ec FE, POINTS lene PT Gata a aa gd CULTS)fj deny FINDING OUT Page HISTORY: The 100 Years War rg SCIENCE OF LIFE: Mammals onthe move 484 ‘Keeping warm set SCIENCE OF SPACE: Into space! 36 PUZZLE PAGE 37 QUIZ PAGE 38 ACHIEVEMENTS: Christopher Columbus 339 ENGLISH: Mare rhymes 40 GREEK MYTHS; Helea of Sparca a ARTS AND CRAFTS: Thisgs to do 4 MATHEMATICS: Volusse 45 WORLD AFFAIRS: The Uaited Netions—2 496 GEOGRAPHY: Coral Islands sea 3 Parl and Sea, Lid. BARRE oer Sat cat, Guy Hote, |g Reraman rec, London, Wels (Teh Mlevfatr 6863) Pastel fe Gret Brain Scoraxn kerr her proud independence from England after the Battle of Bannockburn (riNDIG avT No, 20), There were no mare English efforts to conquer Scotland. ‘This was because England was at war with France. ‘As the war started in 1337 and did not end uncil 1453, it has been called the Hundred Years War, though there were many years when there was no fighting, ‘The English found that the French weee catier to best than the Scots, France, too, was a much richer country than ‘Scotland, and so fighting there brought home much more plunder, England was always the anacking country in the Hundred Years Wat, King Edward 111 of England thought he had a good reason ta claim the French throne. So he called himself King of France. And he added the French royal lilies ~or fleurr-de-listo the royal stan dird of England, For nearly soo years the Kings of England went on calling themselves Kings of France long, long after they had been driven out of every bit of France. ‘Ail through the war, England was never in danger of 4 serious invasion fom France, though the dishing Ports of the souch coast were sometimes attacked and fburot down by French raiders, Rye was burat down 482 four times, Hastings tice, and Winchelsea twice, as well as Dover, Portsmouth and Southampcon, Ply- mouth and Dartmouth, But the sailors ia. the English ports usually replied quickly with 2 raid across the (Channel on a Freach port. ‘These crossechannel raids were almost like a sporting event! If the French carried off the church bells from Rye, che Rye sailors planned a raid to bring them home again. ‘After a sea Tarte st Sluys, however, the French were never strong enough at sea to bring across an. army. So all the land fighting was in France. The damage from the war was done in France, and this certainly made the war popular in Eaglind. AU through the hundred years nobody in England wanted to stop the war, though Englishmen had some bicter feelings about their leaders when the war went badly for them. There were only a few hig battles during the hundred years, King Edward IU in his first campaign woo a great victory at Crecy, on August 26th, 1346. There ‘were many more men in the French army than in the English army, tut Edward and his army chiefs had worked our a new way of winning battles. Edward's grandfinher, Edward T, had found out during, ‘is wars in Wales that the Welsh had invented a new sort of bow. Ir was six feet long, and was bent back ‘with the whole weight of the body instead of by just the strength of the arm, This longbow could shoot an arrow with such force that it could kill a horse at a distance of aso yards ‘Edward IIT hired Welsh archers and tained English Villagers wo shoot accurately’ with this longbow. At she baie of Crecy two-thirds of his army were archers,SEAL eee At Agincourt, French knights met a des shoots af ants fom Engh goes, i Ste Buc the French knew only one way of winning a battle, ‘That was by a great cavalry charge of armoured knights fom horseback, Tr was the way thar all bertles had been won ever since the Bale of Hastings, 280 years carl Bot when the French knights charged at Crecy, a sudden thick shower of arrows aimed at their horses sent the ‘knights rolling on the ground, “The weapon that won the Battle of Crecy in 1346 woo another Battle at Poitiers To years later. In this battle the French King was caprured and taken to London asa prisoner, Amd the longbow won a ehird famous vvietory at Agincourt in 1g1s when King Henry V took an ammy to France, The Freach never learned to make or usc the longbow. Nor did any other counery, Ie remained a weapon that only the English and Welsh knew how to use, (See bosk cover) ‘The French knights tried to protect themselves from the deadly arrows by making their ermaur stronger, ‘They almost shut themselves up in a suit of iron. But this better atmour was also very much heavier. It often happened that when knights were suddenly un- horsed, they suffocated in the crash or drowned in shallow puddles. This was because they were s0 help- ‘ess off their horses, ‘They weighed much too auch to ‘be able to mount their horses again without help! ‘There was only one way for the French to avoid defeat = and that Was stot to fight battle ‘Though there were few other famous battles, the war ‘went on all over France, Each English noble hired his enn company of archers and marched throwgh France. ‘The English soldiers sacked towns and villages. They ‘often burned down the houses. They stole gold and. silver plate and other valuable things fiom big houses pete. and monasteries, and sent the loot back to Englind. ‘They tock prisoner any rich knight they could, and seat him, too, back to England until his villagers could raise ‘enough money to pay a ransom for his release, ‘Loot and ransom made the war very worthwhile for the English. It brought great damage and poverty to the French, And nobody bothered to take prisoner anyone too poor to pay ransom money. On sae occasion 12,000 old men and wemen and children were left to starve and freeze to death berween the army of Heary V and a French town that he was besieging, Tn time the Freach fought more desperately than the English. ‘They learned to hate the English for what they bad done to their beautiful country, Questions 1. Name a battle won by Edward iF and a battle won by lemry V. 2. What was the new weapon the English used? 3. Hor did they wie it? 4 Why mas Setter crmour not a wery good anmzer fo the sno Erglich §. Why was the 100 Years War much more profitable Jor the English than for the Brenck? Answers on page 499. . 3[Seance or Ure}Mammals on the move ‘MEN Have watched the migrations of animals for all Sorts of reasons. Sometimes they watched because the animals meant food. In northern Canada there ore ‘herds of caribou which wander in the summer over the Great Barrens which are so cold that no trees grow there. ‘Caribou feed on licheas which can grow in thest cold, ‘dry parts. But when the winter snows come, the lichens are covered up, ‘Then the caribou start their trek south- wards. ‘They follow paths which have been used by hem for hundreds of years, ‘These migratory catibou were hunted by the Eskimo, who needed the meat to staré for the long, cold wintcr If the caribou did not ceme for some reason, many Eskimoes would dic of hunger that winter, But even though some were Killed, the rest of the herds wenc southwards as they still de today. For to the south lies the shelter of trees, where food is easier to get than fanther north. In the spring the caribou mave north again into the Great Barrens after the snow has melted. ‘Even mammals that live in the sea swim lang distances in spring and autumn, just as fish do. The Pribilof islands off Alaska are the seene of the yearly gather ing of Albskan fur seals, ‘These are their musscries, for the young are bora there. When they are ald enough, the young seals set off with their mothers 9 swim some three thousand miles south to the warmer waters off the coasts of Califernia. The male seals do not sirim so far. ‘They stay around the Aleutian islands. Each year females and young males come up from their winter home, ‘They swim north to join the older males oa the Pribilof islands once again, Every three or four years, people in southern Norway sce hundreds of small brown rat-like animals, ‘They are lemmings, Usually they live in the mountains, but at these times they spread out ia their thousands over the countryside, They run on, mainly by night, until they come to the sea. On their way, magy of the lemmings die. Bur even the survivors are doomed, for they run into the sea, swim out and drown, It was once believed thot these lemmings ace trying to migrate to some place which many years age was on dry land, but which is now below the sea, This is not trae. What hoppens is thax every three of four years the number of lemmings in the mountains gets too large and they are overcrowded. Most of them run down into the Jowlands, Some stay behind, of course. ‘They are the ones which will have more young so that the whole thing starts again. This is not real migration, for the lemmings do not 0 buck into the mountains. Qur ideas about the migra tion of mammals are not very complete, Scientists do not know very much sbour how animals find their ‘way, whether they arc caribou, seals or whales, And even when scientists loak at the way dogs or horses ‘un find theie way home they get linle help, ‘Newspapers often have reports of eats and dogs which hhave gone buck t0 theic oid homes after their owners have moved. Bur no one has followed any of these animals om their long walks to see the direction in which they went, Did they go straight to the old howse of did they wander about? Horses are also ssid to be able to fiad their way home, A Gesmsin scientist did watch two of his dogs in the city of Munich. He took them to parts of the ety to which he was sure they had not been before. ‘Then he Jet them go and followed them Keeping our of sight, of course, They went home without wandering about. They seemed to kaow the direction in which ehey should go. When he took one dog back to the place he fad Jet hee go before and followed her again, the dog went ia the right direction. But she went home through different street from thase she had followed before, Like the young birds on their first migration, the dog scemed to know the right direction, but nt the right patk, Esch tinke she went back a different way, Whether the dogs used their eyes was not tested. Horses taken into country which they did not know could only find their way back if they had scen the Way they came, If they were blindfolded when they were led our they wandered about and were quite unable to tell the right direction, home. Flacks of birds are not led by older birds when they migrate, but herds of mammals like earibou probably ae, ‘The older males rule the herd and probably act as guides, They learn the way from their parents, Their children learn it from them, and so on. Perhaps this explains how mammals find their way when they wigrate, ats(ScitNCr oF Srac INTO SPACE! WITnE TIE KIXT ten years, mat will probably Hy othe ‘moon and lanl there in a space-ship, “The stories Ue first spacemnen hve to tell will be hilling, Rackets will also go to Venus and Mats to 4 of what these planets are really like, “Ihe pictures sent back by Ue rockets will be exciting te look at, We will soon be living in the Space Age. 1t will be the Aye when man finds out how to travel thtouph outer space, antl begins to explore i ‘Before man can teavel ia. space, he must first Learn how to escape from the carth, It isn't casy to do this and it has taken a long time to find nut how, But now we ‘know it can be done by using rockets, When you thraw a stone up into the air, it drops back, to earth again because of the pull of gravity. ‘The you throw it, the higher it goes, of course, Tul it sluays drops to carth again. Gravity is a very powerful pull, A stone would have to be thrown up very hard. indecd to get away from the pull of gravity completely. ‘This i why ic is dificule to escape feom the earth into outer spacc, A stone would have 10 be thrown up at a speed of 23,000 miles per howe to escape! Even the strongest rman in the world could not do this, Even te fastest jet aeroplane in the world goca very slowly compared with this, It és difficult to imagine how it can be done at al But scientists have now won this battle over gravity, ‘They hhave made rockets powerful enough to go so fast that they escape from the pull of the earth's gravity. Ha stone could be thrown up at only 18,000 miles per hour, it would noteseaperight away from gravity. Bux this 3,000 mip-he Instead, ceatihy just like the rion, bi never ju You can nee this in the piuture below. To tke a spacesshipy inte funter spravey on ie way te the revo or Veni, never e needed, "Weese ate Fircel elf ine reap, one alter cre 1 spuce-shipy Heyes the prune ap ot sneer fa, to be wery power fast that spacemen have to be specially (rained vo stand the shock, Men fave alrealy fised off into. spuce in ships. They were ot fired off fast enough to excape right away fram the earth. They were fired off just fart enough 1 make their sy ship go round and rownd the earth, What an exciting day it will be when man first sels font om the moon! Que 1. Why is it dficute scape fram the earthe 2. Waa tlt apport rocket feed agp al 154000 miles cr user? Answers on page 49%) Abe: Spacesship Prine ship 7 rows launched by an Ailes rocked with Colonel Toh Glew owt baatd, Ht ‘went round the earth three times in five Buses. The spaceman in his iy cabin,\ PUZZLE PAGE Odd Man Out Which i he odd man our? Examples Sea Iske river scram bridge Anse: Bridge 1. Window frame glass: sash view 2Cup mug beer, vase beaker 3: Nephew nice fatber san. daughterWhich of these w the hardest? fa) oak (hy walnut {c) teak (ad) pine, Which of these countries not im Scandinavia? (a) Volland (by) Norwa (e) Denm: {a} Sweden, 3. Which ocean dacs Tokyo rl? (a) Adantic tb) Pacific (o} Arce (a) Indian, 1 What isa siesta? ating drink (€) a est in the middle of the day (2) a feast day. ;- What countey did Hans Christian sAndersen come fron? (a) Denmaek (h) Sweden (6) Norway (8) Germany. 6. Which country is the world's Iargest producer ‘of wool? (a) New Zealand (b) Australia (6) South Africa (a) Brazil, 7 What is an oasis? {) a kind of date (b) a warm wind (6) an Arab horseman (a) a desert water-hole, 4 Whieh of these is not a capital city? fa) Mah fh) Athens fe) Buen Aizes (4) Johannesburg. What is “burying the Inatehet'"? (2) Forgetting a quarrel thy a blow fe) anendi funeral {a} keeping, chickens, Whofoughtayinst David? fa) Sataucl fb) Abab {6} Solomon Goliath, What are hacteria® 4a) small germs (6) 2 kind of camel . In which spert da you have bail? (4) quash (b) cricket {6} ice hockey (8) palo, |. Which animal runs fastest? (a) hare (b) cheetah (€) greyhound (2) giraffe. |. Who painted the Mona Lisa? (a) Rembrandt (b) Michelangelo (c} Leonardo da Vinei {d) Pics. . What famous city was once called Consuntino- (d) Alezandaia. j. What de study? fa} the planets (b) 7 (ch the weather {d) plants. 2» How many colours at there in the rainbow? (ah 7 (b) 10 (ote (d) 5. p. When is 2 flag flown at half-mast? day of grest ee jicing (8) when a chip is about u (e) when an admiral is on board (4) as & marke of reapect for sormtone who has just died. . What dots A.D. stand fur in counting years? fa) At Death (b) After Deduction (c) Ascension Day (a) Anno Domini . A collection of cows is called a herd. What is the name for 2 collection of these? (a) playing cards (b) grapes (6) porpoises (4) ships fe) hounds. Answers on page 49%.In riig ngtit century the Atlantic Gcenn was. huge mys- terious sea which terrified sailors, Nobody knew what lay on the other side of it, and many people though it went on for ever. For in those days nearly everyone thought the world was flat, But there were some clever men who were certain thar the world was round, One of these was an Teallan navigator called Christopher Columbus, Navigators had for a long time been trying to Find a quicker and safer route from Europe to Asia. For the merchants of Europe longed to see the great riches which the traveller, Marco Pola, had discovered two centuries before, Marco Polo had travelled easiurds to China, across the deserts of Persia and the mountuins of India. ‘And the journey had tuken him theee yeas, Columbus was certain that he could reacirChina much more quickly by sailing restarts across the unexplored sea, “IE the carth is round,” he argued, “thea Asia must Tic on the other side.” Columbus needed ships and money for his great udven- ture, First he cried King John of Portugal. Bur it was the Spanish King and Queen, Ferdinand and Isabella, who finally agreed to help him. For they were tempted by the thought of Eastern gold and rich mew eclonis. So om Seprember 6th, 1492, afler weeks of careful pre= parutions, Colombus set out from the Cantey Isles = for Asia! He took with him three tiny ships, the Santa Marie ‘of r¢0 tons, and two other ships which were even smaller, And he only Ind the simplest kind of compass to keep him on his course. More worrying still, hs stilors had-no faith in him, From the very first day at sea they were frightened, But when the compass began to Play strange tricks they became terrified, ‘They Delieved they were lost on the great empty ocean, ond when alter 56 days here was still no sign af land, they became mutinoys, Te was n dangerous moment for Columbus. For sccretly ‘he, too, wis frightened, Hie had expected to teach A days before, for he thought the world was much smaller than it really is, But he decided 1 go on, even at the tisk of being murdered by the sailors. Then one day he saw floating towards him a branch swith berties on it. At last he Ancto that land was near ‘And he told his sailors that if they did not sight land in thee days time they could Rill hin if they wanted to, By the end of October he had discovered Haiti and several other islands in the Cacibbean, Hut a few msiths later he returned proudly to Spain saying that he had renched Asia! He really believed these islands were off the coast of Tndia, so he called. them the West Indies, ‘Without knowing it Christopher Columbus had. covered Americal = E i‘The Last punctuation mark you learned to use was the comma (,). This, like all punctsation marke, helps you to make your sncaning clear to the reader. Does the following old zhyme make sense read sloud 2 it is written, hat is, with slight pauses only after eack T saw a peacock exith a fiery tail, T saw a blazing contet drop dann ily Tate a cloud wrapped with ivy round, Tate an oak creep along the ground Tra a small ant sallow up a whale, T saw the sca brim of ale, J sau a Venice glare foll fifteen fathom deep, J new.a well full of men’s tears that seep, J saw red eyes al! of a flaming fire, Tsaz a house bigger than the maon aad higher, Lsoeo the arn at reel o'clock at night, Tsaw the man that saw this wondrous sight ‘Now write the chyme aut, but move the comma at the end of each line back behind the first nou in that line, ‘Then read the verse aloud again, 490 Be sure, as before, to make a alight pause only after the commar. Here are the first two-and-a-half Lines done for you: Isat a peacock, with a fiery tail 4 sw Maing comer cop deen ai Liaw @ lovdy «ver Doesthehyme make beter sease now? Yes, ofcourse it dors. Do you agree that this is an amusing way of showing how important purting the commas in the correct places can be? ‘That one is a fairly well-known rhyme, Here is a less welleknown one which works in exactly the same way. T sae a fuhpond all on fire, sam a Rouse bots to a squire, {saw a parton twelve fect high, saw a cottage in the shy, T saw a bailson made of fac, Tsaw a afin drop dewe dead, J saw two peacoeks run a race, J saw two horses making Jace, T saw a gir? jut ike a eat, Taw a Bitton wear a hat, Taw amon wha saw thee foo, “And said though strange they all were true, ‘You can lea 2 good deal about words by tr write lite poems yourselves. That was why some time ago-we asked you to 3¢é if you could make up a limerick. An amusing thing to do is to mke a simple pocm you know well and try to moake humarows imitation of it Mary hed a Tittle lamb, Its fleece war twhite as sna, And everywhere that Mary went, Tie teonb esas sure 10 go, But do you know this imitation? Mary had a Tittle Fen, Its fleece war Black as soot, And everywhere that Mary went, Tis scoty foot it put,Such humorous imitations are called. parodies. Notice that a parody should be the same patiern as the original The parera of owe nursery-rhyme is as follows: Mary Had a dite lan, Leon dts fleece was white a1 snow, And everywhere that Mary went, Bee. kA ‘The lamb was sure 10 go. Now copy the parody and see whether it ts the pawtern by marking the strong stresses () and the tocak séresees (x) aver each syllable as we have done, ‘Notioe alsa if the rhyme-rcheme is dhe same - only the second and fourth lines rhyme (snow - go). Try to write some parodies of this nursery-chyme. Practise by completing these first: (@) Mary had a Bide lamb, ts Beat seas sharp and, (And everyohere that Mary wendy Thay drew an angry... (by) Ali had a make for pet, is jac were Large and wide, Asad s0 when Ali. We knees he'd gone. Now try making up some parodies of your own on this or any other nursery rhyme, Pechaps you have read, or have had read ro you, parts of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem, The Song of Hiauatta, However much you enjoyed the poem, you will equally enjoy this very clever parody. ‘The Modera Hiawatha Wher he dalled the Madoc, Of the skin he made him mitienty ‘Made them sith the fur side inside, ‘Made them with the shin site outside, He, to get the soarm sie inside, ‘Put the inside skin side outsides ‘He, fo pet the eed side outride, Put the toarm side fur side inside, That's why he put fur side inside, ‘Why he put the skin side outside, Why he turned them inside cutcide, How quickly could you memorise this piece? Tt pro- vides a good test that iS partly why we chose it. You ‘may alo like to put ic in your book of humorous verse, There was a-young girl in the choir, Whose voice rose up higher and higher, Till one Sunday night, He rove ont of sight, And they found it next day on the spire. There eas an old man teh averred He bod learned hots ta fly ike a bird. Cheered by thossands of people He leapt from the steeple = Tihs for states the date it eccurred, ‘As well as putting them in your book, you might like to make up a story based on the second one. Think what humorous piece you could make it!Helen of Sparta ‘The wosr beautiful woman ia the ‘Queen of Sparta, Aphrodite had pr the Trojan. She was so lovely that even while aa gitl her Beauty became famous throughout all She was so beautifie, indeed told about her bieth, er m {fl enough, but there was somethi Helen. She was as beautiful as if Immorals, So it was whispered that Zeus have been her father; and there were stran white swan and of'a magic egg aut of whic been hatched, Bur she grew up as ap atdinary girl in lov under the shadow of Mount Taygerus, This mous astern foot, Helen had one sister of her own 3g ‘Clyremnestra, no more beautiful than ordinary she had two elder brethers, €astor and Polpid ‘When she was twelve, however, and aleeady famous for hee beauty, the ald king of Athens, Theseus, same and stole her away, He shut her up in a castle near Athens, meaning to make her his wife when she was older. But her brothers came and rescued her, and brought her ba to Sparta, There she was more carefully guarded than before. When she was old enough to be married, het father, King Tyndireus, became very worried. All the young Kings and princes from the different parts of Greece came wooing her; and they east angry looks at one another, and tuttered threats if any seemed a serious rival, ‘Haw can T choate 4 husband for Helen?” cried Tya- dares in despair, "It will mean war at once amongst afl these rival princes. And even if | give her to King Agi memnon of Mycenae, who is the overlord of many lesser princes, somone fram the north or the istands may steal her away, Or there will be a rebellion, ‘Then one of the princes, young Odysseus from the little island of Twhoka, who was already known to be wise and cunning beyond his years, drew Tyndarews aside and sui: “My lord, if 1 tell you how to make sure that ne king of Greece or the islands will stcal Helen, or stir up a war, will you give me your nicee Penelope to be my wife? It is her for whom Uhave come, not Helens and we love ouc another." ‘Tyndareus promised readily, und Odlysveus all the wooers swear a mast solemn eath to abide by your hoice, And tell them to come with all ei “Ships and men to rescue Helen if' she is stolen, hit make your choice. And if you ask my udvice, give her to. Agamem- non’s brother, Menelaus, so that he may become king of[eREEy wYTHS]) # nh Sparta.” For Castor and Polydeuces had both been killed recently ina war. ‘Tyndareus did as Odysseus suggested. All the vooers swore the oath and seemed prepared to Kcep it, And so he gave Helen to young, handsome Menelaus, and there was a great wedding (east, ‘When all the other princes and kings were gone, Tya~ darcus gave up the throne to Menelaus and retired, as kings so often did in those days, ‘Menelius and Helen lived happily for some years. Their daughter Hermione was running about and their son Nicastratus was only a baby, when a visiver came from ‘over the astern sea. Paris, the prince of ‘Troy, landed from. his tall ship and rove ina chariot the 36 miles inland to the eity of Sparta, ‘There Menelaus and Helen welcomed him and feasved im royally, He said that he came en 2 mission of friendship tothekings of Greece, Menelaus believed him, and bade him stay as long as be liked. Paris loved Helen the moment he saw her, and decided to carry her off. For of course he had sworn no oath. His chance came soan, when Menelaus was called away fora few days, ‘Then Aphrodite, trae to her promise, cast a spell on Helen so that che forgot for a while that she was married to Menclaus, She forgot her daughter Her- mione and the happy life in Sparta, and she fled away in the moonlight with Paris, as ifn a dream, Hut she took with ber the baby Dicostratus and one faithful slave, old ‘Acthaa, the mother of Theseus. Before the morning they were on the swift ship sailing away towards Troy. And when Menelaus terurned that day, he found the palace in confusion and the golden Helen. goce. oFATS FT CRATE] THINGS TO DO _ Making prints ‘Tens ts one way of making a print which will cost you practically nothing, All you need is s piece of glass or a flat metal sheet to start with. On 40 this you paint 3 picture that you want ta print with thick poster calour co cil eolowe, When you put this on, you cam do it with a brush, or, if yau lke, you esa have more fon by using other home-made tools. These san be pieces of card- board cut into different shapes, old nails, small picees of cntton wool or coatse sand-paper. With such things you can make all kinds of exciting textures in the colour. ‘After you have finished your picture, you can make a Print, To do this, simply lay a clean picce of white Paper over your picture. Smooth it down firmly wi your hand, and then, carefully lifting one edge, pull it ‘way from the glass. With prints like this you often get very exciting results by secideat! Sos OF Yat may have seen what are called silhouctre picnures. A hundred years ago our great-great-gtand- fathers Liked to have picrares done in this way. Today you can easily build up an amusing border picture for your room. All you need 38 a long piece of black paper, some smaller sheets of white paper, some paste and selsors, What you will be making will be those old- fashioned sithouerte pictures in reverse. A good idea is to choose a particular subject, such as the sea-side, the farm, or a garden. \ When you come to make your animals, wees, boats and other things, chey can either be torn or cur with the scissors Lay the figures down on a sheet of old newspaper, and then paste all over the back. Make sure that the back is all covered with paste 50 that the figures do not curl up at the edges. Now pick chem up carefully and stick them in their right places oo the black Paper.Tite ExrERISUESTS that we talked about last week are 10 do with colin. We have scen how volumes can be cam= pared. Hut how do we meante volume? What units do we use? ‘These coloured dots are exactly one inch apart. Now let us draw two more to make a small square. The line joining the four dots now encloses one square inch of paper, ‘Suppose we now come up from the paper one inch from cach dot. You could do this with matchsticks. We would now hve a little cube, Each side would be one inch long. Inside this cube there would be some air. We say that its volume is ane cubic inch. We use cubic units to measure volume. If we use some wooden cubie inches, you ean ice how the same volume can have many different shapes, Look at the drawing below and those at the top of the next column, Each of the shapes is made up of 8 cubic inches. See how different they are. A cubic foot is much larger out a cubic foot of earth from the gardes quite a big mound. Look round st home ind sex poo. aa find shapes that have a vol ‘One yard is three times as bong a8 oo cubic yard is 27 times as big as Sa cubic yard i a big volume, Cas you od anything at home that has a volume of about exe cubs: yard? How many cubic inches are needed to make one cubic foot? This is a question you can answer for yourself You should wie mathematicn to find the answer. Lf you try to build « cubie {uot out of cubic inches you will need mote than you think!ro | The United Nations 2 Jr vou travelled round the world, you would see members of the United Nations Organisation at work in almost every country. You wonld see diplomats, doctors, teachers, veterinary surgeons, engineers, scientists, and many other experts. All of them are using their skills co help those in need, There are more than a thousand million ehildren in the world teday. About hree-quarters of them live in countries which are too poor to provide the food, 2ealth services and schooling they need, The United Nations bas an organisation, called UNICEF, which countries to look after their children. It provides for food, schools and clinics. In 1961, UNICEF help ‘over a hundred countries, and about 57 million childr and their mothers. UNICEF works in close wuch with ether United ‘Nations agencies which deal with problems of agriculture, hhealth and education, ‘The Food acd Agricultural Organisation (FAQ) is saking plans to ensure that there will be enough food far money helped en the rapidly-growing population of the world. “There areTop: A UNICEF doctor exanuines a young Arab git Below: Young sculptors at a UNICEF art clas. ‘sow abour three thousand million people in the world. By the end of the century there will probably be twice that number, FAO officials are showing farmers how to make the best use oftheir land, From their headquarters in Rome, they are arranging for countries which produce more food than they need to send their 5 to less forrunme nations. If everyone had cnough to eat, there would be less disease. Health problems are the concern of the World Health Organisation (WHO), ‘This organisation sends ‘capers (9 all parts of the world to help governments to build up their health services. They train doctors and ‘urs6s, and show new ways to attack disease. ‘Those who ‘work for WTO are sure that diseases which have troubled ‘mankind for centuries, such as malaria, leprosy and small- pox, can be completely wiped out if proper care is taken. ‘WHO was started in 1948, ‘If the work of the United Nation 1o succeed, men and women everywhere must be better educated. About 45 per cent of adults in the world cannot read or writes and there are 20 schools for morc thin 250 million (Wonto Arras) UNESCO is helping villagers in Cambodia to improve ther fog conaone | oa children. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) is urying to edu- ‘cae them. More colleges and schools ace being built, More teachers are being trained. Through newspopers, films, radio and_ television, UNESCO is showing how people live in different pacts ‘of the world, It is haped. this will lead to better under« standing between nations, ‘These are some of the ways in which the United ‘Nations is trying to solve world problems, Every year fresh efforts are being made 4 help more people to live happier and healthier lives. See what you can finn! out about the work af the United Nations in your own eountry. Questions 1, Name tw organisations eehich carry cut the cork of the United Nations, 2, How is the United Nasiont dealing with problems of unger aind disease? 3. What do the fatforsing: mican: WHO, UNESCO, FAQ? Ansters on page 499. owletter from LONDON Readers, Thave brea loeking at soone of the 1,400 prises which will be going to lucky wingers tn our painting competion. They really are splendid! ‘On my desk at the momect I have a great heap of at maccrials.” Everything inthis beap sill goto the Gint-prie winners in each group. There is an oilpaindag ease in Polished wood. Ia ie fs evecyuhing an anust reeds to paint in oils big tuber of pulat, turpenting, linseed oil, brushes, a pulene nite, a palette, ete ‘There is a big Water-colour box with 27 pans of colour, brushes ete. ‘There are cil “i Paton int Eile Pay eel, BA, ‘Stor Richard Eenetnt Elton fl Chaat, Ay ‘Norms Fike eA, Conertbutars De Jain Cant bes PED. Bice Ra Kane Gra Busty NA, ete: Bis) ioe de Hit Rta A. Pee oe BE Pion BSc, ARCS. 8:4. Wonbnan, fi Subscriptions Yow can sbsin toons ot on suuripton pom ‘gow aral cutagenr, ey ih ate of a pone ale eda lte laine pate and Pha price of 26 wpetty caps of enocg ser Titov londede ponege ead pack a Peat shel Be weno: Fine Our Coif Hens Povman Sty London W1. _ BeZk anierr con alia be ebicinel from dire she ahove ‘116 eaohe Binet are ‘ouaifetie at Sin anf 45h Add 313 for ettage dn! packing, a8 paint beards, paper, aris’ pads, a pes 1h and a eal erat? eel, Al id and 4 beautiful big book stow asus pa 05 t9 the Bot prize winners “The cueperisioa docs not dove unc] May 3st, so man af rou tll hve pleagy of Gene ‘stad ip your enti Our three questions ‘Last week Tsaid I auld prot the wioning cauy in anscer tp the Gree quastons we skein the very nt sus of Soine no, We bive bad lie and Iow ef ansmersy of sours, aad cay of thtzr have bons ey [ved indeed. We have had to uke age fae Hecoum, aad the winning caty comes (ros, Dyrid Blaiman, age 9, woo mint the Es Pe, David's answes ore on thi page THE eprroR What mates the sky blue? “Tae ay fos blot Beene of he oe sun Light is avid up ita the seven colours of tht ralabow. Blsefs onc of them, Te tir scars the sunlight in noth a Woy Che te see oe sather than any of tne othes Colours of the guttbore Spaceemen woo get shore the atmoephere sce Block sky a chite i o rt seater the soalghe Wy isthe sea salty? 1 oe Ye though ot he sea originally fresh bar got slowly aly dus ta the vets which tam into Ie The teats colle the salt as they flow over the na snd si acc a fs rat ruc is lepely acer which hay eroporsted from the fea, This idea was’ heenaly blediwd ay it would ‘ot acsoamt nate Story for all be sat comined ta the ses, ‘Scientists ow ink tho the sal conn fiom the interior of the earth. "Thy sa seas brought tothe surace by vokane ope beara Why do aeroplanes stay In the ais? Although a plane is much heavier dhan air siays ia the air due wo 3 farce called it". ‘The wings provide the lift in the following way. The plane moves forward, and as it does so the air Bou under and and ward 00 top and are almost fst undemea ‘The curve on the top of the sir Bowing ever the top to furher distance than the air Bow the wing, Therefore, in onder to rc ais passing undemeath the wing the uj air, which has the further distance to must move fauter. In daing 0 it lose. i Push on the upper wing and the lower wi i resting on a son of ais cushion, “The Underneath poshes up bar air pushes down. This i what & cl "Lit". “The plane muse Keep moving sgader to ereaté these air currents, euhermice it would fall down, a: there woul? by as Ui. ‘The faster the plane goes the miste Lf shere is. The propellers prov thrust, the force that aiakes the forward, Painting campetition rules 1 The cork submitted mage be sur completed wth the last che mn 2 You may ate any median exc calour, 3. Paper fncher By 25 aches By + Your ney name and soho! ative sat be learls ad on the Back of § You may choose yoo eubject frat on of the ovis sceniire i England. They mast aot be 1 Bp mare copyright af the gublshers of FINDA ovr,Answers to Questions Page 483—The 109 Yeats Warr 1. Greys ‘won by Edward 111 in 13495 Agiocoury, woo toy Henry Vin 143s. 3. The new English weapon as the laagbow, 3, They used ie to shoot down the horses of the charping cavalry. 4. Itwas not a good answer because the knights became so heavy that they were helpless when. nat on horseback, 5. Te was more profitable to the English because the war was fought in France and she English carried aff much plunder. Page 426—dnto Spacet:1.Hecauscof the pull cof graviry. s. It would fal back w earth again. Pope 487—Pussle Page: Shaper: Amd Boj; C=2; D=a; Bn3; For; Goa ‘Odd Aan Outs 1. View. 2. Beer. 3. Father, 4 Hawk, 5. Holidsy. 6, Hall, 7. Neat. B Stove. 9. Liver. 10. Easy, 11, Read, 1, Two. 1. Aden, 14 Durban. 15. Caspian. Picture Pazsle: 1. No leaves 00 tree. 2. No knothole in tree. 3. Two straps on basket, 4. Grass behind basket, s. No feather on hat. 6. Cloud missing. 7, Bind ing on rod, & Ope fin less om fsb. 9. Pattern on water, x0. Water-drep missing 11, Man's Ue, ing line. Page s68—Duiz Pages 1, (€)s 2 (2s 3 (09s 4. (095 5 (as 6 (Os (As 9. fs ro. (ds a4, (a) 2.4 recs (16. (oi £7 (3)5 18. (2s 30. 5 20. @) Pack, (b) Bunch. (¢} School. (d) Fleet. {c) Pack Page 497—The United Nasions 2: 1. UNI- CER, AO, WHO, UNESCO, 2, tit sbow- ing farmers how to make the best usc of their Iand, Ht also trains doctors and purses 3. World Heakh Organisstion; United Nosions Educational, Sciemiic and Culeral ‘Organisation; Food and Agricultural Organ- ‘saci, Page soomA Lag Pussle: Bleu, spon, persevere, sandhich, elephant, provision, aspire, catapult, conspire, bodkin, adjust, alligator ‘Clues Across ‘Clues Dows, lack «pitch we ve iby brother. 34, Aer May. tf. Fite 13, Run. 2 Ad, 22, BS! 4, A piece of wood aftca. burnt on fires. 3. Musical instrament that i ‘eaten with a suck. q. A national tune, 6. We write with thi, 7. As 1. Sigaal of aa. A bird does this at night Fo'pases, 19. A group of eae. 32, Unhappy. 23. She is my sitet. sed For colouring cloth, ‘Page $0t—Keeping Warm: 1, Between gS.and 99 degrees Fabrenbsit. 2. Because late of tiny contractions of the museles take place. 3. Because of theis heavy wool eoit. ‘Page 503—Goral lilandi: 1, Because the sea is too cold, 2. Because the seed is enclosed ina water-tight shell char floats. 3. Beomse the waves break off pitees of coral and threw them up with the tide. 4. About an inch a year. Crossword Puzzle 1, To make or consttuct, 6, Juicy golden fruit, #. South-east (ebbeo vison. "46 Sudden rsh of nd. 1. Ya _ i 13, Exprcssion of sucprise. 15. Opposite af start”, 18, What the Digtabmetines cule. ti Anat mand fade bya kitten, 2, Tools are often kept here, 25, Used instead of Sai before a vowel. 26, One of the bloed vestels, 27. To rot Hr, Yau would rom a bose with this. er word for “thus”, 29. ‘The sound ross. - Water is to arinks as bread is 1q.c'A ear” spelt diferensy, 27. Answers to last week's crossword "River. §. Mat, 7. Enemy. 9. ead. 10, Mr, #2. Fan. 14. Tin. {5 Sup, 18.On, 20, Kol 3. Apple. 23. Tub, 24, Slant. Daren. Rell. 2, Veal, 3. End. 4: Re, 5. 5. Soft, 16. Te, 6'Torn. 8, M.A. 10. Tp. Plot. 19. Up. 26, HL 49eumberian Dy Glare Reilly ta iy Abicn Ace ig, Binoio 99 Cass thie Age f, Kean AIL these legs hace boon socom in half. But someone hat put the creng halves together A Log Puzzle pyain. Can you foi the right haleer apether te mnahe comple wards? Anicers om pond(seiance oF UE ‘uw Vou ever looked ata flock of sheep staniing i an icy wind? Perhaps you have thought hew wonderfully woot cvuts shiekd them from the okt, Yo a shosyr its sag is very important, It keeps in the heat so that the anioal is alvays warm, This is why. shevp, lke mest other large animals, are said te be sear Aisvind, Mumans, though they do not have wool goats Lkeshsep, are warm blocled animals, too, You may even know exactly dow warm blooded, for perhaps you have hast your (emperatie taken with a thermometer, If 50, you will Koow that, When You are well, the temperanure of your body is between 98 and o9 degrees Fahrenbeit, Posause humans do not have oaem “overcoats” Whe sheep, the heat of their bodies can estape very quickly through their uacovesed skin. To keep the heat in, and thus 1 keep wartn, most humans wear clothes. Sensfbly, they make many of their clothes from the woo! chat keeps sheep se warm, In addition, homans usually live in houses, oF buts, which keep out any eokd winds, Some- times these homes are warmed by fires, For if the air around is warm, mutch Jess heat is lost from the body than when the air is cold, Of qwurse it is often possible to Keep warm by exercise, We all get hot when we run about a lof, e¢ saw wood. Noteventhe strongestof us, however, can wockell the time. Quite soon we become too tived to keep wate in this way, esides these ways of keeping watm, there arc two other ways which work without our doing anything about it. ‘You wil know that when you are-cold you begie to shiver. “These strange movements are due to lots of tiny con- ‘yractions of the euscles. Although these contractions do mot move the joints, they are still a form of muscular work. Muscular work always makes heat, and this is -exactly what the contractions do, But they seldom seem to make very mucl Anotler thing that happens when we are cold (though not when We are very cold), is that the skin becomes pale, ‘The blue vein just under the skin shrink until they are tracdly visible, Only a little bload then flows through the skin. As a result, the skin goals and very litle heat is lost from it, Comparcd swith sheep, humons sometimes find it dllficuls wv keep warm, Sometimes, however, the wenther problem of keeping coo! than in the prablem of keeping warm. ‘Those of you who live its teepical countries. vill nour this only too well, Fortunately there nre ways. of keeping evo!, too, Quite toon we will tell you something athout them, ot that we become much more interested in the habe ‘Questions What ir the narmal temperature of the human body? 2. Why da we shiver then re are cold? 3, Why can sheep withstand cold meather 10 much elder than Ramat -Ansoers an page 499. sot[GEoGRariy) the ocean of miles from one sland before all the islands. of the Pacific were ocewjt fe any Enropean even i were occupied BYP thei in flimsy canes fom far away 18, from Africa and Endia and M. Would you be able to find Coat of ight ana which you had never OF course you conk! soon learn to find 30 the seas if you had a magnetic compass and kool map. But the peoples sh islands knew nothing abut ses or clocks or maps. Yet they ex island when it was still thirty aniles or am ‘out of sight uver the edge af ‘They lit this partly: by watching, the sea birds, ‘The Tarpest sea hird is called the albatross, sshich ppeeat wing syn of 14 feet, In the a fies Far ont to sea to Bount fo fish anil ect sunset i flies back te iis nesting place « ison that may be Hundreds of miles from any land, Hy fallowing the allsizuss the peoples Pacitie could fir never visited bef They fearned, too, how birds cauld shunt them the way sometimes over very long distances, For they { that the golilen plover made its home at one tin year in the Hawaiian islands atsout 2,600 miles ny the Equator, ‘Then at anwitiee time wf thc year the plovers moved their home, oF righted, in the island of “Tahiti, 1,000 miles south of the Sw the Tactic people learned to follow the pollen plover tre Tas to Tahiti, ‘Thea they followed ike long-tailest cco from Tahiti i New Ze the kuaka bi in New Zeatind coubt have guided tent tight accoss the ‘ocean to Aaska, if they hud wanted tw go there! Many islands in the Pacliie ate «nite unlike any other that we may lave seen, ‘They ae realy only pools Df water shut off from the sprroundinye oceas by a vee rocks, All round such an aol! the waves pou! ow the listening whste rocks in an uinerading tfrunulee a of suri, Gaps in the surrounding reef give pay small boats 10 take sheliet ih the quict waters he rocks of these atulls have all bee mate by Li cxcatures, someting like $64 s. ‘These creamites anchor themselves to an unferwater house they have built for themselves. “Thousands of eoralsmaking, erea foul not sce andand the Mouse grins as the summers gro fastest ont the ile of tbe aval] tet, teams the eat food anpply i there, Ooral-mahis ees can only live i samte paves. peal wan at Leask TF, always, ye than a few hones ont af waler. ove than att 150 Heel Bebo the wtace because the Wo Title sunight reacties them, 2 you ell ever Hind Hydog coral eck. inthe seas viral Rrivain, Atal there age wane in the really deep parts of the Pacific Oem = ewept where an oll voleann Tas pushes py soe eons the sea Bortoun te make a pelanfiom an whith the ovvalsnabing Awl if yoo fad a coral istaml sticking up above thigh tide Level, yoo oll Raw that the top mveks are not tiving coral bu deat ootal, Far the storme and waves stash Uup patts of the eveal reels anal hurl the pevex mp in piles gcarutes can tril The people of the Pacific iikands foe in villages alloy, the shore, on the reef, ‘They pound the coral into glistening white saad In time the coral thrown ole of the water gers a Little soil, ‘Then aw id coconut floating in the wcean. gets stranded toy the waves on chis coral atoll, And it starts to gram, All over the Pacific you will find coconut trees won the islanuls, for they: have travelled from island te island like the Tusific peoples themselves, Do. you ce~ member eading ine how’ useful the -soowmt palm san be to man? Perhaps you can fine owt why there are many binds that oo anintalson the isolaed oral islands of the Pasitic. ‘The only annals are rats that have jumped off a boat, co pigs that have een Tough to the islands by nian ever singe Caplaia Cook Best esplored some of them. Tt was om April th, 1769, Mo Captain Cowk landed on the island of ‘Tahiti ant Tulle a small observatory to find out exactly where he was! Some of the most famous coral reefs ane not islands at all, Fat wwelve tusmdred miles down the north-east coast of Australia there is che Great Rarrier Reef of coral, There are a few paps in it, and these are opposite the mouths of the rivers, Kor there are ewe more things that must he ight for corulemaking creamees co live, The water tat be salty andl not fresh, and it must not be muidy, 503