH,O | carbohydrate to make plant cell walls starch CHO — | carbohydrate | iodine test stores energy in plant cells enzyme protein biuret test speeds up reactions (5) Chapa 4:The cera eAnavers ond -chgterqusionsAnswers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 5: Enzymes 4 protein catalyst, which speeds up the rate at ci which metabolic reactions take place. b aterm used to describe the state of a protein ‘molecule that has lost its shape ~ often caused by high temperature or extremes of pHs a denatured enzyme molecule is unable to catalyse its reaction because the substrate no longer fits into its active site. © the substance that is changed into products by an enzyme; the substrate fits into the enzyme’s active site. «anew substance formed in an enzyme-catalysed ii reaction. © the part ofan enzyme molecule into which a substrate molecule fits. 4 About 37°C ~ human body temperature. About 2 - hydrochloric acid has a very low pH Atlow temperatures, molecules have low kinetic energy and move slowly. This means that the frequency of collisions between enzyme molecules and substrate molecules is. also low. Above the enzyme’ optimum temperature, the enzyme molecule begins to lose its shape ~ it is denatured. This means that the substrate molecule does not fit into the active site, so the enzyme cannot catalyse the change of the substrate into products. 3. a blue-black; tu ii the blue-black colour would have disappeared from parts of the plain papers i (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy ioe Cys Cred Rakai recon) sce) [ica centers ied Pe) rr ia 2 28 a 3 18 60 4 2 2 8 2) 8 ‘there had bean a reaction [Number of naw ares where MMMM a MS an Tane/ mines time on x-axis and number of new areas on y-axis; scales on both axes go up in even steps (eg, 1, 2,3 etc. on x-axis, 10, 20, 30 etc. on y-axis); both axes fully labelled including units; all points accurately plotted with small, neat crosses or circles with a ring around them; straight lines drawn between the points / good best fit line drawn; (5) any two sensible suggestions about differences between the goats, e.g. different ages, diferent genders, different breeds, different concentrations of enzyme in their saliva, how hungry they were when the saliva was collected Q Capers: Eases Arner teendotchaper questions 1a continue for longer; reference to involvement of water in this take readings more often than one minute reaction; intervals; products / glucose and fructose, leave include some discs that have no enzyme in the active site; [max 3] them / have boiled enzyme in them; b i. optimum temperature for enzymes; repeat the experiment two more times; {max 3] temperature kept constant because, pH is sucrose molecules and enzyme molecules the independent variable / temperature move randomly; is a control variable. a sucrose molecule collides with enzyme’ active i no activity below pH 3; optimum / greatest activity is at pH 7; no activity above pH 11s B31 sites enzyme causes sucrose molecule to split into glucose and fructose: (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley Chapter S:Eases Aner tendotchap queens = 2Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 6: Plant nutrition renee) paaha Ved Nitrates thesoil | making amino acids and proteins Water thesoil | photosynthesis, ‘maintaining turgor / supporting tissues, transporting substances Magnesium | thesoil__| making chlorophyll Carbon dioxide | the air | photosynthesis 2 a A chloroplast is an organelle that contains the pigment, chlorophyll. (A chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes. Folded ‘membranes inside the chloroplast have molecules of chlorophyll on them.) Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, with the help of chlorophyll, which absorbs energy from light, 'b The palisade layer is closer to the upper surface of the leaf than the spongy layer. The cells in the palisade layer are tall and thin, while the cells in the spongy layer are more rounded. The palisade cells contain more chloroplasts than the spongy cells. More photosynthesis takes place in palisade cells than in spongy cells. There are larger air spaces in the spongy layer than in the palisade layer. Organic substances have been made by living organisms, eg, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, Inorganic substances have not been made by “organisms, e.g. magnesium ions, water, Guard cells are paits of sausage-shaped cells found in the epidermis of leaves (usually in the lower epidermis). The hole in between the pair of guard cells isa stoma, (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy 3 a Carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through stomata, by diffusion from the air. Water enters the root hairs, by osmosis from the soil and is then transported up the xylem to the leaf © Glucose is used to make starch, or to provide energy by respiration, Oxygen diffuses out of the leaf into the air, through the stomata, Carbon dioxide diffuses through the stoma and then through the air spaces, allowing it to reach the cells in the palisade layer. Oxygen diffuses in the opposite direction when photosynthesis is taking place. (When you have learnt about transport in plants, you will also find out that the air spaces are important for allowing the movement of water vapour out of the leaf) bb This means that light can pass straight through these cells, so little light is lost before it reaches the palisade cells, where it is used in photosynthesis, © The larger the surface area, the more sunlight will hit the leaf. This means that more energy can be absorbed by chlorophyll, so more photosynthesis can take place. The veins bring water from the soil to the leaf cells. By branching, they can bring water close to every cell. The cells need water for photosynthesis, and to maintain their turgor, helping the leaf to be held out straight. © The membranes are surfaces on which, chlorophyll molecules are held. his provides a large surface area of chlorophyll which can absorb energy from the light that hits it. sucrose. This is a soluble sugar, which can dissolve in water for transport. It is not too reactive. Chapter 6 Pa mutton Anevers nent -chgterqusionsbb starch, This is an insoluble polysaccharide, which can be stored as solid grains in cells and not interfere with the reactions that take place in the cell. (It also does not afect the water potential of the cel if sucrose was stored, this would tend to draw excess water into the cell by osmosis.) 6 ‘The carbon dioxide molecule could move into a leaf by diffusion, through the stoma and air spaces. It could pass through the cell wall and cell ‘membrane of a palisade cell, cross the cytoplasm and enter a chloroplast. Here, it could react with water to form glucose. ‘The glucose could be converted to sucrose and transported (in the phloem) down to the root. Here, it could be converted to starch for storage. 7ai B i] ii As a) iii D. 1] b i lite light is lost before it reaches the palisade cells, where it is used in photosynthesis; a ithe waxy cuticle prevents water loss through this surface of the leaf, a) iii bring water to the leaf, take sucrose away from the leaf help to support the leaf, [max 2] © I carbon dioxide; waters Q] ii some is used in respiration to release energys some is converted to starch for storages some is used to make cellulose cell walls for new cells; some is converted to sucrose for transport to other parts of the plants some is converted, with the addition of nitrogen, to amino acids; some is converted to, fats/ipids; [max 4] (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley 8 a lamp kept atthe same distance / light intensity kept constants similar pieces of pond plant useds temperature kept constant / reference to water bath and thermometer; ‘number of bubbles counted over the same time period: same volume of solution in the test tube; [max 4] i 10; u) u 25 2» ‘of bubbles per minute ‘Mean rate of photosynthesis number o 0 ol 02 03 04 05 06 Concentration of carbon dioxide/% suitable scales on both axes and fully labelled; all points correctly plotted and straight lines drawn between points / best ft line drawn; [2] rate of photosynthesis increases; carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis; carbon dioxide is a limiting factor; [max 2] any number between 19 and 23; explanation about how the line was extrapolated; carbon dioxide is not a limiting factor; temperature / light intensity, may be a limiting factors [max 3] tap water contains some dissolved carbon dioxide; bubbles may have contained oxygen from photosynthesis, [max 1] oper 6: Pasion Acwers oendotcupes gustsAnswers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 7: Animal nutrition 1 a Enamels the exceptionally hard outer layer of a tooth, Dentine is a softer layer beneath the ‘enamel. Dentine contains living cells, but enamel does not. + Digestion isthe breaking down of large food molecules into small ones. Absorption is the movement of these small molecules through the ‘wall of the small intestine and into the blood. © The small intestine is longer and narrower than the large intestine. It is made up of the duodenum and ileum, whereas the large intestine is made up of the colon and rectum. Digestion and absorption ofall types of food molecules ~ including water ~ takes place in the small intestine. Only water absorption takes place in the large intestine. Bile isa greenish liquid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, whereas pancreatic juice is made in the pancreas. Both liquids flow along ducts into the duodenum. Bile contains bile salts, which are not enzymes, but help to emulsify fats (break large droplets into small ‘ones), Pancreatic juice contains several different digestive enzymes that digest fats, proteins and carbohydrates, Both bile and pancreatic juice also contain sodium hydrogencarbonate, which neutralises the acid from the stomach, 2 a adiet containing all the nutrients required by the body, in suitable proportions, and with the right amount of energy for a person's needs. b Land ii The diet for the teenage boy should contain plenty of protein, as well as carbohydrate and fat, and sources of each. ‘mineral and vitamin, Its total energy content should be about 1150 kJ. The diet for the pregnant woman should also contain plenty of protein, plus plenty of calcium and iron, Its total energy content should be about $250 KJ. (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy 3a Asalivary gland B oesophagus stomach D pancreas E duodenum Fileum Geolon H rectum anus Jliver bi AandD ii CandD iii D iv C vy Band F vi FandG 4 ingestion amylase starch mucus ‘oesophagus hydrochloric proteins duodenum small pancreas gall fatty acids glycerol (haper7: Animal mation Anevere te endchgterquesions5 a vitamin C and vitamin D; they all already are small molecules ; which can pass through the walls of the ileum; © any two dairy foods, bread: anaemia; lack of energy; ion is needed to make haemoglobin; which transports oxygen around the body; p2) i} lack of oxygen means less respiration; [max 3] © helps calcium to be absorbed; needed for making, bones / teeths 6 a A incisor; B canine; C molar; b pricy (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley (2) (3) diagram shows a molar tooth; correct labels to: enamel; dentine; pulp cavity; nerves and blood vessels; crown / root; (6) tooth A: cut off pieces of food; to help with ingestion; tooth C: crush / grind, foods to increase surface area for enzyme action; [4] Solution | Number of drops of DCPIP used ul table drawn with ruled columns and rows; each column fully headed; all entries corrects, (4) 0.2% it required half the number of drops as, solution X; so had half the concentration; 8] (Caples: Asi metion Aves wendotcupr questsAnswers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 8: Transport in plants la b c d f 8 2a b a 3a xylem vessel xylem vessel lignin root hair transpiration stoma potometer translocation phloem wilting cohesion and b root hairs root cortex cells xylem leaf mesophyll cells air spaces in leaf stomata liquid liquid liquid liquid gas gas 4a section cut across something b, candd phloem (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy Sa diffusion; active transport; el to provide energy; by respiration; to move ions against their concentration gradient; (3) in the form of sucrose; brought from the leaves; in phloem; then by, diffusion / active transport; across the root cortex: {max 4] by osmosis; into root hair cells; down a water potential gradient from soil to cytoplasm; through partially permeable cell membrane; [max 3] {as concentration of sodium chloride increases growth decreases; S-shaped curve / sigmoid curve; no growth at 600 arbitrary units of sodium chlorides other figures quoted from graph ~ statement of both sodium chloride concentration and growth; [max 3] {i sodium chloride makes water potential lower; so water potential gradient between the solution and the plant cells i less steep; so plants absorb less waters not enough water to, support metabolism / act as solvent for reactions; ‘metabolic reactions slow down; less water to enable cells to expands less water for photosynthesis; stomata closed (which reduces photosynthesis); [max 4] pte 8 anspor in plans Answers teeter questions© pH 4 - phosphate; nitrate ions needed to make amino acids; pH 11 - iron; e) and proteins; (proteins) needed for growth; other specified use of protein (eg. to make cell membranes); [max 4] magnesium needed to make chlorophyll; lack of chlorophyll causes yellow colour; less light energy can be absorbed; 0 less photosynthesis; fewer sugars produced; (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley Chapter & anspor pas Answers onder qcstons 2Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 9: Transport in animals 1 a hepatic portal vein, liver, hepatic vein, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, Jungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, iliac artery b iliac vein, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lings 2 a Arteries take blood away from the heart; veins take blood towards the heart, Arteries have thick, clastic walls; veins have thinner walls. Arteries have a narrow lumen; veins have a wider lumen. Arteries do not have valves; veins have valves. b Oxygenated blood contains a lot of oxygen (combined with haemoglobin inside the red blood cells) and is bright red. Deoxygenated blood contains less oxygen, and isa duller purplish-red. Anatrium is one of the upper chambers of the heart, which receives blood and which has thin walls. A ventricle is one of the lower chambers of the heart, which has thick walls that pump blood out of the heart. A red blood cell isa small cell with no nucleus, indented, and containing a large amount of ‘haemoglobin, Its function is to transport oxygen. There are several types of white blood cells, but most are larger than red blood cells and they all have a nucleus. They do not contain haemoglobin. Their function is to fight pathogens. © Blood is made up of plasma, in which red and white blood cells and platelets are present. Lymph has a composition similar to plasma, but does not contain red blood cells or platelets. It does contain white blood cells. £ Systole is the stage of heart beat when the muscle contracts, increasing pressure inside the heart and (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy squeezing the blood forwards, Diastole is the stage when the muscle relaxes, decreasing pressure. The hepatic vein transports blood from the liver to the vena cava. The hepatic portal vein transports blood from the small intestine to the liver, a plasma b white cells © plasma dred cells platelets and plasma £ plasma Arteries: thick walls to withstand high-pressure blood; elastic walls to withstand pulsing bloo narrow lumen so blood moves through fast. ‘+ Veins: valves to keep low-pressure blood ‘moving in one diection; wide lumen to provide least resistance to blood flow. ‘Capillaries: very narrow, so red blood cells have to squeeze through and are brought close to cells, that require oxygen; very thin walls with gaps, so substances can easily move between blood and tissue fl ‘© Xylem vessels: dead and hollow so nothing in the ‘way of water movement; narrow, so a tall column of water can be supported without breaking; lignin in walls to make them waterproof and to provide strength; pits in walls to allow water to move sideways. ‘© Phloem tubes: living but with no nucleus and. only a small amount of cytoplasm, so sap can flow through: perforated end walls to allow sap to flow through. 4 Red cell in diagram measures 23 mm; so magnification = 23+ 0.007; =X3285; (3) Chapter: Tango in animals Aner teenager questions} ithas no nucleus; ithas a depression in the centre /is a biconcave disc; it contains haemoglobin; 3] ¢ i transporting oxygen; i it contains haemoglobin; which combines reversibly with oxygen; ithas a lange surface area to volume ratio; which speeds up the movement of oxygen into and out of the cell; it is small which allows it to squeeze through very small capillaries: ithas no nucleus; which makes more room for haemoglobin: [max 3] b i about 0.75 s; it explanation of measuring time between two equivalent points; ul © ventricle volume decreasing; because the muscle is contracting; ventricular systole; 13] when the ventricle contracts, valve shuts; because of the pressure of the blood pushing ‘upwards on its when ventricle relaxes, valve opens; 3] © line follows the same pattern as the first, at the same times; but does not rise to such ahigh volume; [2] (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley a Aleft atrium; B bicuspid valve / atrioventricular valve; C semilunar valve, D right ventricle (4) b Bvena cava; Faorta; [2] © coronary (arteries); plaques / cholesterol / fat deposit, in artery wall; partly blocks artery; less blood can flow throughs, less oxygen carried to heart muscle; increased likelihood of blood clotting; [max 3] d to keep the blood moving; to keep the blood oxygenated: to remove carbon dioxide from the blood; [max 2] has a septum dividing the two sides of heart; oxygenated blood on the left and deoxygenated onthe rights both sides contract at the same times more muscle on the left s so more pressure produced on the left side; high pressure to most of body; low pressure to lungs; [max 4] Chapler9 Tans ons Anaers endo cape quetins 2Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 10: Pathogens and immunity 1 pathogen, viruses, protoctists, fungi (these last three in any order), hydrochloric acid, keratin, clotting, mucus 2 a active immunity passive immunity © antigens phagocyte © lymphocyte £ memory cell active immunity hh antibody chemical / protein, made by a lymphocyte; made in response to an antigen; reference to the antibody being specific to the antigen; [max 2] 3ai person R has been given antibodies; thas not made their own antibodies: has not made memory cells; antibodies are gradually broken down; [max 2] ili, takes time for lymphocytes to respond to antigen; by dividing / forming a clone; and secreting antibodies; [max 2] 2] 4 fluctuated / went up and down; peaks approximately every 2 or 3 years, rno general increase or decrease; fluctuations become smaller in later years; hhighest incidence is 760 thousand cases in 1956; [max 3] » after an outbreak many people have developed immunity; (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy so fewer people get the disease in the following years; new outbreak ifthe virus spreads to a new areas or infects young children (who have not had the disease before); [max 2] the number of cases fll from 460 thousand cases a year to 20 thousand cases a years in 4 years; cases remained low; cases almost zero by 204 7 [max 2] if 90% of people are vaccinated there are few people in which the virus can reproduce; so fewer viruses circulating in the population; reduces chances that an unvaccinated person will come into contact with the virus; [max 2] ee peeked hhavinga disease and. active recovering from it feeding a baby on breast milk passive being injected with antibodies passive receiving a measles vaccination as a child active one mark for any two corrects el antibodies provide immediate protection; vaccinating with weakened pathogens would stimulate lymphocytes to make antigens; but this would take too long; she might be infected before her body has made its own antibodies; (4) (haper 20: Pathogens and inematy Answers endotchaperquestins 1Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 11: Respiration and gas exchange 1 a anaerobic b both © aerobic only in humans; both in yeast d both 2 a the part of the body where oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves bb any three of large surface areas thin; good supply of air containing oxygen; good blood supply © © large surface area means that a lot of oxygen (and carbon dioxide) can diffuse across the surface simultaneously © being thin reduces the distance across which produces new banana plants that are identical to the parent (so the bananas will be exactly the same variety); produces large new plants quickly; a} © all new plants will be genetically identical; if the parent did not have resistance to the disease then nor will the offspring; 2} (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy 5 a pin-eyed has stigma above anthers; thrum-eyed has anthers above stigma; e bi thorax; i} ii abdomen; a © i abdomen; a fi thorax; it 4. cross-pollination means pollination between two different flowers; pollen picked up from one part of the body in one type of flower will be deposited on the anthers ofthe other type of flower; pin-eyed flower unlikely to have pollen from another pin-eyed flower deposited on its stigma / same idea for thrum-eyed; (3) e thrum-eyed; pollen can fall from anthers down onto stigma; Ry £ offspring show genetic variation; not all individuals will be vulnerable to the same diseases / some may survive a disease; different individuals may survive better in different environments; species may be able to survive environmental change; [max 2] Chapter 16 Reproduction in plans Answers teen otcpter questions 1Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 17: Reproduction in humans 1 testes, sperm ducts, urethra, prostate, testosterone, sperm, secondary 2 a oviduct b ovary uterus cervix 3 a Auterus wall Boviduct ‘amnion Damniotic fluid E fetus F placenta G umbilical cord Heervix I vagina b It produces amniotic fluid, in which the fetus floats. This fluid protects it from bumps and knocks. © The placenta brings the mother’s and fetus’ blood close together, but does not allow them to mix. In the placenta, useful substances such as oxygen and glucose diffuse from the mother's blood to the fetus’s blood. Wastes stich as urea and carbon dioxide diffuse from the fetuss blood to the mother’s blood. 4 a i theyare haploid / they have only one set of chromosomes; a) iii contains food stores for the developing embryo; (i) iii the food stores will soon run out; (once attached)it obtains nutrients; and oxygens (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy from the mother’s blood; through the placenta, [max 4] bi Aumbilical cord; Bamnion; Ccervixs (3) ithe (beating of the) fetus’s heart; i ‘ii support / protect, the fetus; ul iv mother to fetus: any two of oxygen / glucose / amino acids / water / other named soluble nutrient; a fetus to mother: carbon dioxide and urea; [2] © i mother’s blood is ata higher pressure and could damage the fetus; they could have different blood groups which could cause coagulation; (2) {i any named toxin such as alcohol / nicotine; a) itis frees itis less likely to contain pathogens; it is at the right temperature; ithas the correct balance of nutrients at each stage of a baby's development; promotes bonding between mother and baby; [max 2] 5 qm cppim —ctineniane toe one mark for any two labels corrects; (3) Chapter 17: Repocten a hamans Anowerseendt coger uestnsb acrosome contains enzymes which digest through the jelly surrounding the egg: mitochondria release energy by aerobic respiration (for swimming); flagellum propels the sperm forwards; nucleus contains the haploid number of chromosomes so the normal diploid number is restored at fertilisation; shape is streamlined to reduce energy needed for swimming; [max 4] nucleus contains the haploid number of chromosomes so the normal diploid number is restored at fertilisation; it contains food stores to provide for the young fetus (until itis implanted); it is surrounded by a protective layer of jelly; [3] increased and then decreased; peaks in 2004 and 20075 any figure quote using both year and number of people infected read from the graphs (3) people recently infected with HIV show no symptoms; ‘may not have had their blood checked p] (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley © HIVisa virus, infects lymphocytes, so body cannot fight effectively against pathogens, or destroy its own cancerous cells; (50) infectious diseases can take hold / cancer can develop, much more easily; Is] more awareness of AIDS; people with HIV/AIDS now knew that they had it and avoided passing it on; people who were not HIV positive modified their behaviour to reduce the risk of becoming infected with HIV; example - avoided having multiple partners / used condoms / did not share contaminated needles; use of anti-retroviral drugs to treat AIDS; other valid point; [max 4] Chap 17: Reproducon in amans Answers end capt uetns 2Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 18: Inheritance a A gens 4 allarge letter for the smooth fur allele and a matching small letter for the rough fur allele, using letters that look different from each other, eg. A anda (not S ands) AA, Aaand aa AA smooth fur, Aa smooth fur, aa rough fur a large letter for the red colour allele and a matching small letter for the white colour allele, using letters that look different from each other, eg R for the red colour allele and r for the white colour allele Ris dominant, because this is the allele that has an effect in a heterozygous plant. RR, red; Re, reds rr, white length of DNA that codes fora particular protein; an allele is one of two or more forms of a gene, A dominant allele shows its effect in a heterozygous organism; a recessive allele only has an effect when no dominant allele is present. A homozygous organism has two identical alleles ofa gene, eg, AA; a heterozygous organism has two different alleles of a gene, eg. Aa. ‘The genotype shows the alleles ofa gene that an ‘organistn possesses; the phenotype describes the characteristics of the organism, Mitosis isa type of nuclear division in which genetically identical daughter cells are produced sis is a type of nuclear division that produces daughter cells with only half the full number of chromosomes, and that are genetically different from one another. Mitosis is used in growth, repair and asextial reproduction; meiosis is used to produce gametes. A haploid cell has one full set of chromosomes; a diploid cell has two full sets. (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy The base sequence is the sequence of bases A, .G and T found ina DNA molecule; amino acid sequence is the sequence of amino acids found in a protein. The base sequence on a DNA molecule determines the sequence in which amino acids are linked together to build a protein. h DNAs found in the nucleus; it molecules are made up of two strands of bases, linked together by pairing between A and, C and G, and ‘wound into a double helix. mRNA is made in the nucleus and travels out into the cytoplasm it is, made of one strand of bases and is not wound into a helix. symbols should be the same letter, large and small, and easily distinguishable, eg EE for indented edges; ee for smooth edges; 21 parents’ phenotypes indented smooth parents’ genotypes EE ee gametes ® © offspring genotypes all Ee and phenotypes indented parents genotypes correct; gametes correct and placed inside circles; offspring genotype and phenotype correct; entire genetic diagram laid out correctly with all headings. 4] © parents’ phenotypes indented —_ indented parents’ genotypes Ee Ee © ad © © a © gametes Chapter: tbertace Arner tendotchaper questions 1offspring genotypes and phenotypes © © © EE Ee indemed indented © Fe ce indented smooth parents’ genotypes correct; all gametes correct and shown inside circles; genotypes of offspring correct; phenotypes of offspring correctly associated with genotypes, £99:302 is approx, 3:1 and genetic diagram shows 3 indented: 1 smooth; (5) 5 breed the black rabbit with a white rabbit; if there are any white offspring the black rabbit ‘must be heterozygous; if there are no white offspring the black rabbit is probably homozygous; properly constructed genetic diagram (see answer to question 4b) showing cross between BB and bb giving all Bb offspring; which will all be black; properly constructed genetic diagram showing cross between Bb and bb giving 1 Bb: 1 bb offspring: s0 50% black and 50% white offspring / ratio of 1:1 black : white {max 5] 6 a C°C® black feathers; CN grey feathers; ©" C¥ white feathers; two correct for one marks all correct for two marks; 2] they are codominant; capital letter would be used to stand for a dominant allele and small letter for a recessive allele; I] white crow © parents’ phenotypes grey i @~® offspring genotypes and phenotypes © of ot white Parents’ genotypes gametes (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley parents’ genotypes corrects all gametes correct and shown inside circles; genotypes of offspring correct; phenotypes of offspring correctly associated with genotypes; would expect, 1:1 grey: white / 50% grey and 50% white offspring; Is] 4 there are four colour-blind males but only one colour-blind female; males who marry out of the family do not have colour-blind sons; 2] person 2 X*X'; person 3 X°Y; person 11 X®X® or X®X*; person 13 X*Y; person 19 X*Y; 151 parents’ colour-blind woman with phenotypes ‘man normal vision (carrier) parents’ xy X°x" genotypes On © Om ® offspring genotypes and phenotypes © © gametes xX xx @ | carsierfemale | colour-blind female XY XY @)| maews norma | comin vision male parents’ genotypes correct; all gametes correct and shown inside circles; genotypes of offspring corrects phenotypes of offspring correctly associated with genotypes; 50:50 / 1 in 2, chance that any son will be colour-blind; [5] the allele for colour-blindness is on the X. chromosome; man passes on a Y chromosome to his sons; [2] ‘Cape ecb Aner tendtchaperquctons 28 first womanis genotype could be I*I* or IP her husband's genotype must be I"; second woman's genotype must be I* 1°; her husband’ genotype could be I* I or IN baby with blood group O must be IP; so must have inherited an I” allele from both its ‘mother and its father; so its parents must be the first couples baby with blood group B could be IP or PP; (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley and must have inherited an I* allele from at least ‘one its parents; so its parents must be the second couples so the women have been given the correct babies; use of correctly set out genetic diagram; [max 8] ‘Cape 8: Aner tendtchaperquetons 3Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 19: Variation and natural selection 1 species, discontinuous, genes, continuous, mutation, adapted 2 a Genetic variation is caused by differences in the alleles in different individuals, It can be inherited. Environmental variation is caused by an organisms environment and cannot be inherited. Genetic variation is often discontinuous, and environmental variation is often continuous. > Incontinuous variation, an individual can fit anywhere within a range of a particular characteristic, with no sharp dividing lines. In discontinuous variation, there area small number of distinct categories into which any individual fits. © Natural selection is the increased chances of individual organisms with particular variations surviving and reproducing in their environment, because of selection pressures that act on them. Artificial selection is the choice, by humans, of individuals with particular variations to be allowed to breed together. Sexual reproduction allows mixing of alleles from different parents. There is genetic variation in the population. Diferent combinations of alleles may give different features that make some individuals better able to survive and reproduce in the changing environment than their parents. Asexual reproduction, however, produces offspring with the exactly the same combinations of alleles as their parent; there is no genetic variation. (In both sexual and asexual reproduction, ‘mutation may occu, which could form new alleles that might give an advantage to an (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy organism, and be selected for. This is no more likely in sexual than in asextal reproduction.) b Mutation may produce new alleles that were not present before. Although mutations usually produce new characteristics that are less good than the normal ones, just occasionally a new feature that gives an organism a survival advantage may occut. Ifo, then this will be selected for (its owners will be more likely to survive and reproduce) and passed on to the next generation. correct answer given (you will need to get someone to check!); a b shape of ear lobes shows discontinuous variation; so itis caused by genes; itis not a sex-linked characteristic, [max 2] {i approximately free: attached; pl iii allele for free ear lobes likely to be dominant; and allele for attached ear lobes likely to be recessive; not codominance as no intermediates. [max 2] beaks feathers; wings; B] b there are no distinct categories; individuals can have any wing length within the range from 63 or less to 70 or more; (2) 1i_ for example: body mass / body length / beak length; a (Cope 9Vuaon snr ecion Arvest usions© {the largest number of birds trapped has ‘wing lengths of 66 or 67 cm; suggesting that most birds had these wing lengths; comparative data quoted for birds with these wing lengths and others: birds with these wing lengths had greater mean ages when trapped; suggesting that they lived longer than others; comparative age data quoted for birds with these wing lengths and others, {max 4] repeat measurements for a larger number of birds; repeat in countries other than Sweden; check wing lengths of birds that are breeding; (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley follow individual marked birds throughout their lives to measure wing length and length of lifes measure the wing length of dead birds; [max 3] birds with this wing length survive for longer; more likely to reproduce; than birds with smaller wings; ‘wing length determined by, genes / alleles; which are passed on to offspring; [max 4] (haper 9:Vraton nd tal slacionAnowers onthe qustons =Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 20: Organisms and their environment 1a tomake carbohydrates, fats and proteins b by photosynthesis; carbon dioxide from the air is used to make carbohydrates © They are given out from the plant as carbon, dioxide. They break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other carbon-containing materials in dead “organisms or waste products from them; they then respite, giving out carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. A producer is an organism that makes its own ‘organic food materials from inorganic ones; plants are producers, as they make organic nutrients by photosynthesis. A consumer is an organism that depends on organic nutrients ‘made by producers; animals and fungi are consumers. b A primary consumer obtains its energy by feeding on plants; it isa herbivore. A secondary consumer obtains its energy by feeding on primary consumers; itis a carnivore. © A community is all the organisms, ofall the different species, living together in the same place at the same time. A population is all the ‘organisms of one species, living together in the same place at the same time and able to breed with one another. A food chain shows how energy is transferred from one organism to another, showing only one species at each trophic level. A food web shows ‘many interlinking food chains, with more than one species shown at each trophic level © A pyramid of biomass is a type of graph that uses the sizes of bars to represent the biomass ofall (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy the organisms at each trophic level. pyramid of numbers is a type of graph that uses the sizes of bars to represent the numbers of all the organisms at each trophic level. In both cases, the bars are stacked centrally on each other, with producers at the base and top consumers at the apex. to make amino acids, and therefore proteins bb Nitrogen gas in the air i in the form N,, and is highly unreactive. The gas simply diffuses into their bodies and out again without ever getting involved in any metabolic reactions or becoming part of their bodies. © the conversion of unreactive N, toa more reactive form, such as nitrate, NO; 4. Some live in root nodules of leguminous plants; others live free in the soil. by eating plants or other animals, and getting proteins from them £ They convert ammonia NH,, to nitrate NO;. denitrfying bacteria 4 ai nitrates {i nitrogen gas ili proteins bb There are many different ways the diagram could be constructed, but it should show: ‘© 'N; in the air and dissolved in water «© blue-green algae instead of bacteria carrying out nitrogen fixation ‘© proteins in blue-green algae instead of in plants ‘© a marine animal instead of the cow ‘+ reference to sea water or sediments instead of soil. (hap 20 Orie ad ter cvoment Annes tence questions =“The lower curve represents ladybirds and the higher curve aphids. Ladybirds are predators, so are present in smaller numbers than their prey. ‘The population size of each organism affects that of the other. When the aphid population rises, this provides more food for ladybirds, so their population rises too. This reduces the aphid population, which falls, so the ladybird population also falls ‘There is a time lag between the change in one population and the other, so the two curves are not quite in synchrony with each other. i sunlight; a) it (1) il chemical energy; i respiration; movement / muscle contraction; active transport; generating heat to keep the body warm; transmission of nerve impulses; building large molecules from small [max 3] ithe food web should show an arrow going from the wildebeest to ticks, another arrow going from the ticks to the oxpeckers; and an arrow going from the wildebeest to the oxypeckers; i) ii energy is lost between trophic levels; 90% of energy lost / only 10% of energy passed on; (© Cambri Unvsty Pres 2014 GCSE Bley Jost, in respiration / as heat; so fewer organisms can be supported at each trophic levels 7 a carbon; hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen; sulfur; b nitrogen-fixing bacteria; convert nitrogen from the air; to ammonium ions / NH,*s which can be used to make amino acids; © decomposers; break down proteins in the plant; to amino acids; then to, urea / ammonia; nitrifying bacteria: convert ammonia to nitrate ions; light intensity; water; temperature; carbon dioxide concentration; © only a few aphids present at first, so even when they reproduced they produced only a small number of offspring; soya plants still small at start; so not much food for the aphids; aphids have to become adult before they can start to breeds (haps 2 Organs sd tes entoment Anwar tent cape quests [max 3] [max 4] [max 3] [max 3] [max 3]Answers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 21: Biotechnology 1 fungus, ethanol, carbon dioxide, biofuel, amylase, maltose, carbon dioxide 2 a They cut DNA. This is done to cut out the desired gene, and then to cut a plasmid so that the desired gene can be inserted into it, The restriction enzymes leave sticky ends, which will help to ‘stick’ the desired gene into the plasmid. This is used to join two pieces of DNA together, in particular to join the desired gene to plasmid DNA. ¢ Plasmids are used to transfer the desired gene into a bacterial cell. 3a selective breeding involves choosing two parents with desited characteristics to breed; repeated over several generations; no knowledge of the genes involved in producing the characteristics is needed; ‘genetic engineering involves identifying a particular gene; extracting the gene and placing it into another organism; selective breeding can be done by anyone, but genetic engineering requires specialist laboratory facilities; selective breeding has been done for thousands of years but genetic engineering is a recent innovation; {max 5] the example should include: the name of the crop plant that has been genetically engineered; the new feature that has been introduced to it; an outline of how this was done (eg, the source ofthe introduced gene); how the process has led to increased yields; [4] © answers will vary according to the example used: credit should be given to statements about three different advantages: (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy statements about three different disadvantagesss [max 5] water jacket: to keep the contents of the fermenter cook, so that enzymes can work effectively; temperature will tend to rise because the fungus releases heat; as it respires; acids or alkalis to provide optimum pH for enzyme activi pH may change as the fungus produces new substances; (6) i 40 to 0 hours; a) ii mitosis; a) iii, limiting factors; not enough nutrients; reproduction rate becomes less than death rate; penicillin may inhibit the growth of the fungus; {max 3] {fungus grows when there is no penicillin present; from 0 to 20 hours; 2) {i quantity of penicillin is no longer increasing; a) ‘medicine must be pure or may cause, illness / side effects; must make sure every batch of penicillin is the same; remove fungus; remove, acids / alkalis; [max 3] they act on cell walls; which bacteria have but viruses do not have; [2] (haper21:Botecelogy Ansers tend chapter questnsAnswers to end-of-chapter questions Chapter 22: Humans and the environment ila i_ make amino acids / make proteins; ay ii soil may be short of nitrates; crop will not grow well if short of nitrates / yields will be small, 2] nitrates will encourage growth of, plants / algae; ‘which will block out light deeper in the waters plants eventually die; bacteria feed on the dead plants; bacteria respire aerobically; ‘use up oxygen from the water; animals will, leave / die, because they do not have enough oxygen; [max 5] i pollination; i) ii eat leaves / suck sap /eat grain / spread viruses, 1) insects have become resistant to the insecticide; reference to natural selection / selection pressure; variation within the insect population; ‘one or more individuals happened to be able to survive the insecticide; so these reproduced; and passed on their genes to their offspring; [max] ‘grow a mixture of crops instead of just one types ‘grow different crops in the field each year; encourage predators of the pests to live in the field (by providing suitable conditions for them); remove pest insects by hand cover the crop to prevent insect pests getting access to it; [max 3] photosynthesis by aquatic plants; dissolving from the ait; pI (© Cambridge Univesity Press 2014 GCSE Blogy bb bacteria feed on the sewage; so their populations increase; bacteria respire; aerobically; use up oxygen from the water; © {increasing quantities of untreated sewage running into the river; build-up of nutrients in the water; so larger bacteria populations used up ‘more oxygen; {i sewage treated before entering the river; fewer nutrients for bacteria; so fewer bacteria / less use of oxygen by bacterias 4d they would die / leave the river; cause unpleasant smells, introduce pathogens to the water that could cause disease in humans; eg, cholera bacterium; eg. polio virus; other example of water-borne disease- causing organism; ‘haper 22: amass the evnment Arner ten chaper questions [max 4] [max 2] [max 2] [max 2]