Eia Tia - 222 F

ANSl/TIA/ElA-222-f-1QQ6
Approved: March 29, 1996
TIdEIA ”
STANDARD
Structural Standards for Steel Antenna

Towers and Antenna Supporting
Structures
TIAIFJA-222-F
(Revision of ELUTLbZZf-E)
JUNE 1996
TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
&WUSlRYASWCUllON
i -- Reproduced By GLORAL
. . = = ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS
m= WlthlhePetrniuion01EiA
ws Under Roy&y A~mement
June 10, 1996
TO: Recipients of new TIA Standards and Engineering Publications
Enclosed please find one copy of the following TINEIA Standard:
TINEIA-222-F Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna

Supporting Structures
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’ I.S.A. and Canada (l-800-854-7179) International (303)-397-7956 at a price of $80.00 each.
Sincerely,
Cecilia tie&g
Engineering Department
enclosure
Remmng me te/ecommufl/calk7flS u7au.w m

1CW,2f,“” W,,h 1*- r I^.. ~. .-- .-,.. ^r I---...-. -- 62:
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(From Standards Proposal No. 3278, formulated under the cognizance of the TR-14.7 Structural
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures Subcommittee
.
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STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS
AND
!O ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
CONTENTS
Section Page Number

OBJEC’TWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SCOPE............................................................... 1
MATERIAL ........................................................ 1
1.1 Standard ....................................................... 1
LOADING ......................................................... 2
2.1 Definitions ........................................... .......... 2
2.2 Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading ................................ 3
2.3 Standard ....................................................... 4
2.4 References ..................................................... 11
3 STRESSES ......................................................... 11
3.1 Standard ....................................................... 11
a
4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP .............................. 18
4.1 Standard.............................~ ......................... 18
5 FACTORYFINISH ................................................... 18
5.1 Standard ....................................................... 18
6 PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCE& AND MARKING ................... 18
6.1 Standard ........................................................ 18
7 FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS ..................................... 19
7.1 Definitions.. ................................................... 19
7.2 Standard ....................................................... 19
7.3 Special Conditions ............................................... i0
7.4 FoundationDrawings ............................................ 21
8 SAFE‘TY FACTOR OF GUYS ......................................... 21
8.1 Defmition ...................................................... 21
8.2 Standard..........................~ ............................ 21
* ” 9 PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS ..................... 21
9.1 Definitions.. ................................................... 21
9.2 Standard ....................................................... 22
TIAEIA-222-F
CONTENTS (Continued) c
, a
Section Page Number
10 INITIAL GUY TENSION , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10.1 Definition ...................................................... 22
10.2 Standard ....................................................... 22
10.3 Method Of Measurement .......................................... 22
11 OPERATIONAL REQ IJ-mMmTs .................................... 22
11.1 Definitions ...... ............................................... 22
11.2 Standard ....................................................... 22
12 PROTECTIVE GROUNDING ......................................... 23
12.1 Definitions ..................................................... 23
12.2 Standard ....................................................... 23
13 ~JMJXPG AND WOlSKING FACILITIES .............................. 23
13.1 Definitions ...... ............................................... 23
13.2 standard ....................................................... 23
14 -PWI’KE AND INSPECTION .................................. 24
14.1 Standard ....................................................... 24
15 ~A.LxIS OF EXKI’ING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES ................. 24
15.1 Standard.............................\ ......................... 24
16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MINMLJMBASIC WIND SPEEDS ............... 25
ANNEXES
Annex A: PU-KI-WER CHECKLIST .................................. 59
Annex B: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYFICAL MICROWAVE
ANTENNAS/REFLECTORS ................................. 61
Annex C: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR
PARABOLIC ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND
PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Annex D: DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEAM TWJST Am SWAY
FOR CROSS-POLARIZATION LIMITED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Annex E: TOWER MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES . . . . 83
Annex F: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES . . . 101
Annex G: SI CONVERSION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Annex H: COwmY ON ICE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
CO-CATION STRUCTURES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Annex I: GEOTECHNICAL JJqVESTIGAnONS FOR TOWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . ,109
Annex J: CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS
IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS AND
ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
OBJECTIVE
The objective of these standards is to provide I&,&= uitezia for specifying and designing steel
antenna towers and antenna supporting structures. These standardsare not intended to replace or
supersede applicable codes. me information contained in these standards was obtained from
sources as referenced and noted herein and represents, in the judgement of the subcommittee, the
accepted industry practices for minimum standardsfa the design of steel antenna suppohg
structures. It is for general information only. while it ia believed to be accurate, this information
should not be relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination
and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer
These standards utilize wind loading criteria baaedon an annual probability and are not intended to
cover d environmental conditions which could exist at a particular location.
These standards apply to steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures for all classesof
cmmmications service, such as AM, CATS, FM, Microwave, Cellular, TV, VHF, etc.
These standards may be adapted for international use; however, it is necessary to determine the
appropriate basic wind speed (fastest-mile) and ice load at the site location in the specific co~npy
based on local meteorological data.
Equivalent International System of Units (SI) are given iu brackets [ ] throughout these standards.
SI conversion factors have been provided in Annex G.
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide site-specific data and requirements differing from
those contained in these standards.
Annex A provides a checklist for assisting the purchaseri.nspecifying the requirements for a specific
structure when using these standards..The user is cautioned that local conditions of wind and ice, if
known, have precedence over the minimum standardsdescribed herein.
SCOPE
These standards describe the requirements for steel antenna towers and antenna supporting
stnmures.
1 MAIERIAJd
1.1 Standard
1.1.1 Material shall conform to one of the following standards except as provided in 1.1.2.
1.1.1.1 Structural steel, cast steel, steel forgings, and bolts shall confom~ to the material
specifications listed in the June 1, 1989, American Institute of Steel Constmction,
“Specification for Structural Steel Buildings - Allowable Stress Design and Plastic
Design”, hereinafter referred to as the AISC specification.
1.1.1.2 Light gauge steel stmctural members shall be structural quality as defined by the
August 19, 1986, American Iron and Steel Institute, “Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Stmctural Members”, hereinafter referred to as the AISI spe@fication.
1.1.1.3 Material for tubular steel pole structures and components shall conform to section
7.0 of A.NSI/NEhtA TTl- 1983, “Tapered Tubular Steel Structures”.
- -- - -1. l ----I
1.1.2 When materials other than hose specified herein are used, the supplier must Provide
certified data concerning mechanical and chemical properties.
1-1-3 Bolts and nut locking devices (excluding guy hardware).
1.1.3.1 Sl.@xitical coM&o~ md ~nnections subjected to tension where the
application of externally applied load results in prying action produced by deformation of
the connected parts sha.Ube m& v&h b&h-strength bolts tightened to the miuimum bolt
tensions specified in the November 13, 1985, AISC, “Specification for Structural Joints
using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts”.
EepbOn: where it can be shown that the stiffness of the connected parts is sufficient to
rtth= prying forces to ittsignifrcauce, tension connections may be made with high-strength
bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition as defined in the AISC specification refened to in
1.1.3.1.
(Note: Contact surfacesfor slip-critical connectionsshall not be oiled or painted and for
galvanized material, the contact surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with the DISC
specification referred to in 1.1.3.1.)
1.1.3.2 Bearing-type connections may be made with high-strength bolts tightened to a
snug-tight condition as defined in the AIsC specification referred to in 1.1.3.1.
1.1.3.3 Where high-strength bolts are used and tensioned in accordance with the mc
specification referred to in 1.1.3.1, a nut-locking device is not required.
1.1.3.4 Bolts not covered in 1.1.3.3 require a nut-locking device. -
1.1.3.5 Hot-dip galvan&& A490 bolts shall not be used.
1.1.4 Materials other than steel are not within the &ope of this section.
2 LOADING
2.1 Definitions
2.1.1 Dead Load - The weight of the structure, guys. and appurtenances.
2.1.2 Ice Load - The radial thickness of ice applied uniformly around the exposed surfacesof
the structure, guys, and appurtenances.
2.1.2.1 Unless otherwise indicated, a specified radial ice thickness shall be considered as
solid ice.
2.1.2.2 The density of solid ice shall be considered to be 56 lb/f9 18.8 kN/m3].
2.1.2.3 The density of rime ice shall be considered to be 30 lb/@ [4.7 kN/m3].
2.1.3 Wind Load - The wind loading requ&ments specified in 2.3 (see Annex A).
2.1.3.1 Basic Wind Speed - Fastest-de wind speed at 33 ft [lo m] above ground
corresponding to an annual probability of 0.02 @O-yearnmrrence interval).
2.1.4 Appurtenances - Items attached to the structure such as m*MaS, transmission lines,
conduits, lighting equipment, climbing devices, platforms, signs, anti-climbing devices, etc.
I)
2.1.4.1 Discrete Appurtenance - An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be
concentrated at a point.
2.1.4.2 Linear Appurtenance - An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be
distributed over a section of the structure.
2.2 Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading
AA Projected area of a &near appurteuance
AC Projected area of a &Crete appurtenance
42 Effective projected area of structural components in me face
AF Projected area of fit structural componeuts in one face
AC Gross area of one tower face as if the face were solid
AR Projected area of round structural components in one face
C Velocity coefficient for tubular pole structure force coefficients
CA Linear or discrete appurtenance force coeffkient
CD Guy hag force coeffkient
CF Structure force coefficient
CL GUY lift force coefficient
D Dead weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances
0 .?F Wind direction factor for flat structural components

DP Average diameter or averageleast width of a tubular pole stmctm
DR Wind direction factor for round structural co&ponents
F Horizontal force applied to a section of the structure
FC Design wind load on a discrete appurtenance
FD Total drag force on a guy
FL Total lift force on a guy
@I Gust response factor for fastest-mile basic wind speed
I Weight of ice
Kz Exposure coefficient
Lc Chord length of guy
RR Reduction factor for round structural components
V Basic wind speed for the structure location
WI Design wind load on the structure, appurte~ccs, @Ys, etc.9with radial ice
0 WO
d
Design wind load on the structure, appurtenmccs, gUY%e% without ice
Diameter of guy strand
e Solidity ratio
h Total height of structure
92 Velocity pressure
r Ratio of comer diameter to diameter of inscribed circle of a tubular pole structure
t Radii thickness of ice
Z Height above average ground level to midpoint of section, appurtenance or gUY
8 Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector
2.3 Standard
2.3.1 Wind and Ice Loads
2.3.1.1 The total design wind load shall include the sum of the horizontal forces applied to
the structure in the direction of the wind and the design wind load on guys and discrete
appurtenances.
231.2 This standard does not specifically state an ice requirement. Ice loading,
depending on tower height, elevation, and exposure, may be a significant load on the
stnmure in most parts of the United States. If the structure is to be located where ice
accumulation is expected, consideration shall be given to an ice load when specify& the
requirements for the structure. (Refer to Annexes A and H.)
2.3.2 The horizontal force (F) applied to each section of the structure shall be calculated from
the equation:
F=qzGHCCFAE+~(CAAP31(lb>N ;
Not to exceed 2 QZG &
where AC = Gross area of one tower face (ft2) [m2]
(Note: All appurtenances, including antennas,mounts and lines, shall be assumedto remain
intact and attached to the stmcture regardless of their wind load capacities.)
2.3.3 The velocity pressure (Q) and the exposure coeffkient (K3;) shall be calculated from the
equations (see Annex A):
Q = -00% Kz V2 (lb/ft2) for V in mi/h or
qz=.613KzV2PJforVinm/s
Kz = M3312” for 2 in ft or
Kz = Cx/1012nfor 2 in meters
1.00 2 Kz < 2.58
V = Basic wid speed for the structure location (mi/h) Cm/s1
z = Height above average ground level to midpoint of the section (ft) [ml
2.3.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, the basic wind speed W) for the structure location shall
be determined from section 16.
2.3.4 Gust Response Factors
2.3.4.1 For latticed structures, the gust response factor (GH) shall be calculated from the
equation:
&I = .65 + .6O/(h/33)’ I7 for h in ft or
%I = .65 + .60&h/10)’ I7 for h iu meters
1.00 2 G-JJ< 1.25
2.3.4.2 For tubular pole structures, the gustresponse factor (GH) shall be 1.69.
2.3.4.3 One gust response factor shall apply for the entire structure.
2.344 When cantilevered tubular or latticed pole structures are mounted on latticed
structures, the gust responsefactor for the pole and the latticed structure shall be basedon the
height of the latticed structure without the pole. The stressescalculated for pole structures
and their connections to latticed structures shall be multiplied by 1.25 to compensatefor the
greater gust response for mounted pole structures.
23.5 Structure Force Coefficients
2.3.5.1 For latticed structures, the structure force coefficient (CF) for each section of the
mct~e shai.i be calculated from the equations:
CF = 4.0e2 - 5.9e + 4.0 (Square cross sections)
CF = 3.4e2- 4.7e + 3.4 (Triangular cross sections)
e = Sdidity Ratio = (AF + AR)/& :
AF = Projected area (ft2) [rnz] of flat structural components in one face of the section.
AR = Projected area (ft2) [m2] of round structural components in one face of the section
and the projected area of ice when specified on flat and round structural components.
(Refer to Figure 1).
(Note: The projected area of structural components shall include the projected area of
connection plates.)
I 1A1tl.b222-F
t
1Ly
I/\\0’-2 \
t = Specified radial thickness of ice

Figure 1
(Note: Ice, when specified,shall be assumed to accumulate uniformly on all surfacesas

illustrated. The additional projected area caused by the ice accumulation may be
considered cylindrical even though the bare projected area is flat. Consideration shall be
given to the change in shapefrom round to flat for closely spaced linear appurtenances
with ice accumulations.)
2.3.5.2 For cantilevered tubular steel pole structures, the structure force coefficient (CF)
shall be determined from Table 1.
2.3.6 The effective projected area of structural components (AE) for a section shail be
calculated from the equation:
AE = DF AF + DR AR RR (f$) Cm*]
(Note: For tubular steel pole structures, AE shall be the actual projected area basedon pole
diameter or overall width.)
2.3.6.1 The wind direction factors, & and &, shall be determined from Table 2.
2.3.6.2 The reduction factor (RR) for round structural components shall be calculated from
the equation:
RR = .51e2 + .57 RR < 1.0
2.3.6.3 Linear appurtenances attached to a face and not extending in width beyond the
normal projected area of the face may be considered as structural components when
calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces.
TIAEIA-222-F
Table 1
Force Coefficients (CF) for Cantilevered ‘Ihbular Pole Structures
Round 16 Sided 16 Sided 12 Sided 8 Sided
r < 0.26 r > 0.26
1 I
~32 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20

32 to 64 130
013 1.78 + 1.4Or-cm
915 w
22.9 J2+(64-C) 125
am&
1.20
. 44.8
>64 59 1.08 - 1.4Or .72 1.03 1.20
t
SI Units
Round 16 Sided 16 Sided 12 Sided 8 Sided
r < 0.26 r > 0.26
< 4.4 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
4.4 to 8.7 9.74 1.78+ 1.4Or - 3.78 1.20
(Cl I3 -+5 .
3% .
.72 +(8k7;ooc) Q.6
> 8.7 59 1.08 - l&r .72 1.03 1.20

C = & VDp forDpinft[m]
Notes:
1. The above force coefficients apply only to cantilevered tubular pole structures which
stand alone or are mounted OIIthe top of a latticed strwture.
2. The force coeffkients indicated account for wind load reductions under supercritica.l flow
conditions and therefore do not apply to appurtenances attached to the structure. Use Table 3 for
appropriate force Coeffkients for appurtenances.
3. For ail CTOSS sectional shapes, Cf need not exceed 1.2 for any value of C.
4. V 1sthe basic wind speed for the loading condition under investigation.
Table 2
Wind Direction Factors
Tower Cross Square
Section
DR 1.0 1+.75e (1.2 max) 1.0 1.0 1.0

* Measured from a line normal to the face of the structure
TWEIA-222-F
2.3.7The force coefficient (CA) appkd to the projected area (ft2) [m21of a hxr
app~enance (AA) not considered as a ~~~ctural component shall be determined from Table 3.
0
The force coefficient for cyli&$c~ members may be applied to the additional projected area of
radial i= when specified. (Refer to Figure 1.)
Table 3
Appurtenance Force CoeffkieMs
AspectRatio 5 7 AspectRatio> 25
Member Type CA CA
Flat 1.4 * 2.0
cylindrical 0.8 1.2
I
Aspect Ratio = Overti length/width ratio in plane normal to wind direction. (Aspect rstio is not
a function of the spacing between support points of a linear appurtenance, nor the section length
ccmidered to have a uniformly distributed force.)
Note: Linear interpolation may be used for aspect ratios other than shown.
2.3-g Regardless of location, linear appurtenancesnot considered as structuraI components in 0

accordance with 2.3.6.3 shall be included in the term C CA AA.
2.3.9 The horizontal force (F) applied to a section of the structure may be assumed to be
mi.f~nnly distributed based on the wind pressure at the mid-height of the section.
2.3.9-l For guyed masts, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall
not exeed the span between guy levels.
2.3.9.2 For free-standing structures, the section considered to have auniformly distributed
for= shad not exceed 60 ft [ 18 m].
2.3.9.3 For tubular steel pole structures, the section considered to have a uniformly
deputed force shall not exceed 30 ft [9.1 m].
2.3.10 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load (Fc> on a discrete
appurtenance such as an ice shield, platform, etc. (excluding microwave antennas/passive
reflectors) shall be calculated from the equation:
where x CA AC considers all elements of the discrete appurtenance including any feed lines,
brackets, etc., related to the appurtenance. Components of a discrete appurtenance attached
directly to a tower face and not projecting away from the face may be considered as
structural components when c&dating the solidity ratio and wind forces.
2.3.10.1 The velocity pressure (9z> shall be c&ulated based on the centerline height of the
appurtenance.
TWEIA-222-F
2.3.10.2 The gust response factor (GH) shall be calculated based on the total height of the
stmtm for latticed structures (see 2.3.4.4) and shall be equal to 1.69 for tubular Pole
smctures.
2.3.10.3 The design wind load (Fc) shall be applied in a horizontal direction in the direction
of the wind.
2.3.10.4 The force coefficient (CA) applied to the projected area (fP) Cm21of a discrete
appurtenance (AC) shah be determjncd f&r Table 3. The farCe coefficient for Cysts
members may be applied to the cylindrical portions of the appurtenanceand to the additional
projected area of ice when qecifred. (Refer to Figure 1).
2.3.10.5 When an equivalent flat-plate area based on Revision C of this standard (AF +
2/3 AR) is provided by a manufacturer of an appurtenance, a force coefficient of 2.0 must be
applied to the equivalent flat-plate area when determiktg design wind loads. When the
appurtenance is made up ofround members only, a force coeSzient of 1.8 may be applied.
2.3.11 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load on microwave
antennas/passive reflectors shall be determined using Annex B.
2.3.12 When the azimuth orientations of antennaslocated at the samerelative elevation on the
stmctu.re are not specified, the antennas shall be assumed to radiate symmetrically about the
structure.
23.13 shielding of antennas shall not be considered.
2.3.14 The design wind load on guy& shall be determined in accordance with Figure 2. The
design wind load may be assumed to be uniform based on the velocity pressure (sz> at the
midheight of each guy. .
2.3.15 The maximum member s&sses and structure reactions shall be detexmined considering
the wind directions resulting in maximum wind forces and twisting moments. Each of the wind
directions indicated in Table 2 shall be considered for latticed structures. .
2.3.16 Each of the following load combinations shall be investigated when calculating the
maximum member stressesand smcture reactions (see Annex A):
D+Wo
D+.75W1+1
(Note: When the basic wind speed is specified as ocmning simultaneously with an ice load by
the purchaser or local authority, no reduction factor shall be applied to WI.)
Wind Forceson Guys
FD = 9~ GH CD d Lc = Total drag force (lb) [NJ

FL=qzGHCLdLc=Totalliftforce(lb) N
Q = Velocity pressure at mid-height of guy (lb/ft2) PAJ (see 2.3.3)
k = Gust response factor based on total height of structure (see 2.3.4)
d = Diameter of guy strand (ft) [m]
Lc = Chord length of guy (ft) [m]
0 = Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector (0 5 180’)
CD = 1.2 sin3 8
CL = 1.2 sin28 cos 8
Figure 2
2.4 References
AAsH”lQ “Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, LumGres atid
Traffic Signals”, Ar~~erican Asso&~on of State Highway and %UlSpOrdOn Offici&
wash.@ton, DC., 1985 with 1988 interim ~pecitication~.
ma, “‘Minirn~m Design Loads for &&iiugs and Other SUUCUIXS”, Ace 7-93, An&can
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1993.
DieU W.S., “Engineering Aerodynamics”, Revised Edition, Ronald Rress Co., New York, NY,
1936.
IAs% “Recomnendatio~ for Guy& ~ast$‘, ~temati~nal Association for Shell and Spatial
S~c~eS, working Group Nr 4,1981.
LOU, T., ‘Force coefficients for ‘hnanission Towers”, A Master Research Report in Civil
&&=-i.ng, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 1983.
sfiu, E., changery, MJ., and Fil,liben, J.J., ‘Exueme Wmd Speeds at 129 Stations in the
Contiguous United States”, Building Science Series Report 118, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., 1979.
3 STRESSES
3.1 Standard
3.1-l Unless otherwise noted, structural members shall be designed iu accordance with the
appropriate AISC or AISI specification.
3.1.1.1 For structures under 700 ft 1213m] iu height, allowable stressesmay be increased
l/3 for both load combinations defined in 2.3.16.
3.1.1.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, allowable stressesshall not be
increased.
3.1.1.3 For structures between 700 ft 1213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, allowable
stressesmay be increased by linear interpolation between l/3 and 0.
(Note: For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, increasesin allowable stressesdo
not apply due to the uncertainties of the wind effects above this height.)
3.1.1.4 Stnxture height, for purposes of determimn g allowable stresses,shall be based on
the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles mounted on the structure.
3.1-l .5 Refer to 2.3.4.4 for stressincreasesrequired for cantilevered tubular pole structures
mounted on latticed strucme~.
3.1.2 For guyed structures, the displacement of the mast at each guy level shall be considered
wilen computing stresses.
3.1.3 The end connection and intermittent filler mqrimments of section E4 of the AI!K
specification for double angle members need not be satisfied when the slendernessratio for the
buckling mode involving relative deformation between the angles is modified as follows when
determining allowable stresses:
. . . . _.. - em- .
where
KL
(To 1 = column slenderness of built-up member acting as a unit about the axis
evolving relative deformation
a = largest column slenderness of individual components
RI
(F,) = modified column slenderness of built-up member
a = distance between connectors
4 = minimum radius of gyration of individual component
3.1.4 A reduction coefficient equalto .75 shall be used when calculating effective net areasin
accordance with section B3 of the AISC specification for angle members and other similar
members connected by one leg with one or two fasteners.
3.1.5 The reduction factor of 3.1.4 does not apply to the required investigation of block shear
in accordance with section J4 of the AISC specification. Net shear and tension areas shall be
based on hole diameters l/16 inch [1.6 mm] larger than bolt hole diameters.
3.16 Bolt holes shall not be considered pin holes, as referred to in section D3 of the AISC
specification.
3.1.7 Deformation around bolt holes shall be a design consideration for the purposes of
calculating allowable bearing stressesin accordancewith section J3.7 of the AISC specification.
3.1-g Table J3.5 of the AISC specification shall ‘apply except at sheared edges where the
minimum edge distance shall be 1.5 times the bolt diameter.
3.1.9 The measured unsupported length of a compression member shall be determined
considering the rigidity of the connected parts and tbe direction of buckling about the axis under
consideration.
3.1.10 Jn computing allowable stresses,when effective length factors are considered less than
1.00 for leg members or members whose ends are attached by a single bolt, justification of each
factor must be shown by test or computation.
3.1.11 For a guyed structure, the stability of the structure between guy levels shall be
considered when calculating allowable member stresses.
3.1.12 Limiting values of effective slenderness ratios for compression members shah
preferably be 150 for legs, 200 for bracing, and 250 for redundants (members used solely to
reduce slenderness of other members).
3.1.13 Bracing and redundants utilized to reduce the slendernessratio of compression members
shall be capable of supporting a force normal to the supported member equal to 1.5 percent of the
supported member’s calculated axial load. This force is not to be applied simultaneously with
the forces resulting from loads applied directly to the StruCttKe.
3.1.14 Structural Steel Single Angle Compression Members
3.1.14.1 Allowable compression stressesshall be calculated in mce with the ABC
“Specification for Allowable Stress Design of Single Angle Members” except that the
flexurahorsional buckling provisions do not apply.
3.1.14.2 Members subjected to lateral loads, which induce bending, shall meet the
PrO~SiOnsof section 6 of the AISC specification referred to in 3.1.14.1.
3.1.14.3 Effective length factors shall be calculate&n accordancewith ANSYASCE 10-90,
‘Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Towers”, hereinafter referred to as AXE 10, (See
Table 4).
(Note: The effective length factors established in ASCE 10 have been adopted to adjust the
ABC allowable compression stressesfor the effects of eccentric axial loading and partial
end restraint.)
3.1.14.4 Effective length factors, other than those specified herein, shalI be substantiated by
kStS.
3.1.14.5 Slenderness ratios (L/R) shown in Figures 3 and 4 shall be uti.Iized as a guide to
cWmine measured and effective slendernessratios.
3.1.14.6 Members shall be considered fully effective when the ratio of width to thickness
(w/t) is not greater than the limiting value specified in A!XE 10.
3.1.14.6.1 When width-thickness ratios exceed the limiting value, allowable stresses
shall be reduced in accordance with section 4 of the AISC specification referred to in
3.1.14.1 with Q equal to the value calculated for Fcr in AXE 10 divided by the yield
stress of the member. .
3.1.14.6.2 The width w for cold-formed angles shall equal the distance from the inside
bend radius to the extreme fiber but not less than the angle width minus three times the
angle thickness.
3.1.14.6.3 Width-thickness ratios (w/t) shall not exceed 25.
3.1.14.7 ASCE 10 effective slenderness curves 5 and 6 of Table 4 shall be restricted to
bracing and redundant members with multiple bolt or properly detailed welded connections.
In addition, connections must be to membefi having adequate flexural strength to resist
rotation of the joint including the effects of gussets.
3.1.14.8 Where eccentricity at a joint cannot be avoided, due consideration shall be given to
the additional stressesintroduced in the members.
3.1.15 For tubular pole structures, the secondary bending moments caused by vertical loads
shall be considered when computing stresses.
3.1.15.1 Allowable combined bending and axial stresses for polygonal tubular steel pole
structures shall be determined from Table 5.
TIAEIA-‘22-F
Table 4
ANSI/ASCE lo-90
EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS CURVES
CURVES l-3 CURVES 4-6

4 I 120 k> 120
CURVE 1 CURVE 4
KL=L KL
-=- L
R R R R
(CONCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) \ (NO END RESTRAINT)
CURVE 2 CURVE 5
KL
-=
R
30 + .75k KL
-=
R
-I-.762 i,28.6
(ECCENTRIC ONE W> (PARTIAL

RESTRAINT
ONE END)
CURVE 3 CURVE6
-= KL 60 + SO: KL
-= 46.2 + A15 k
R R
(ECCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) (PARTIAL RESTRAINT BOTH ENDS)
TIAXIA-Z-F
SINGLEANGLECOMPRESSION MEMBERS
SLENDERNESSRATZOSFORLEGBRACING
SYMMETRICAL BRACING
CRlTICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIO:
4
EF’FEC’IWE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
L I 120 L > 120

RZ RZ
CURVE 1 CURVE 4
STAGGEREDBRACING
.
Y x
CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
L , & ,‘OR (’ :‘,),,
R,
EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
i MAX I 120 k MAX > 120

CURVE 1 CURVE 4
NOTE:
FOR LEG MEMBERS, MEASURED LENGTH (L) SHALL BE
EQUAL TO THE PANEL SPACING MEASURED ALONG THE
AXIS OF THE LEG.
Figure 3
TIAEIA-222-F
SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSIONMEMBERS

SLENDERNESS RATIOS FOR BRACING MEMBERS
REFER TO SECTION 3.1.9 FOR
DETERMINAnON OF MEASURED LENGTHL
Lu=L1+5U CURVE2 CURVE4

* CRrIIcALMEAsuRED L,
a 1 RX ORe
SLENDERNESS RATIO:
7 % EFFEm sLEyRNEss Iwtios:
Ll > L2 i MAX 5 120 g > 120 u > 120
Lx=L1+5U RZ
cLJRvE2 CLiRVE6 CURVE5
Note:
For bracing members with welded or two or more bolt cxmections, measured length (L)
Shall not be less than the distme between the cemroids Of the ~nnectiolls at each end.
Properly detailed welded c.onnectiom may be considered as providing partial restraint.
Figure 4
3.1.16 The design of reinforced concrete for foundations and guy anchors shall Conform to me
“Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete” (AC1 318-89) issued by the American
Concrete Institute.
3.1.16.1 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, the required reinforced concrete
strength shall equal 1.3 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination
defmed in 2.3.16.
3.1 J6.2 For structures 1200 ft 1366m] or greater in height, the required reinforced concrete
strength shall equal 1.7 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination
defined in 2.3.16.
3.1.16.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 ft 1366m] in height, the required
reinforced concrete strength shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1.3 and 1.7
times the structure reactions.
3.1.16.4 Structure height, for purposes of detennhing required reinforced concrete
sue@& shall be based on the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles
mounted on the structure.
Table 5
Allowable Combined Bending and Axial Stresses for Polygonal ‘lobular Steel Pole
Structurt!s
Compact Sections
F~=.60Fy
Noncompact Sections
16 Sided 215 c &w/t c 365 ‘Fyin ksi
565 < & w/t : 958 FyinMPa
FB -852 Fy (CO - 0.00137 ,& w/t) ksi
FB = .852 Fy (1 .O - 0.000522 ,&w/t) MPa
12 Sided 240 < &w/t < 365 Fyin ksi
630 < &w/t 2 958 FyinMPa
FB -870 Fy (TO - 0.00129& w/t) ksi
FB = .870 Fy (1.0 - 0.000491 ,/&w/t) MPa
8 Sided 260 c &w/t < 365 Fyinksi
683 7 &w/t 2 958 FyinMPa
FB =.852 Fy (TO - 0.00114,/& w/t) ksi
FB = .852 Fy (1.0 - 0.000434 & w/t) MPa
FB = Allowable combined bending and axial stress
Fy= Yield strength
t = Wall thickness
w = Actual flat side dimension, but not less than dimension calculated using a bend radius
equal to 4t
Note: Equations obtained from EPRI report TLMRC-87-R3, “Local Buckling Strength of Polyg-
onal Tubular Poles”, April 1987.
IIA/klA-122-F
4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP

4.1 Standard
4.1.1 Manufacturing and worha&ip shall be in accordance with CO-@ accept&
standards of the structural steel fabricating industry.
4.1.2 Welding procedures shall be in accordance with the requirements of the aPProPfiate
AISC or AISI specifications.
5 FACTORY FINISH
5.1 Standard
51.1 In the absence of other specific requirements, all materials shall be galvanized (see
Annex A).
5.1.1.1 SUUCtUra.lMate~~ - S~I-UC~~ ~taials shall be galvanized in accordancewith
ASTM A123 (hot-dip). Exceptions may be made when galvanizing in accordance with
ASTM A123 would be potentially detrimental to the structure or its components. Examples
include applications utilizing certain high-sue@ and/or proprietary steels and weldments.
In these cases, an alternative method of corrosion control shall be specsed.
5.1.1.2 Hardware - Hardware shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM Al53
(hot-dip) or ASTM B695 Class 50 (mechanical).
5.1.1.3 Guy Strand - Zinc-coated guy strand shall be galvanized in accordance with
ASTM A475 or ASTM A5S6.
a
6 PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING
6.1 Standard .
6.1-l Complete p1a.r~ assembly drawings, or other documentation shall be supplied showing
the necessary marking and details for the proper assembly and installation of the material,
including the design yield strength of the spuctural members and the grade of structural bolts
required.
6.1.2 Tolerances for the proper layout and installation of the material; and the foundations and
anchors shall be shown on the plans.
6.1.2.1 Plumb - The horizontal distance between the vertical centerlines at any two
elevations shall not exceed 25 percent of the vertical distance between the two elevations.
6.1.2.2 Twist - The twist (angular’ rotation in the horizontal plane) between any two
elevations shall not exceed 0.5Oin 10 feet [3 m] and the total twist in the structure shall not
exceed 5’.
6.1.2.3 Length - For tubular steel pole structures with telescoping joint, butt welded or
flanged shaft connections, the overall length of the assembled structure shall be within plus 1
percent or minus l/2 percent of the specified height.
(Note: Horn reflectors and other types of offset-feed antennas have polarization
performance requirements, which are sensitive to ar+@ar displacement from boresight e
direction. Special consideration must be given to the mount, attachment hardware,
installation practice, as well as the support structure, to minimize all contributing factors to
initial skew or offset.)
6.1.3 All structural members or welded structural assemblies, except for hardware, shall have
a part number. The part numbers shall correspond with the assembly drawings. The Part number
is to be permanently attached (stamped, welded lettering, stamped on a plate that is welded to the
member, etc.>to the member before all protective coatings (galvanizing, paint, etc.1are aPPhed.
The part number shall have a minimum character height of l/2 in. [13 mm], be legible and
clearly visible to an inspector after erection.
7 FOUN-DAnONS AND ANCHORS
7.1 Definitions
7.1.1 Standard Foundations and Anchors - Structures designed to support the specified loads
defined in Section 2 for normal sod conditions as defined in 7.1.3. Pile construction, roof
msmations, foundations or anchors designed for submerged soil conditions, etc., are not to be
considered as standard.
7.1.2 NonS tandard Foundations and Anchors - Structures designed to support the specified
loads defined in Section 2 in accordance with site specific conditions.
7.1.3 Normal Soil - A cohesive soil with an allowable net vertical bearing capacity of 4000
pounds per square foot Cl92 kPa] and an allowable net horizontal pressure of 400 pounds Per
square foot per lineal foot of depth [63 kPa per lineal meter of depth] to a maximum of 4~00
pounds per square foot 1192 pa].
(Note: Rock noncohesive soils, saturated or submerged soils are not to be considered normal
soil.)
a 7.2 Standard
7.21 Stanchi foundations and anchors may be used for bidding purposes and for
construction when actual soil pa&meters equal or exceed normal soil parameters.
7.22 When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for final designs, it shaU be the
responsibility of the purchaser to verify by geotechnicai investigation that actual site soil
parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. (See Annex A.)
7.2.3 Foundations and anchors shah be designed for the maximum structure reactions
resulting from the specified loads defined in Section 2 using the following criteria:
7.2.3.1 When standard foundations and anchors are to be used for constnrction, “normal
soil” parameters from 7.1.3 shall be used for design.
7.2.3.2 When nonstandard foundations and anchors are to be used for construction, the soil
parameters recommended by the geotechnicai engineer should incorporate a minimum
factor of safety of 2.0 against &imate soil strength (see Annexes A and I).
7.2.4 Uplift
7.2.4.1 Standardf oundati ons, anchors, or drilled and belled piers shall be assumedto resist
uplift forces by their own weight plus the weight of earth enclosed within an inverted
pyramid or cone whose sides form an angle of 30’ with the vertical. The base of the cone
shall be the baseof the foundation if an undercut or toe is present or the top of the foundation
base in the absence of the foundation undercut. Earth shall be considered to weigh 100
pounds per cubic foot [16 kN/n$] and concrete 150 pounds per cubic foot [24 kN/m3].
I rA~!zlA-222-F
7.2.4.2 Straight shaft drilled pien for st&ad foundations shall have an ultimate skin
friction of 200 pounds per square f00t pa lineal foot of depth [31 kPa per Iineal meter of
d@l to amaximumof 1000 pounds per square foot of shaft surface area 148kpal for upllfr
or download resistance.
7.2.4.3 Nonstandard foundations, anchors, ami &i.lkd piers shall be designed in
awodance with the recommendations of a geotechnid report (see Annex I).
7.2.4.4 Foundations, anchors, and drilled piers shah be proportioned in accordance with
the following:
(WR /2-o) + (WC D-25) 2 Up and (wR+wc)/l.5 1 up
where: WR = soil resistance from 7.2.4.1.7.2.4.2 or 7.2.4.3
WC = weight of concrete
Up = maximum uplift reaction
7.2.4.5 A mat or slab foundation for a seif-supporting structure shall have a minimum
safety factor againstoverturning of 1.5.
7.2.5 The depth of standard drilled foundations subjected to lateral or overturning loads shall
be proportioned in accordancewith the following:
LD 2 2.0 + S/(3d) + 2 [S2/(18d2)+ S/2 + M/(3d)]ln (ft)
LD > .61 + S/(143d) + 2 [S2/(41333d2) + S/96 + M/(143d)11R [ml
where:
.
LD = Depth of drilled foundation below grounilevel (ft) [ml
d = Diameter of dri.Uedfoundation (ft) [ml
S = Shear reaction at ground level (kips) &NJ
M = Ovemuning moment at ground level (ft-hips) [m-w
Reference: Broms, B., “Design of Laterally Loaded Piles”, Journal of the Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Division Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, May,
1965.
7.3 Special Conditions
7.3.1 When a support is to be designed by other than the manufacturer,themanufacturerwill
be responsible for furnishing the reactions, weights, and interface details for the purchaser’s
engineer to provide the necessary attachment.
7.3.2 The effects of the presence of water shall be accounted for in the design of nonstandard
foundations. Reduction in the weight of materials due to buoyancy and the effect on soil
properties under submerged conditions shall be considered.
7.4 Foundation Drawings
7.4.1 Foundation drawings shd indicate structure reactions, material strengths, dimensions,
reinforcing steel, and embedded anchorage material type, size, and location. Foundations
desiped for nomA soil conditions shall be so noted.
(Note: Normal soil design parameters and methods are presented to obtain uniform standard
foundation and anchor designs for bid&g purposes. Design methods for other COnd~OnSand
0t.k foundation types must be consistent with accepted engineering practices.)
8 SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS
8.1 Definition
8.1.1 Guy Connection - The guy connection is defmed as the hardware or mechanism by
which a length of guy strand is connected to the tower, insulator, or guy anchor. The connection
may include, but is not limited to, the following: shackles, in-line insulators, thimbles,
turnbuckles, twin base clips, u-bolt cable dips, poured socket fittings, and grip- type dead-end
connections. ‘l%vin base and u-bolt chps used on guy strand through 7/8-in. diameter shall be
considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 90 percent. In all other cases,clips on strand
shall be considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 80 percent. For all other types of end
connections, manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed when determining the
connection efficiency factor,
8.1.2 Safety Factor of Guys - The safety factor of guys shall be calculated by dividing the
published breaking strength of the guy or guy connection strength, whichever is lower, by the
maximum calculated tension design load.
8.2 Standard
8.21 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, the safety factor of guys and their
connections shall not be less than 2.0.
8.2.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, the safety factor of guys and their
connections shall not be less than 2.5.
8.2.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 II [366 m] in height, the minimum safety
factor of guys and their connections shall be determined by linear interpolation between 2.0 and
2.5.
(Note: A l/3 increase in stress for wind-loading conditions does not apply to the published
breaking strength of guys and their connections.)
8.2.4 Structure height, for purposes of determinin g the required safety factor of all guys and
their connections, shall be based on total structure height including tubular or latticed poles
mounted on the structure.
9 PRESTRESSINGAND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS
9.1 Definitions
9.1.1 Prestressing of Guys - The removal of inherent constructional looseness of the guy
under a sustained load.
9.1.2 Proof Loading - The assurance of mechanical strength of factory assembled end
connections.
- -.. _ _-- a
9.2 Standard
9.2.1 &stressing and proof loading are not normaLly required. When specified. Presnessing
and proof loading shall be performed in accordance with the recornmendati~~ of the gUY
manufacturer.
(Note: For tall, guyed structures, consideration should be given to prestressing and Proof
loading.)
10 INITIAL GUY TENSION
10.1 Definition
10.1-l Initial Guy Tension - The specifieci guy tension in pounds [newtons] under no wind
load conditions, at the guy anchor at the specified temperature (see 10.2).
10.2 Standard
10.2.1 Initial tension in the guys, for design purposes, is normally 10 percent of the published
breaking strength of the strand with upper and lower limits of 15 and 8 percent respectively.
Values of initial tension beyond these limits may be used provided consideration has been given
to the sensitivity of the structure to variations in initial tension and, if necessary, to dynamic
behavior (see note below). Consideration shall be given to the site ambient temperature range.
In the absence of site specific data, the initial tensions shall be based upon an ambient
temperature of 6O*F.
(Note: The stated 8-15 percent initial tension extreme values are provided as recommended
guidelines only. Specific site and terrain conditions may necessitate initial tension values
outside this range. When using initial tension values above 15 percent, consideration should be
given to the possible effects of aeolian vibration. mewise, when using initial tension values
less tha.u g percent, consideration should be given to the effects of galloping and slack-taut
pounding.)
10.3 Method of Measurement
10.3.1 Initial tension may be measured by vibration frequency, mechanical tensiometers,
~eas~~ent of guy sag, or by other suitable methods (see Annex E).
11 OPERATIONAL REQUIRE,MENTS
11.1 Definitions
11.1.1 Twist - The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a horizontal plane from the
no-wind load position at a specified elevation.
11.1.2 Sway - The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a vertical plane from the
no-wind load position at a specified elevation.
11.1.3 Displacement - The horizontal translation of a point relative to the no-wind load
position of the same point at a specified elevation.
11.2 Standard (See Annex A)
11.2.1 Theminim Urn standard shall be based on a condition of no ice and a wind load basedon a
50 mph basic wind speed [22.4 m/s] calculated in accordance with 2.3. The operational
requirements shall be based on an overah allowable 10 dI3 degradation in radio frequency signal
level.
11.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the operational requirements for micrOWaVe antex&
reflector systems shall be determined using Annexes C and D.
12 FWXECITVE GROUNDING
12.1 Definitions
12.1.1 Grounding - The means of establishing an electrical connection between the structure
and the earth, adequate for lightning, high voltage, or static discharges.
12.1.2 primary Ground - A wnchcting connection between the structure and earth or some
conducting body, which servesin place of the earth.
12.1.3 Secondary Ground - A conducting connection between an appurtenance and the
structure.
(Note: Ground wire should not be encased in the foundation.)
12.2 Standard (See Annex A)
12.2.1 Structures shall be directly grounded to a primary ground.
12.2.2 A minimum ground shail consist of two 98 in. [16 mm] diameter galvanized stee!
ground rods driven not less than 8 ft [25 m] into the ground, 180* apart, adjacent to the stmcmre
base. The ground rods shah be bonded with a lead of not smaller than No. 6 [5 mm] tinned bare
copper connected to the nearest leg or to the metal base of the structure. A similar ground rod
shall be installed at each guy anchor and similarly connected to each guy at the anchor.
12.2.3 Self-supporting towers excee&ng 5 ft [1.5 m] in base width shall have one ground rod
per leg installed as above.
12.2.4 All equipment on a structure shah be connected by a secondary ground.
12.2.5 Remote passive reflectok are exempt from the grounding requirements specified herein.
13 CLMMNG AND WORKING FACZIUTJES
13.1 Definitions
13.1.1 Climbing Facilities - Components specifically designed or provided to permit access,
such as fixed kkhs, step bolts, or snuctu.ral members.
13.1.2 Climbing Safety Devices - Equipment devices other than cages, designed to minimize
accidental falls, or to Iitnit the distance of such falls. The devices permit the person to ascendor
descend the structure without having to continually manipulate the device or any part of the
device. The climbing safety device usually consists of acarrier, safety sleeves, and safety beits.
13.1.3 Working Facilities - Work platforms and accessrunways.
13.1.4 Hand or Guardrds - Horizontal barriers erected along the sides or ends of working
facilities to prevent falls.
13.2 Standard
13.2.1 Climbing and working facilities, hand or guardrails, and climbing safety devices shall be
provided when specified by the purchaser. (See Annex A.)
13.2.2 Climbing facilities shah be designed to support a minimum 250 [l.l kN] pound
concentrated live load.
TIAEIA-222-F
13.2.2.1 When fmed ladders are specified as the climbing facility, they shall meet the
fo~o~g minimum requirements:
a. Side rail spa&g - 12 in. [300 mm] minimum clear width.
b. Rung spacing - 12 in. [30O mm] minimum center-to-center, 16 in. [410 mm]
maximum.
C. Rung diameter - 5/8 in. [16 mm] minimum.
13.2.2.2 When step bolts are specified, they shall meet the following requirements:
a. Clear Width - 4 l/2 in. [llO mm] minimum.
b. Spacing - 12 in. minimum [300 mm] center to center, alternately spaced, 18 in. 1460
mm1maximum.
c. Diameter - 5/S in. 116 mm] minimum.
13.23 Climbing safety devices shall meet the design requirements of the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) A14.3-1984, “Safety Requirements for Fixed Ladders”, Se&on 7.
13.24 Support structures for working facilities shall be designed to support a uniform live load
of 25 lb/ft’ Il.2 kpa], but in no case shall the support structure be designed for less than a total
he load of 500 pounds 12.2ItN]. Working surfaces, such asgrating, shall be designed to support
two 250-pound [ 1.1 IrN] loads. These loads are not to be applied concurrently with wind and ice
loads.
132.5 Hand or guardrails shall be designed to support a minimum concentrated live load of 150
pounds LO.67kN1, applied in any direction. .
(Note: 13.2 is intended to provide m,i,nimm requirements for new structures. It is not intended
to replace or supersede applicable laws or codes.)
14 -ANCE AND INSPECTION
14.1 Standard
14.1.1 Maintenance and inspection of steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures
should be performed by the owner on a routine basis.
(Note 1: It is recommended that all structures be inspected after severe wind and/or ice storms or
other extreme loading conditions.) ,
(Note 2: Recommended inspection and maintenance procedures for towers are provided in
Annex E.)
(Note 3: Shorter inspection intervals should be considered for structures in coastal salt water
environments, in corrosive atmospheres, and in areas subject to frequent vandalism.)
15 ANALYSIS OF EXNING TOWERS AND STRUTS
15.1 Standard
15.1-l Steel antenna towers and other suppo~g stNctures should be analyzed when changes
occur to the original design or operational loading conditions. Recommended criteria for the
analysis of existing structures are provided in Annex F.
16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS (SeeAnnex A)
statf! of ALABAMA StatedALABAMA
BASIC WIND BASIC WIND
c0uNl-Y NOTE* s=ED(Mpm COUNIY NOTE* -
SPEED(MpH)
AUTAUGA 70 MONROE 2 85
BALDWIN 2 100 MONTGOMEEtY 70
BARBOUR 75 MORGAN 70
BIBB 70 PERRY
BLOUNT 70 FICKENS Ei
BULLOCK 2 75
BUTLER 2 ii iEFDOiJ?H 70
CALHOUN 70 RUSSEL 70 *
CHAMBERS 70 SAINTCLAIR 70
CHEROKEE 70 SHEBY 70
(ZTHIEDN 70 70
CHOCTAW 2 tiZ!it~GA 70
2 ii: TALLAPOOSA 70
70 TUSCALOOSA
E!tt&mE 70 WALKER ;
COFFEE 2 85 WASHINGION 2
COLJ3lXT 70 WILCOX 2 :
CONECUH 2 85 WINSTON 70
COOSA
COVING-l-ON 2 ii
CRENSHAW 2 80 state of ALASKA
70
DALE 2 80 ALEunANIsLANDs 110
DALLAS 70 ANCHORAGE 110
DEKALB 70 I=?= 110
ELMORE 70 BRISTOL BAY 105
EscAMBIA 2 90 DILLINGHAM 105
ErowAH 70 FAlRBANKS NO. STAR 70
FAYEITE 70 80
70 JUNEAU 90
GENEVA 2 90 KENAIFENINSULA 100
70 KEKEEANGAXEWAY 95
70 KOBUCK 100
BENRY 2 80 KODIAK ISLAND; 110
HOUSTON 2 85 WANUSKA-SUSl’INA 80
JACKSON 70 NOME 110
JEFFERSON 70 NORTH SLOPE 100
70 PRINCEOFWALES 100
LAUDERDALE 70 SIlKA 100
LAmcE 70 SKAGWAY-%4KUTfl-
70 ANGOON 100
LIMESTONE 70 SOUTHEASTFAIRBANKS 70
LOwNDE!z 75 VALDEZ-CORDOVA 90
MACON 70 WADEHAMPTON 110
MADISON 70 wRANGELt--URG 90
MARENGO 75 YUKON-KOYUKUK 90
MARION 70
MARSHALL 70 caution: Mound regicm af
MOBILE 2 95 Alaskashouidbecxmsidered~
sYpdaiwin.dregions.
*For notes, see end of Section 16
Stateof ARIZONA sta!eofARKANsAs
COUNTY NOTE* mED(MpH) couIvIY NOTE* SPEEDWR)
APACHE 1 70 HOWARD 70
COCBlSE 70 INDEPENDENCE 70
cocoNINo 1 70 70
JACKSON 70
FEGAM E JEFFERSON 70
70 JOHNSON 70
LAPAZ 70 WA- 70
MARICOPA 75 LAWRENCE 70
MOHAVE 75 70
NAVAJO 1 70 IJNCOLN 70
75 LmuzRrvER 70
PINAL 75 LOGAN 70
SANTACFUJZ 70 LONOKE 70
YAVAPAI 75 MADISON 70
70 MARION 70
70
MISSISSIPPI 70
State of ARKANSAS MONROE 70
MONTGOMERY 70
ARKANSAS 70 NEVADA 70
ASHLEY 70 NEWIUN 70
BAXIER 70 OUACHITA 70
BENTON 70 PERRY 70
BOONE 70 , PHILLIPS 70
BRADLEY 70 70
CALHOUN 70 P0Ixm-r 70
CARROLL 70 PO= 70
CBICOT 70 POPE 70
70 70
CLAY 70 iiiiEsI 70
70 RANDOLPH 70
EkG%!E% 70 sAINrFIuNas 70
COLUMBIA 70 SALINE 70
CONWAY 70 scorr 70
CRAIGHEAD 70 SEARCY 70
CRAWFORD 70 SEBASTIAN 70
CRm-ENDEN 70 70
CROSS 70 EE 70
DALLAS 70 SroNE 70
DESFIA 70 UNION 70
DREW 70 VANBUREN 70
FAULKNER 70 WASHINGTON 70
70 70
FUIXON 70 WOODRUFF 70
GARLAND 70 70
70
70
HEMPSTEAD 70
HOT SPRING 70
*For notes, seeend of Section 16

1 IA/tlA-7”- F
state of CALIF0RNr.A stateafcALIFom

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0 COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPM
ALAMEDA 70 70
ALPINE 1 70 75
AMADOR 1 70 75
BUTTE 75 80
CALAVEMS 1 70 70
COLUSA 75 70
CONTRA COSTA 70 70
DELNORTE 80 75
ELDORADO 1 75 75
FRESNO 1 70
HUMBOLDT ii state of coLoRAD

1 70
1 70
EEi 1 70 ADAMS 85
KINGS ALAMOSA 1
ii ARAPAHOE ii
LASSEN 1 75 AR- 70
LOS ANGELES 1 70 BACA 85
MADEwi 1 70 BENT 85
75 BOULDER 1 85
MARIPOSA 1 80
MENDocmo ii: 85
MEWED 70 CLEARCREEK 1 85
MODOC 1 70 CONEIOS 80
MONO 1 70. cosm 1 80
MONTEREY 70 CROWLEY 85
NAPA 75 CUSTER 1 80
NEVADA 1 75 DEtTA 70
ORANGE 70 DENVER 85
PLACER 1 75 DOLORES 70
PLUMAS 1 70 DOUGLA!3 1 85
-IDE 1 70 EAGLE 80
SA- 75
SANBWO 70 ET& E
SANBERNARDINO 1 70 FREMONT 1 80
SANDIEGO 1 70 GARFIELD 80
sANFRANcIsc0 70 GlLPlN 1 85
SAN JOAQUIN 70 1 85
SANLUIS OBISPO 70 iiii%iON 75
sANlkulEo 70 BINSDALE 70
SANTABARBARA 70 HUERFANO 1
SANTACLARA 70 JACKSON ii
SANTACXJZ 70 JEFFERSON 1
SHASTA 1 75 KIOWA ii
SEE&4 1 70 KIT CARSON 85
SISKIYOU 1 75 80
a SOLANO 75 LAPLCA 70
SONOMA 80 1 85
1 lAftlA-7”-t a--
state of COLORADO StateiofFLORIDA

BASIC WIND BASIC WI-ND
COuNlY NOTE* SEED0 COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0
LASAMMAS 1 80 ALACEIUA 2 95
LINCOLN B- . 90
LOGAN E BAY 1 100
MESA 70 BRADFORD 2 95
75 BREVARD 2 105
MOFEAT 80 BROWARD 2 115
MONTEZUMA 70 CALHOUN 2 100
MONlROSE CHARLOTIE 2 105
MORGm ii CnRus 2 100
OlERO 85 CLAY 2 95
OURAY 70 COLLIER 2 110
PARK 1 80 COLUMBIA 2 90
PHILLIPS 85 DADE 2 115
PIIXIN 80 DE SOT0 105
FROWERS 85 DIXIE 1 100
PUEBLO 85 DW& 2 95
RIO BLANC0 ESCAMBIA 2 100
RIO GRANDE ii FLAGLER 2 100
ROUTT 85 2 105
SAGUACHE 1 80 GADSDEN 2 95
SANJUAN 70 GILCHRIST 2 95
SANMXGUEL GLADES 2 100
SEDGWICK ii 2 105
SUMMIT 1 80 HAMILTON 2 90
1.m 1 85 HARDEE 2 100
WASI-BNGTON 85 BENDRY 2 105
85 .IiiERNANDo 2 105
85 HIGHLANDS 2 100
HILLSBOROUGH 2 105
HOLMES 2 95
stare of CONTvEcl-ICUT fNDIANRlvEEz 2 105
JACKSON 2 95
FAIRFIELD 2 85 JEFFERSON 2 95
HAKl-FORD 2 80 LAFAYEI-IE 2 95
Lrrm 1.2 80 2 100
MIDDLESEX 2 85 2 105
NEWHAVEN 2 85 LEON 2 95
NEWLONDON 2 85 2 100
TOLLAND 2 85 LTBERTY 2 100
WINDHAM 2 85 MADISON 2 95
MANATEE 2 105
MARION 2 100
State of DELAWARE 105
MONROE ; 120
2 80 NASSAU 95
NEW CASTLE 2 75 OKALOOSA : 1M)
SUSSEX 2 90 OKEJXHOBEE 2 100
Disnict of COLUMBIA
DISTRICTOF COLUMBIA 2 75
*For notes,seeend of Section 16

1 l&&IA-~- F
State ofFLORIDA State of GEORGIA

COUNTY NOTE* sPEEDo COUNIY NOTE* SPEEDm
ORANGE 2 100 mAHoocHEE 70

OSCEOLA 2 100 (ZHtUTOOGA 75
PALMBEACH 2 110 CBEEIOKEE 70
PMCO 2 105 75
PINELLAS 2 105 CLAY 75
F0I.K 2 100 CLAYTON 70
PUTNAM 2 95 CLJNCH 85
SAINTJOHNS 2 loo COBB 70 *
SAINTLUCIE 2 105 COFFEE 80
SANTA ROSA 2 100 c0LQm-r 80
SARASOTA 2 105 COLUMBIA 75
SEMINOLE 2 100 COOK 80
SUMTER 2 100 COWEIA 70
SUWANNEE 2 90 CRAWFORD 70
TAmOR 2 100 CRTSP 75
UNION 2 95 DADE 70
VOLUSIA 2 100 DAWSON 75
WAKULLA 2 100 DECQUR 90
WALTON 2 100 DEKALB 70
WASHINGTON 2 95 DODGE 75
DOOLY 75
DOUGBEKIY 75
State of GEORGIA DOUGLAS 70
=Y 80
APPLING 2 85 ECXOLS 85
MKINSON 2 .80 EFFINGHAM 90
BACON 2 85 ELBEEa 75
BAKER 2 80 80
BALDWIN 75 EVANS 85
BANKS 75 FANNIN 70
BARROW 75 FAYEITE 70
BARTOW 75 FLOYD 70
BENHILL 80 FORSYTH 75
BERRIEN 2 80 75
BIBB 70 FULTON 70
BLECKLEY 75 70
BRANTIXY 90 GLASCOCK 75
BROOKS 85 GLYNN 95
BRYAN 90 GORDON 70
BULLOCH 85 85
BURKE 80 K 75
BUTTS 70 75
CALHOUN 75 HABERBAM 75
CAMDEN 2 95 75
CANDLER 2 80 HANCOCK 75
CARROLL 70 HAULSON 70
CMOOSA 70 70
-TON 2 90 75
2 95 70
TIAEIA-‘22-F
State of GEORGIA State of GEORGIA

I
COUNTY NOTE* sPJ330 cow NOTE* SPEED (Mm
HENRY 70 70
HOUSTON EEEN 2 80
ii SEMINOLE 2 85
it--ON 75 SPALOING 70
JASPER 75 75
JEFFDAVIS 2 80 kFE%F 70
JEFFERSON 75 70
JENKINS 2 80 liW3OT 70
JOHNSON 75 -0 75 *
JONES 75 3lxrrNALL 2 85
70 TAnOR 70
iI%E 2 85 80
LAURENS 75 zEiz% 75
75 THOMAS 2 8s
LIBERTY 90 80
LINCOLN 75 TOOMBS 2 85
LONG 90 TOWNS 70
LOWNDES 85 80
LUMPKIN 75 TROUP 70
MACON 70 75
MADISON 75 TWIGGS 75
MARION 70 UNION 70
MCDUFFIE 75 UPSON 70
MCINTOSH 95 WAIXER 75
70 WAIXON 75
80 2 85
MlTcHEu 80 EEEN 75
MONROE 70 WASHlNG’IDN 75
MONTGOMERY 80 WAYNE 2 90
MORGAN 75 70
MURIUY 70 itziEz 80
MUSCOGEE 70 70
NEWTON 75 70
OCONEE 75 WILCOX 75
OGLEl-HORPE 75 75
PAULDING 70 WILKINSON 75
PEACH 70 WORTH 75
PICKENS 75
PIERCE 2 90
PIKE 70 state OfHAwAlI
POLK 70
PULASKI 75 HAWAII 80
PUTNAM 75 HONOLULU 80
Q- 75 KAUAI
RABUN 70 MAUI Emi
RANDOLPH 75
RICHMOND 75
ROCKDALE 70
state of IDAHO
I
stateof xLLIN01s
COuNm NOTE* sPEED(Mpm COUNTY NOTE* SF'EED(Mpm
ADA 70 70
ADAMS 70 IzE4DER 70
70
BANNOCK 70 BOND
BEARLIKE 75 BOONE 80
BENEWAH 70 BROWN 70
BINGHAM 70 BUREAU 75
BLAINE 70 CAUIOUN
BOISE 70 CARROLL ii
BONNIER 70 70
BO- 75 ~Z~ELPAIGN 70
BOUNDARY 70 CHRISTIAN
BUTIE 70 .- ii
CAMAS 70 CLAY 70
CANYON 70 CUNTON 70
CARIBOU 75 COXES 70
CASSIA 70 COOK 75
70 CRAWFORD 70
CLEARWMER 70 CUMBW 70
CUSTER 70 DEKALB 75
ELMORE 70 DEWl’IT 70
70 DOUGLAS 70
FREMONT 75 DU PAGE 75
70 EDGAR 70
GOODING 70 EDWARDS 70
IDAHO 70 EFFINGHAM 70
JEFFERSON 70 FAYEITE 70
JEROME 70 FORD 70
K00TENAI 70 70
L.f%rM 70 FULTON 70
70 GALJXlTV 70
Et2 70 70
LINCOLN 70 GRUNDY 75
MADISON 75 HAMILTON 70
MINIDOKA 70 HANCOCK 75
NEZPERCE 70 70
ONEIDA 70 iii%i:SON 75
OWYHEE 70 BENRY 75
PAYEITE 70 IROQUOIS 75
POWER 70 JACJLSON 70
SHOSHONE 1 70 JASPER 70
TETON 75 JEFFERSON 7@
TWINFALLS 70 JERSEY 70
VALLEY 70 JO DAVIESS 80
WASHINGTON 70 JOHNSON 70
75
75
KENDALL 75
a *For notes, see end of Section 16

KNOX 75
TIAEIA-222-F
state of ILLINOIS stateoflLLINoIs

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0 CouNn NOTE* SPE’EDWm
1 80 WHITESIDE 80
LASALLE 75 75
LAWRENCE 70 %AMSON 70
75 WINNEBAGO 80
LIVINGSTON 75 WOODFORD 75
LOGAN 70
MACON 70 StatedINDIANA
MACOUPIN 70
MADISON 70 ADAMS 75
MARION 70 75
MARSHAL;L 75 BARTHOLOMEW 70
MASON 70 BENTON 75
MASSAC 70 BLACKFORD 70
MCDONOUGH 70 BOONE 70
MCBEN-RY 80 BROWN 70
MCLEAN 70 CARROLL 70
MENARD 70 CASS 75
MERCER 75 70
MONROE 70 70
MONTGOMERY 70 E&ON 70
MORGAN 70 CRAWFORD 70
MOULIRIE DAVIESS 70
OGLE ii: DEARBORN 70
PEmIA 75 DECQTJR 70
PERRY 70 DEXAL33 75
PIAIT 70 DELAWARE 70
PIKE 70 DUBOIS 70
POPE 70 75
PULASKI 70 FAYEI-IE 70
PUTNAM 75 FLOYD 70
RANDOLPH 70 FOUNTAJN 70
70 70
kG 75 FUIXON 75
SAINTCL4IR 70 GIBSON 70
SALINE 70 70
SANGAMON 70 EEk 70
SCHLJYBZ 70 HAMIIXON 70
SCOTT 70 HANCOCK 70
SHEIJ3Y 70 HARRISON 70
STARK 75 HENDRxcKs 70
STEPHENSON 80 HENRY 70
TAZEWELL 70 HOWARD 70
UNION 70 HUNTINGION 75
VERMILION 70 JACKSON 70
WABASH 70 JASPER 75
WARRJ3 JAY 70
WASHINGTON ; JERER!ZON 70
WAYNE 70 JENNINGS 70
70 JOHNSON 70
;
TIAEIA-222-F
State ofINDIANA StatedINDIANA

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0 COUNTY NOTE* SF=D(MpH)
KNOX 70
KoscIusKo 75
LAPORTE 1 75
LAGRANGE 75
1 75
LAWRENCE 70 State af IOWA
MADISON 70
MARION 70 ADAXR 80
MARS= 75 80
70 2i?izLE
iEkE? 75 .APPANoosE Fl
MONROE 70 AUDUBON 80
MONTGOMERY 70 BENTON 80
MORGAN 70 BLACKHAWK
NEWTON 75 BOONE ii
NOBLE 75 BREh4ER 80
OHIO 70 BUCHANAN 80
ORANGE 70 BUENAVISTA 80
OWEN 70 BUTLER 80
PARKE 70 CALHOUN 80
PERRY 70 CARROLL 80
PIKE 70 CASS 80
e PORTER
POSEY
PULASKI
mAM
1 75
70
75
70
WAR
cER.RoGoRDo
-0KEE
CHICKASAW
80
80
80
80
RANDOLPH 70 CLARKE 80
70 CLAY 80
RUSH 70 CLAYTON 80
ST. JOSEPH 75 CLINTON 80
SCOTT ClUWFORD 80
SI3Eu3Y :8 DALLAS 80
SPENCER 70 DAVIS 75
STARKE 75 DECAI’UR 80
STEUBEN 75 DELAWARE 80
SULLIVAN 70 DES MOINES 75
S- 70 DICKINSON 80
TIPPECANOE 70 DUBUQUE 80
TIPTON 70 80
UNION 70 ft%EE 80
VANDERBURGH 70 FLOYD 80
VERMIIUON 70 80
VIGO 70 FREMONT 80
WABASH 75
WARREN 70 GRUNDY ix
WARRICK 70 80
WASHINGTON 70 ZN 80
WAYNE 70 HANcocK 80
TlAIEIA-221-F
State of IOWA State dIOWA

COUNTY NOTE* sPEEDch4Pm COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDWH)
HARDIN WARREN
HARRISON WASHINGTON
HENRY 75 WAYNE
HOWARD 80 WEBSTER
HUMBOLDT 80 WJNNBBAGQ
IDA 80 WINNES-
IOWA 80 WOQDBURY
JACKSON 80 WOKm
JASPER 80 WRIGHT
JEFFERSON 80
JOHNSON 80
JONES 80 State &KANSAS
KEOKUK 80 .
KossuIH 80
75 75
80 ANDERSON
LOUISA 75 AKHISON iFi
LUCAS 80 BARBBR 80
LYON 85 BARH3N 80
MADISON 80 BOURBON 70
MAHASKA 80 BROWN 80
MARION 80 BUILBR 80
MARSHALL 80 CHASE 80
80 CHATAUQUA 75
MITCBELL 80 CHEROKEE 70
MONONA 80 85
MONROE 80 80
MONTGOMERY 80 80
MWXKINE 80 EEED 80
O’BRIEN 80 75
OSCEOLA EiEkBE 80
PACE ii COWLJZY 80
PALO ALTO 80 CRAWFORD 70
PLYMOUTH DECATUR
POC4HONTAS ix DICKINSON ii:
POLK 80 DONIPHAN 80
POTTAWAmAMlE 80 DOUGLAS 80
P0wl3HlEK 80 EDWARDS 80
RINGGOLD
SAC ;z Es ii:
SCOTr 80 mLswoRlH 80
SHELBY 80 85
SIOUX 85 85
STORY 80 75
TAMA 80 80
TAnOR 80 85
UNION 80 85
VANBUREN 75 85
WAPEILO 80 85
State of KANSAS State uf KANSAS

COUNIY NOTE* SPEED0 COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MpH)
=OD 85 80
75 85
HAMILTON 80
ii 85
iiEE 80 80
85 85
HODGA4AN 85 85 .
JACKSON 80
JEFFERSON EEiORD ii
xi STANTON 85
JOHNSON 75 STEVENS
85 ii
KINGMAN 80 IHOMAS 85
KIOWA 80 TREGO 85
LABErIE 70 WABAUNSEE 80
WUCE 85
=VJZNWORTH ii WASHING’IDN 80
LINCOLN 80 WI-A 85
2i.N 75 WILSON 75
85 WOODSON 75
LYON 80 WYANDm 75
MARION 80
MARSHALL 80
MCPHERSON 80 state of KENTCJCKY
MEADE 85 .
75. ADAIR 70
iEG!iaL 80 70
MONTGOMERY 75 ANDERSON 70
MORRIS 80 BALLARD 70
MORTON 85 BARREN 70
80 BPilH 70
NEOSHO 75 BELL 70
NESS 85 BOONE 70
NOKI’ON 85 BOURBON 70
OSAGE 80 BOYD 70
OSBORNE 80 BOYLE 70
C7ITAWA 80 BRACKEN 70
PAWNEE 80 BRJXBllT 70
PHILuPS 85 BRECKINRIDGE 70
POTI-AWATOMIE 80 J3~ll-r 70
80 BUTLER 70
RAWUNS 85 70
RENO 80 gk?zE 70
REPUBLIC 80 70
RICE 80 gz?iE 70
80 CARROLL 70
ROOKS 85 70
RUSH 85 EiF 70
RUSSELL 80 cHRETIAN 70
--
- -- I rrr\-;,-r
state OfKENTIJcKY ScateOfICENRJ=Ky

COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDt-Mm COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDtMPH)
MAGoFFIN
EF 70 MARION
CLINTON MARsHAu
cxrITmDEN :
CUMBERLAND 70 MASON
DAVIESS 70 MCCRACKEN
EDMONSON 70 MCCREARY
ELIOTI- 70 MCLJXN
70
FAYFI-IE 70 iiE!EE
FLEMlNG 70 MERCER
FLOYD 70 MErm
70 MONROE
FUIXON 70 MONTGOMERY
GALILMTN 70 MORGAN
GARR4RD 70 MUHLENBERG
zz 70 NESON
NICHOLAS
GRAYSON 70 OHIO
ziEh.JP 70 OLDHAM
HANCOCK 70 iEzi!EY
HARDIN 70 PENDLETON
70 PERRY
HARRISON 70
70 RYXELL
BENDERSON 70 PULASKI
BENRY 70 ROBERTSON
BICKMAN 70 ROCKCASTLE
HOPKINS 70 ROWAN
JACKSON 70 RUSSELL
JEFFERSON 70 SCOTr
JESSAMINE 70 SHELBY
JOHNSON 70 SIMPSON
KENTON 70 SPENCER
KNOTT 70 TAYLOR
KNOX 70 TODD
LARUE 70 TRIGG
LAUREL 70 TRIMBIX
LAWRENCE 70 UNION
70 WARREN
LESLIE 70 WASmGTON
LErcHER 70 WAYNE
70 WEBSTER
LINCOLN 70
LMNGSTON 70 WOLFE
LOGAN 70 WOODFORD
LYON 70
MADISON 70
TIAIEIA-222-F
StateofLOlJISIANA StareofLOUISIANA
BASIC WIND BASICWXND
COUNTY NOTE* =oMpR) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MpH)
ACADIA 2 95 sAIlwMAK13N 2 100
2 SAINTMARY 105
ASCENSION 1z SAINTTAZMMANY ; 100
ASSUMPI-ION i loo TANciIpAHOA 2
AVOYELLES 2 85 TENSAS ii
m2AmAR.D 2 90 TERREBONNE 2 105
BlJ3MLLE 70 UNION 70
BOSSIER 70 -ON 2 100
CADDO 70 VERNON 85
CALCASIEU 2 95 WASBINGTON ; 95
CALDWELL 75
CAMERON 2 100 Z~Z~~%NROUGE 2 ii
CAIAHOULA 80 wEsTc4RRoLL
CIAIBORNE WESTFELICIANA 2 ii
CONCORDIA ii 70
DE SOT0 70
EAST BATON ROUGE 2 95
EAST CARROE
EASTFELICIANA 2 ii
EVMGELINE 2 90 State OfMAINE
iii ANDROSCOGGIN 80
IBERIA 2 100 AROO!XOOK 85
IBEwILLE 2 loo CLJMBERLAND 80
JACKSON 70 75
JEFFERSON 105 BArycocK 90
-ONDAVIS 2 95 KENNEBEC 80
LAEAYEmZ 2 100 KNOX 85
LAPOURCBE 2 105 LINCOLN 85
LASALLE 80 OXFORD 1 . 75
LINCOLN 70 PENOBSCOT 85
LIVINGSTON 2 100 PIS~AQUIS 80
MADISON 70 SAGADAIIOC 85
MOREHOUSE 70 SOMERsEr 80
NiUCBITOCHES 75 WALDO 85
ORLEANS 2 105 WASBINGTON 100
OUACBlTA 70 YORK 80
PLAQUEMIDEZ 2 105
PolNTcouPEE 2 95
RAPIDES 85 StatedMARYLAND
REDRIVER 70
RICBLAND 70 ALIEANY 70
SABINE 75 ANNEARUNDEL 2 75
SAINTBERNARD 2 105 BALXIMORE 2 75
SAINTCHARLES 2 105 CAL= 2 75
SAINT-A 95 CAROLINE 2 80
SAJNTJAMES 100 CARROLL 2 70
SAINTJOBNTBEBAFTIST 2 100 CEaL 2 75
SAINTLANDRY 2 95 2 75
DORCBES-XER 2 80
PREDERICK 2 70
TlA/ELW22-F
state OfMttRYLAND StateofMICHlGAN

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0 COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0
GARREIT cHARLEvolx 1
HARFORD 2 ;i CHEBOYGAN 1 ;
HOWARD 2 70 CBIPPBWA 1 70
2 75 75
MONTGOMERY 2 70 CLJNTON 75
PRINCE GEORGE’S 2 75 QRAWPORD
2 75 Dn ii
ZEf?kEF: .
2 DICKINSON 80 ’
SOMERsEr 2 E 75
TALBOT 2 80 iEi& 1
WASHINGTON 2 E
wIcoMlc0 2 ii
WORCBSTER 2 90 iik?iiiY 1 E
GRANDTMvERsE 1 75
G&SHOT 75
State of MASSACHUSETTS HJLLSDALE 75
HOUGHTON 1 70
BARNSTABLE 2 100 HURON 1 75
BERKSHIRE 12 70 INGHAM 75
BRISTOL 2 90 IONIA 75
DUKES 2 IOSCO 1
ESSEX 2 iii IRON ii
1.2 ISABELLA 75
HAMPDEN 2 ii JACKSON 75
HAMPSHIRE 2 75 -00 75
MIDDLESEX 2 90 75
NANTUtXET 2 105 75
NORFOLK 2 90 KEWEENAW 70
PLm0Ul-H 2 95 80
SUFFOLK 2 90 LAPEER
WORCESTER 2 85 LEIZANAU 1 ii
LENAWEE 75
LIVINGSTON 75
State of MICHIGAN LUCE 1 70
MACKINAC 1 75
ALCONA 1 75 MACOMB 75
ALGER 1 75 80
ALlEGAN 1 75 iizgEIE 80
ALPBNA 1 75 MASON 80
1 75 MECOSTA
ARBNAC 1 75 MENOMINE ii
BARAGA 1 75 MIDLAND 75
BARRY 75 MISSAUKEE 75
BAY 1 75 MONROE 75
BHNZIE 1 80 MONT.CALM 75
BERRJEN 1 75 MONTMORENCY 75
BRANCH 75 MUSKEGON 1 80
CALHOUN 75 NEWAYGO 80
CASS 75 OAKLAND 75
TIA/EIA-222-F
Stateof MXCHlGAN State dMINNESOTA

COuNrY NOTE* spEED(MpH) COUNIY NOTE* SPEs>(MpH)
OCEANA 1 80 HOUSTON 85
OGEMAW 75 -ARD . 80
ONTONAGON 1 75 80
OSCEOA 75 EE 75
OSCODA JACKSON 80
OTSEGO ; KANABEC 80
OTTAWA 1 80 IMNDIYOBI
PRESQUEISLE 1 75 KrITSON iFI .
ROSCOMMON 75 KOOCHKHING
SAGINAW 1 LACQUIPiUUE ii
SAINTCLUR 1 ; 75
SAINT JOSEPH LAKE OF TEE WOODS 75
SANTLAC 1 z LE!mErJR 80
SCHOOL CEuFr 1 80 LINCOLN 85
SHIAWASSEE LYON - 85
TUSCOLA 1 E MAHNOMEN
VANBUREN 1 MARS= 8”o
WMH’IENAW iz 80
WAYT+JE MCLEOD
WEXFORD ii ii
MlLLELAcs 80
MORRISON 80
Statedm0~~ MOWER 80
MURRAY 85
NIcouEr 80
ANOKA ii NO&ES
BECKER 85 NORMAN :z
BELXRAMI 80 OLMSIED 80
BENTON 80 OTIERTAIL
BIG STONE 90 PENNINGION ii:
BLUEEARTH 80
BROWN 80 PIPESTONE ii:
CARLXON 1 POLK 85
CARVER ii 85
EEEY 80
iii%kWA iz REDLAKE 80
CHISAGO 75 REDWOOD 85
90 80
ERWMER 80 RICE 80
COOK 70 ROCK
COTIONWOOD 85 ROSEAU Yz
CROWWING sAlNTLouIs 1
DAKOTA i: SCOIT ii
DODGE 80 SHERBURNE 80
DOUGLAS 85 SIBLEY
FARIBAUEI’ 80 ii
FILUAORE .?i-zz?
FREEBORN ii SEVENS iti
GOODHUE 85
ii TODD
80 TIMERSE E
State of h4lNNESOTA state ufMx!sIssIPP1

COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDWH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0
WABASHA 80 2 85
WmENA 80 70
WASECA 80 70
WASBINGTON E&E 70
wmoNwAN ii: IJNCOLN 2 85
LOWNDES 70
EE4 ii MADISON
WRIGHT 80 MARION 2 z
YELL0wh4ED1cINE 85 MARSHALL 70
MONROE 70
state of MISSISSIPPI MONTGOMERY 70
NESHOBA 70
ADAMS 80 NEWTON 75
ALCORN NOXCJBEE 70
2 ii OKTIEBEHA 70
KITilLA PANOLA 70
BENTON zi PEARLRIvER 2
BOLTVAR 70 PERRY 2 ii
CALHOUN 2 90
CARROLL ;i EOTOC 70
CBICKASAW 70 PRENTISS 70
CHO(JTAW 70 Q- 70
CIAIE3ORNE 75 75
2 scolT 75
CLAY $ SHARKEY 70
coAHoMA 70 SIMPSON 80
COPIAH 80 SMIIH 75
COVINGTON 2 80 STONE 2 95
DE SOT0 70 SUIWXOWER 70
FORREST 2 90 TALLxmTcHlE 70
2 85 Tm 70
GEORGE 2 TIePAH 70
2 ii TISHOMINGO 70
GRENADA 70 TUN-ICA 70
HANCOCK 2 100 UNION 70
HARRISON 2 100 WAJXHALL 2 90
HINDS 75 WARREN 70
HOLMES 70 WASHINGION 70
HUMPHREYS 70 WAYNE 2 85
ISSAQUENA 70 70
lTAWAMBA 70 CN 2 90
JAQCSON 2 100 WINSTON 70
JASPER 75 YALOBUSHA 70
JEFFERSON 80 wzoo 70
JEFFERSONDAVIS 2 85
JONES 2 85
70
LAFAYEITE 70
2 90
LAuDEflDALE 75
state of MISSOURI stalebofMIssouRI
COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDtMnD COuNlY NOTE* SPEED0
75 IRON 70
80 JACKSON 75
AT'CBISON 80 70
AUDRAIN 70 ZON 70
BARRY 70 JOHNSON 75
BARTON 70 KNOX 75
BAIES 70 LACLEDE 70
BENTON 70 L/WA-
BOLLlNGER 70 LAWRENCE E
BOONE
BUCHANAN
BUTLER
3
70
LINCOLN ii
75
CALDm 75 E%s-I~N 75
CALLAWAY 70 MACON 75
CAMDEN 70 MADISON 70
CAPEGIRARDEAU 70 70
CARROLL 75 ESJ 70
MCDONALD 70
CASS R
70
MERCER 80
70
ZON 75 MISSISSIPPI 70
70 MONIlEAU 70
75 MONROE 70
CLAY 75 MONTGOMERY 70
cLINKIN 80 MORGAN 70
COLE 70 NEWMADRID 70
COOPER 70 NEWTON 70
CRAWFORD 70 NODAWAY 80
DADE 70 OREGON 70
DALI& 70 OSAGE 70
DAVIEZS OZARK 70
DEKALB
DENT
ii:
70
PEMISCOT 70
70
DOUGLAS 70 EiEi 70
DUNKLIN 70 PHELPS 70
70
EiitE!%E 70 iii
GENTRY 80 POLK 70
70 70
GRUNDY 75 PUTNAM 75
HARRISON 80 70
HENRY 70 luNDoLPH 70
HICKORY 70 RAY 75
HOIX 80 REYNOLDS 70
HOWARD 70 70
HOWELL 70

a
1 Irv Cl&-&-t
state ofMIssouRI StatedMONTANA
BASIC WIND BASIC m

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0 COUNIY NOTE* SPED(MpM
SAINTCHARLES 70 JEFFERSON 70
SAINTCLUR 70 JUDII-HBASIN 80
sAINTFRANcoIs 70 70
SAINTGENEVEW 70 ELNDCLARK 75
SAINT LOUIS 70 LJBEKE 80
SAINTLOUIS CrIY 70 LINCOLN
SAWBE
3z
75
75
75
. MADISON
MCCONE
MEAGHER
ii
80
75
Sal-T 70 70
SHANNON 70 iiiiEE4 70
SBELBY 75 Mus- 85
STODDAEtD 70 PARK 80
70 PEIROLEUM
iEz!kJ 75 PHIlUPS ii
EE
VERNON
ii
70
PoNDEm
POWDERRIVER
KwELL
1
;z
70
WlRREN 70 80
WASHINGTON 70 RAVALU 1 70
WAYNE
.-=
WORTH
zi
80
RICBLAND
ROOSEVEU
ROSEBUD
80
80
85
WRIGHr 70 1 70
ziiE!Ek 80
SILVERBOW 70
StateofMONTANA SITEWAIER 80
SWEIXGRASS 80
BEAVERBEAD I 70 WON ‘1 75
BIG HORN
BLAINE
BROADWm
ii
75
Tool-E
TREASURE
1 75
85
80
CARBON 80 gggm, 80
80 WIBAUX
EEEiE 75 YELLOWSTONE ii
cHouIEAu
CUSTER
DANIELS
1
ii
80 state of NEBRASKA
DAWSON 80
DEERLODGE 70
FAILON 80
FERGUS 80
1 70 BANNER :
GAIJAIN
EiiEE?
1
1
iii
75
BIdUNE
BOONE
BOXBU’ITE
85
85
85
GOLDENVALLEY 80 BOYD
2 BROWN
BUFFALO
i;
85
T.wEIA-222-F
StateofNEBRASIcA StatelTfNEWUSKA
BASICWIND BASIC WIND

COUNTY NOTE* spEED0vfPH-l COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MpH)
BURT 80 MCPBERSON
BUTLER 80 MERRICK ii
CASS 80 MORRILL
CEDAR 85 NANCE ii
CHASE 85
80 NUCKOIU 5
EiEFzkE 85 OTOE 80
CLAY PAWNEE 80
coIx4x ii 85
PBELPS 85
EKE? ii PERCE 85
DAKOTA 85
DAWES E POLK 80
DAWSON 85 REDwILulW 85
DEUEL 85 RICHARDSON 80
DIXON ROCK
DODGE ii SALINE ii
DOUGLAS 80 SARPY 80
DUNDY SAUNDERS 80
FILLMORE ii SCOITS BLUFF 85
85
FRONTER iikz%zN ii:
FURNAS iz SHERMAN 85
GAGE 80 SIOUX
GARDEN 85 SlApON iz
GARFIELD 85 THAYER 80
GOSPER 85 THOMAS
85 THURSTON g '.
GREELEY VAlXZY 85
ii; WASHING’TON 80
ii%i~T0~ WAYNE 85
: wEB!nER 85
HAYES 85 85
HITCHCOCK YORK 80
HOIX ii:
HOOKER 85
HOWARD 85 %teofNEVADA
EFFER!SON 80
JOHNSON CHURCHILL 75
ii 1
85 DOUGLAS 1 ;i
KEYA PAHA 85 ELXO 70
KlMBALL 85 ESMERALDA 75
KNOX 80
LANCASTER ifI HUMBOLDT 70
LINCOLN 85 .LANDER 80
LOGAN 85 IJNCOLN 80
LOUP 85 LYON 70
MADISON 85
Stare c&NEVADA stateofNEwh4ExIco
COUNTY NOTE* sPEED(Mpm COUNTY NOTE* SF’EED(MpH)
BERNALILLO 70
1 CKtRON
70 cHAvl3 ii
SlmEY 1 70 UBOLA 70
WASHOE 1 70 COLFM 80
WBIIEPINE 75 CURRY 80
DEBACA 80
DONAANA 70
s~of~HAMPsHlR.E EDDY 75
70
BEIXNAP 2 80 tiEE!iLuPE 1
CARROLL 2 80 HARDING ii
CHESHIRE 2 HIDALGO
coos 12 ; ii
-ON 12 70 LmcoLN 1 75
HILLSBOROUGH 2 Los ALAMOS
MERRIMACK 2 :: LUNA ;i
ROCKINGHAM 2 85 MCKINLEY 70
sTRAFFoRD 2 85 MORA 80
SULLIVAN 12 75 OIERO 1 70
QUAY 80
RIO ARRIBA 75
state of NEW JEEtsEY ROOSEVETX 80
SANDOVAL 70
fXIUNTIC 2 85 SANJUAN 70
BERGEN 2 80 SANMJGUEL 1 80
BURLINGTON 2 80 SANTAFE 1 75
2 80 SlEEUZA 70
EEilY 2 85 SOCORRO 70
CUMBERLAND 2 80 TAOS 80
ESSEX 2 80 TORRANCE 1 75
GLOUCESTER 2 UNION 85
HUDSON 2 f ii VALENCIA 70
HUNTERDON 2 75
MERCER 2 80
MIDDLESEX 2 80 stateofNEwY0R.K
MONMOUTH 2 85
MORRIS 2 75 ALBANY 70
OCEAN 2 AILEGANY
PASSAIC 2 ifi BRONX 2 ix
SALEM 2 80 BROOME 70
SOrvlEluEr 2 80 ~ARAUGUS 70
SUSSEX 2 70 CAYUGA 70
UNION 2 80 CHAUTAUQUA 1 70
WARREN 2 70 CBEMUNG 70
CHENANGO 70
CLINTON 70
COLUMBIA 12 70
CORTLAND 70
stareofNEwYoRK State c&NORTH CAROIJNA

COUNTY NOTE* SPEEoMPm COUNTY NOTE* -(MPH)
DELAWARE 70
DUTCBESS 12 70
1 70 1 70
ESSEX 70 ANSON 75
70 1 70
70 AVERY 1 70
BEAUFOIU 2 100
12 ; BEKllE 2
HAMILTON BLADEN ii
;: BRUNSWICK 2" loo
iiiEi%J BUNCOMBE 1 70
KINGS 2 ii BURKE 70
70 CABARRUS 70
LIVINGSTON 70 CALDWELL 70
MADISON 70 CAMDEN 2 100
MONROE 70 .2 110
MONTGOMERY 70 EitfEsF 70
NASSAU 2 85 CMAWBA 70
NEW YORK 2 80 70
NIAGARA 1 70 CHEROKEE 70
ONEIDA 70 CHOWS 2 95
ONONDAGA 70 70
ONTiwO 70 Ei%LAND 70
ORANGE 12 70 COLUMBUS 2 95
ORLEANS 70 cm.. 2 loo
0swEGo 70 CUMBERLAND 2 80
OTSEGO 70 CURRIIUCK 2 loo
2 DARE 2 110
F$ziir 2 ii: DAVIDSON 70
RENSSELAER 70 DAvlE 70
RICHMOND 2 85 DUPLIN 2 95
ROCKLAND 2 80 DURHAM 75
SAINTLAWRENCE 70 BDGECOMBE 2 80
SARATOGA 70 FORSYTH 70
ScBENEcI=ADY 70 2 75
scHoHARIE 70 GASTON 70
SCHUYLER 70 9 90
L
SENECA 70 iiiE?iM 1 70
STEUBEN 70 70
SUFFOLK 2 85 2 85
SULLIVAN 2 70 iiisziw 70
TIOGA 70 2 80
TOMPKINS 70 iizis% 75
1.2 70 HAYWOOD 1 70
kifizzk 70 HENDERSON 70
WASHMZTON 70 HEEZTFORD 2 85
WAYNE 70 HOKE 75
WESTCHESTER 2 80 HYDE : 110
WYOMING 70 IREDELL 70
Ym 70 JACKSON 1 70
State ofNORTH CAROLINA State of NORTH DAKOTA
I
BASIC WIND BASICWIND
COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0 COUNTY NOTE*
-.
SPEED0
JOHNSTON 2 80 ADAMS 80
JONES 2 100 BARNES
BENSON ii
LENOIR 2 iii BIKJNGS 80
LINCOLN 70 BOTTTNEAU
MACON 1 70 BOWMAN ii
MADISON 1 70 BURKE
2 90 BURLEIGH ifi
MCDOWELL 70 CASS 85
MECKLENBURG 70 CAVAWER 75
MrrcHELL 1 70 DID 85
MONTGOMERY 70 DIVIDE
MOORE DUNN ;
NASH 2 lli EDDY 80
NEwHANovER 2 105 EMMONS 80
NORTHAMPTON 2 80 FOSTER 80
ONSLOW 2 100 GOLDENVALLEY
ORANGE 70 GRAND FORKS ii
PAMLICO 2 105 75
PAsQUOTANK 2 95 EiZ 80
PENDER 100 BEITINGER 80
PERQUIMANS f 95 KIDDER 80
PERSON 70 LAMOURE 80
PlTT 2 90 LOGAN 80
POLK 70 MCBENRY 75
RAM>OLPH 70 MCINTOSH 80
RICHMOND 75 MCKENZIE 80
ROBESON 2 80 MCLEAN 75
ROCKINGHAM 70 MERCER 75
ROWAN 70 MORTON 75
RUTHEXFORD 70 MOUNTRAlL 75
SAMPSON 2 85 NELSON 80
SCOTLAND 2 80 OLIVER 75
STANLY 70 PEMBINA 80
STOKES 70 PIERCE 75
suRRY 70 RAMSEY
SWAIN 1 70 RANSOM ii
TFaNsYLvANIA 70 75
2 loo RICHLAND 90
UNION 70 ROLEI-IE 75
VANCE 2 75 SARGENT 90
WAKE 75 SHERIDAN 75
WARREN 2 75 SIOUX 80
WASBINGTON 2 100 SLOPE 80
WMAUGA 1 70 80
WAYNE 2 85 EiE 80
70 STUTSMAN 80
WIUON 2 80 TOWNER 75
YADIUN 70
YANCEY 1 70 WALSH II;
State of NORTHDAKOTA Stateo.f0BI0

COUNIY NOTE* -0MpH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0
75 1
EtEi ;
WILLIAMS LICKING 70
LOGAN 70
limAIN 70
state OfoBJo LUCAS 75
MADISON 70
ADAMS 70 MAHONING 70
75 MARION 70
ASHLAND 70 MEDINA 70
ASHTABULA 1 70 MEIGS 70
Al-HENS 70 IbEEKER 70
AUGLAQE 70 70
BELMONT 70 MONROE 70
BROWN 70 MONTGOMISY 70
70 MORGAN 70
EEL 70 MORROW 70
CHAMPAIGN 70 MusKINGuM 70
NOBLE 70
EEEONT ;: O’ITAWA 75
CLINTON 70 PAULDING 75
COLUMBIANA 70 PERRY 70
COSHOaON 70 PImWAY 70
cluwFoRD 70 70
CUYAHOGA 1 70 POWAGE 70
DARKE 70 PREBLE 70
DEFiANCE 75 PUTNAM 75
DELAWARE 70 RI- 70
1 70 ROSS 70
FAIRFIELD 70 SANDUSKY 75
FAYEiTE 70 sclom 70
70 SENECA 70
FiJITON 75 SHELBY 70
GALLIA 70 STARK 70
QAUGA 1 70 70
70 TRUMBULL 70
Es&Y 70 TUSCARAWAS 70
HAMILTON 70 UNION 70
HANCOCK 75 VANWERT 75
70 VINTON 70
%%!3N 70 WARREN 70
HENRY 75 WASHINGTON 70
HIGHLAND 70 WAYNE 70
HOCKING 70 75
HOLMES 70 WOOD 1 75
BURON 1 70 WYANDOT 70
JACKSON 70
JEFFERSON 70
KNOX 70
[ IA/ tln-A,A-r
state of OKLAHOMA stateofoKLAHoMA

COIJNTY NOTE* ~(MPH) COUNTY NO-E* SPEEDWH)
ADAJR 70 MURRAY 70
ALFALFA 80 MUSKOGEE 70
ATOKA 70 NOBLE 75
BEAKR 85 NOWHA 70
BECKHAM 80 0KFusKEE 70
EE
CADDO
80
ii
OKMHOMA
OKMULGEE
OSAGE
;
75
CANADIAN 80 OlTI’AWA 70
70 PAWNEE 75
tiiEE&E 70 PAYNE 75
CHOClYAW 70 PIITSBURG 70
CIMARRON 85 FONTOTOC 70
75 POnAWp;ToMIE 70
COAL 70 PUSBMATAHA 70
COMANCHE 80 ROGER h4IUS 80
COT’IDN 80 ROGERS 70
70 SEMINOLE 70
z 70 SEQUOYM 70
CUSTER
DELAWARE
DEWEY
80
;!I
!TIEPBENS
iFi?LN
iiz
80
80 TULSA 70
GARFED 80 WAGONER 70
GARVIN
GRADY
70
75
80
WASHINGlON
WA’SHITA
WOODS
ii
80
80 WOODWARD 80
HARMON 80
HARPER 80
HASKELL 70
HUGHES 70
JACKSON 80 State of OREGON
JEFFEXON 75
JOHNSTON 70 BAKER 70
KAY 75 BENTON 80
KINGFISHER 80 CLACKAMAS 80
KIOWA 80 CLATSOP 95
70 COLUMBIA 80
IEFLORE 70 coos 80
LINCOLN 75 CROOK 70
LOGAN 75 CURRY 85
LOVE 70 DESCHUIES 70
MAJOR 80 DOUGLAS 80
MARSHALL 70 GILLIAM 70
MAYES 70 70
MCUAIN 75 70
MXUEEAIN 70 HOOD RIVER 1 80
MCINTOSH 70 JACKSON 80
JEFFERSON 1 70
*For notes. see end of Section 16 JOS= 80
1ltL l2A-d”- t
State of OREGON state dPENNsYLvm

COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDCMP~ COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0
1 75 FOREST 70
70 l%lNKLm 2 70
1 80 70
LINCOLN 1 90 flEz!i 70
80 HUNTINmN 70
INDIANA 70
MARION iii JEFFERSON 70
MORROW 1 70 =A 70
MULTN0MA.H 1 80 LXKAWANNA 70
POLK 80 LANCASTER 2 70
SHEEMAN 1 LAWRENCE 70
‘I’LLAMOOK 1 ii! LEBANON 2 70
UMATILLA 70 2 70
UN-ION 70 EEEE 70.
WAUOWA 70 LYCOMING 70
WASCO 1 70 MCKEAN 70
WASHINGTON 80 MERCER 70
70 70
80 MONROE 2 70
MONTGOhIEEtY 2 75
MONTOUR 70
State!0fPENNSYLVAMA NO-N 2 70
NORI'HUMB- 70
* ADAMS 2 70 PERRY 2 70
ALLEGHENY 70 PBILADELPIHA 2 75
ARMSTRONG 70 2 70
BEAVER 70 POTIER 70
BEDFORD 70 S- 2 70
BERKS 2 70 SNYDER 70
BLAIR 70 SOMERsEr 70
BRADFORD 70 SULLIVAN 70
BUCKS 2 75 SUSQUEEiANNA 70
BUILER 70 TIOGA 70
CAMBRIA 70 UNION 70
CAMERON 70 VENANGO 70
CARBON 2 70 WARREN 70
70 WASI3IN~N 70
CHESTER 2 75 WAYNE 2 70
CLARION 70 WESTMOW 70
70 WYOMING 70
CLINTON 70 YORK 2 70
COLUMBIA 70
CRAWFORD 70
CUMBERLAND 70 State of RHODE ISLAND
DAUPHtN 70 .
DELAWARE 75 BRISTOL 2 90
a FAYEI-IE
70
70
70
NEWPORT
PROVIDENCE
WASHINGTON
2
2
2
2
90
90
90
90
L . . “-12 ‘ ---,
State of SOUTH CAROLINA State of SOUTH DAKOTA

COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDOLIPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDW~
ABBEVILLE 75 AURORA .
BEtiDLE
AmENDALE 2 ii BENNEIT 80
ANDERSON 75 BONHOMME
BAMEERG 2 80 BROOJUNGS ii
BARNWELL 2 80 BROWN
BEAUFORT 2 100 BRULE E
BERKELEY 2 100 BUFFALO 85
CALHOUN 2 80 BUITE
CHARLESTON 2 105 CAMPBELL ii
CHEROKEE 70 CZARLESMIX
75 ii
=zzLErD 2 75 CLAY 85
(3LARENDON 2 85 CODINmN 90
COILEIDN 2 95 CCIRSON 80
DARLINGTON 2 CUSTER 80
DILLON 2 ii: DAVISON 85
DORCHESTER 2 95 DAY 90
EDGEFIELD 75 DEUELI 90
FAIRFlELD DEWEY
FLORENCE 2 ifi DOUGLAS ii
GEORGErOWN 2 no EOMUNDS
70 FALLRIVER ii
=EiEii FAUIK 85
HAMPION 2 ii 90
HORRY 2 100 GREGORY 85
JASPER 2 95 WON 80
KERSHAW 75 90
LwcAslER 75
LWRENS 75 HANSON :
2 80 HARDING 80
EXINGTON 75 HUGHES 80
MARION 2 85 HUTCHINSON 85
MARLBORO 2 80 HYDE 85
MCCORMICK 75 JACKSON 80
NEWBERRY 75 JERAuJa 85
OCONEE 70 JONES 80
ORM’EEEIURG 2 80 KINGSBURY 90
PICKENS 70 85
RKHLAND 75 LAWRENCE 80
SALUDA 75 mcom
%“ANBURG 70 LYMAN ii
SUMIER 2 80 MARSHALL 90
UNION 75 MCCOOK 85
WELIMSBURG 90 M-ON 80
YORK 70 80
80
85
85
State of SOUTH DAKOTA

COUNTY NOTE* sPEED(Mpm COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDWH)
MOODY 85
PENNINGTON
PERKINS ii GRUNDY 70
POTIER HAMBLEN 70
ROBERTS ii HAMRXON 70
SANBORN 85 HANCOCK 70
SHANNON 80 HARDEMAN 70
HARDIN 70
EtELY ifi HAWKINS 70
SUUY 80 HAYWOOD 70
TODD HENDERSON 70
ii HENRY 70
zizzl32 85 BICEMAN 70
UNION 85 HOUSTON 70
WALWORIH 80 HWPHREYS 70
YANK’IDN 85 JA(xsON 70
ZlEE3ACH 80 JEFFERSON 1 70
JOBNSON 1 70
KNOX 70
state of TENNESSEE 70
LAUDERDALE 70
ANDERSON 70 LAWRENCE 70
BEDFORD 70 70
BENIDN 70 LINCOLN 70
BLEDSOE 70 LOtJ’DON 70
BLOUNT 70 MACON 70
BRADLEY 70 MADISON 70
CAMPBELL 70 MARJON 70
CANNON 70 MARSHALL 70
CARROLL 70 MAURY 70
70 MChtlNN 70
EiiEiAM 70 MCNAIRY 70
70 MEIGS 70
CLAIBORNE 70 MONROE 1 70
70 MONTGOMERY 70
E& 70 MOORE 70
COFFEE 70 MORGAN 70
CROCKEIT 70 OBION 70
CUMBERLAND 70 OVEFCON 70
DAVIDSON 70 PERRY 70
DECQUR 70 PICKEIT 70
DEKALB 70 POLK 70
DICKSON 70 PUTNAM 70
DYER 70 70
FAYEITE 70 ROANE 70
FENIRIS 70 ROBERTSON 70
70 RUlHERFORD 70
GIBSON 70 SCOTT 70
70 SEQUATCHIE 70
I lA/ IzlA-‘---‘r
state of TENNESSEE StateOfTEXAS

I
BASIC WIND BASICWIND
COUNTY NOTE* SpEEDoAm corn NOTE* SPEED(MPR)
1 70
SSE 70 i!izEF if
sm 70
STEWART 70 iiIzEF it
SULLIVAN 70 70
SUMBIER ZN 85
TIPTON ;: CASS 70 .
TROUSDALE 70 80
UNICOI 70 EiEERs 95
UNION 70 -0KEE
VANBUREN 70 CHILDRESS ii
WARREN 70 75
WASHINGTON 70 EGERAN 80
WAYNE 70 80
70 EzzimN 75
70 COLIJN
SSON 70 COILINGSWORZIH ii
WILSON 70 COLORADO 2 80
COMAL ’ 70
COMANCBE 70
state of TEXAS CONCH0 75
COOKE 70
ANDERSON 70 CORYELL 70
ANDREWS 80 co-mx 80
ANGELINA 70 80
ARANSAS 2 95 z 75
ARCHER 80 CROSBY 80
ARMSTRONG 85 CULBERSON 75
M’ASCOSA 2 75 DALLAM 8s
AUSTIN 2 80 DALLAS 70
BAILEY 80 DAWSON 80
BANDER4 70 DEWIIT 2 80
BASTROP 70 DEAFSMlTH 80
BAYLOR 80 DELTA 70
BEE 2 85 DlENToN 70
BELL 70 DICKENS 80
BEXAR 75 DIMMIT 75
BLANC’0 70 . DoNmY
BORDEN 80 DW& ii
BOSQUE 70 EASTLAND 75
BOWIE 70 ECTOR 80
BRAZORIA 2 100 mwARDs 75
BRAZOS 70 ELPMO 70
BREWSTER 75 70
BRI!XOE 80 EEI 70
BROOKS 2 85 FMJS 70
BROWN 70 FANNIN 70
BURLESON 70 FAYETTE 75
BURNET 70 FISHER 80
*For notes. seeend of Section 16

S~ofTExAS StateClflEXAS
COuNlY NOTE* -0 COUNTY NOTE* SEarIm
FLOYD JONES 80
FOARD :i 2
FORTBEND 2 90 KAUFMAN ;:
70 KENDALL 70
FREESTONE 70 KENEDY 2 95
FRIO 80
ifi 70
*EELON 2 ml KIMBIX 75 .
GARZA 80 KlNG 80
GILLESPIE 70 75
GLAsscocK 80 KLEBERG 90
2 85 KNOX 80
zii%Eks 2 75 IASALLE 75
GRAY 80 70
GRAYSON 70 i?EF 80
70 LAMFASAS 70
izzz 2 75 LAVACA
GUADALUPE Ei
it EON 70
80 LTBERIY 90
HAMILTON 70 IJMESTONE
HANSFORD 85 LIPSCOMB z
HARDEMAN 80 LJVEOAK 80
HARDIN 90 . LLANO 70
90 LOVING 75
HARRBON LUQBOCK
iii LYNN iFi
i.iEiE 80 MADISON 70
HAYS MARION
HEMPBILL ii ii
HENDERSON 70 MASON 70
HIDALGO 80 MKAGORDA 95
70 MAYERIcK
HOCKLEY 80 MCCULLOCH E
HOOD 70 MCLENNAN 70
HOPKINS 70 MCMUILEN 80
HOUSTON 70 MEDINA 75
HOWARD 80 MENARD 75
HUDSPEI-H 70 MIDLAm 80
70 70
HUTCBINSON 85 MILLS 70
IRION 75 MlTcHELL 80
JA(x 75 MONTAGUE 70
JACKSON 90 MONTGOMERY 2 85
JASPER 80 MOORE 85
JEFFDAVIS 75 MORRIS
-ON 100 MOTEY ii:
JIM HOGG 80 NACOGDOCHEZ 70
JIMWELLS 80 NAVARRO 70
JOHNSON 70 NEWTON 2 85
*For notes. see end of Section 16

- - --- - ----I
stare OfTExAs StateOf-XEXAS

COUNTY NOTE* =Em(MpH) NOTE” SPEmRvzpH)
NOLAN TOMGREEN
ii IRAVIS ii
iiEEiEE 85 2 70
OLDHAM 85 EfF 2 80
ORANGE 95 70
R4LoPlNTO 70 iiEi!F
PANOLA WALDE ii
;: v.VERDE
iitEi!z 80 v.ZANDT $
PECOS VImRIA 90
POLK ii WALllEE! 75
85 WALER
ilEE 75 WARD ii
70 WmGKlN
EEIIL a
REAGAN ii tZL3N 90
75 80
EiTkvER 70 WICHCI-A 80
WILBARGER 80
iEE0 2 z 2 95
ROBERTS 80 XON 70
ROBERTSON 70 WILSON 2 75
ROCKWAu 70 80
RUNNELS 75 70
RUSK 70 WOOD 70
SABINE 75 YaAKuM 80
SANAUGUSTINE 75 YOUNG 75
SAN JAQNTO 2 80 ZAPm 75
SANPmuao 2 ZAVALA 75
SANSABA ;:
SCHLEICBER 75
SCURRY 80 state of UTAH
SHAaELFORD 80
SHELBY 70 BEAVER 70
SHERMAN 85 BOXELDER 70
SMIIH 70 CACEIE 70
soMERvELL CARBON 70
STARR 2 ;: DAGGEIT 75
STEPHENS 75 DAVIS 70
sTERLlNG DUCHESNE 70
STONEWALL ;o" EMERY 70
SUITON 75 GARFIELD 70
SWISHER 85 70
TARRANT 70 IRON 75
TAYLOR 80 70
75 iif& 70
80 70
THROCKMORTON 80 MORGAN 70
TTIUS 70 70

state of UTAH

COUNTY NOTE* sP=D(Mp)I) COUNIY NOTE* sPEEDt-h@m
RICH 75 70
SALTLAKE 70 70
SANJUAN 70 2 75
SINPETE 70 70
70 : 80
EErr 70 70
TOOELE
UINTM ;i i z
UTAH 70 1 70
WASAKH 70 EELER 2 70
WASHlNGTON 75 CUMBERLAND 2 70
WAYNE 70 DIQUZNSON 70
WEBER 70 DINWIDDIE 2
ESSEX 2 ii
FAIRE! 2
state of VERMONT FAUQUIER 2 z
FLOYD 1 70
ADDISON 70 EWANNA 2 70
BENNINGIQN 1 70
CALEDONIA 1 ;i iiiiEi% 2
-EN 70 $
ESSEX 1 70 iZEkTER : 80
70 GOOCHLAND 2 70
GIUNDISLE 70 GRAYSON 1 70
LAMOILLE 70 2 70
ORANGE 1 70 iiiE%AE 2 80
ORLEANS 70 HALIFAX 70
RUILAND 1 70 HANOVER 75
WASHINGTON 70 HENRICO : 75
WINDHAM 70 HENRY 70
WINDSOR :2” 70 HIGHLAND 70
ISLEOFWIGHI’ 2 85
JAMESCITY 2 80
Stateof VIRGIN-IA KlNGANDQUEEh 2 80
KINGGEORGE 2 75
ACCOMACK 2 95 KINGWILLIAM 2 75
ALBEMARLE 70 LANCASTER 2 80
ALLEGHANY 1 70 70
2 70 EEDOUN 2 70
AMIIERST 70 LOUISA 2 70
APPomox 70 LUNENBURG 70
ARLlNGlTlN 2 70 MADISON 2 70
AUGUSTA 70 MIWIEWS 2 85
B4Xl-H 70 MECKLENBURG
BEDFORD 70 MJDDLESEX 2 2
BLAND 1 70 MONTGOMERY 1 70
BOTETOURT 70 NELSON 70
BRUNSWICK 2 75 NEWKENT 2 80
BUCHANAN 70 NO-N 2 95

* *fi &An-----,
State of VIRGINIA State afWASHINGTON

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0 COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDWH)
NOKI’HLMBW 2 80 1 80
-ON 1 100
ORANGE
NOTTOWAY 2 : KING 1 80
PAGE 70 KlTsAP 1 85
PmCK 70 KmlTAs 70
mTTsYLvANL4 IcLKKrrisr 70
PowHmAN 2 ;8 1 80
PRINCEEDWARD 70 LINCOLN 70
PRINCEGEORGE 2 80 MASON 1
PRrNcEwILuAM 2 70 OKANOGAN zi
PULASKI : 70 PACSFIC 1 100
mPPAHANNocK 70 PENDOREILLE 70
RICHMOND 2 80 PIERCE 1 80
ROANaCE 70 SANJUAN 1 80
ROCKBRIDGE 70 SKAGII- 1 70
ROCKINGHAM 70 1 70
RUSSELL 70 SNOHOMISH 1 75
SCOTr 70 SPOKANE 70
SHENANDOAH 70 SEVENS 70
SMYTH 70 THCJRSTON 1 80
SO-N 2 80 WAHKLXUM 1 100
SPOTSYLVANIA 2 70 WALLAWALLA 70
STAFFORD 2 70 WHAKOM 1 70
SURRY 2 80 70
SUSSEX 2 80 70
TAZEWELL 70
WARREN 2 70
WASHINGT’ON 70 State of WEST VIRGINIA
WESTMORELAND 2 75
tz%E 1 70 BARBOUR 70
BERKELEY 2 70
YORK 2 85 BOONE 70
BRAXTON 70
BROOKE 70
State of WASHINGTON CABEU 70
CALHOUN 70
ADAMS 70 CLAY 70
ASOTIN 70 DODDRIDGE 70
BENTON 70 FAYEI-IE 70
Ei!ztYm 1 100
70 GILMER 70
70
GREENBluER 70
z&n4 1 75
70 HAMPSHIRE 70
COwLnz 1 90 HANco(x 70
DOUGLAS 70 HARDY 70
LizELm 70 HARRISON 70
70 JACKSON 70
GARFIELD 70 JEFFERSON 2 70
70
GRAYSHARBOR 1 100
*Fur notes. see end of Section 16

StateofwESTvIRGl.~~ State ofWIScONSIN

COUNTY NOTE* spEED(MpH) COUNIY NOTE* SPEED=
KANAWHA 70 CBIPPEWA .
70
LINCOLN COLUMBIA
LOGAN ;: CRAWFO~ ii
WON 70 DANE 85
MARSHAIL 70 DODGE 85
MASON 70 1 85
MCDOWELL 70 ERu 1
70 ii
ilttE?i 70 LF-
MING0 70 FLORENCE ii
MONONGAIA 70 PONDDULAC 1
MONROE 1 70 FOREST ii
MORGAN 70 85
NICHOLAS 70 80
OHIO 70 iELA.IE
=NDEIZT’ON 70 IOWA ii
PLEASANTS 70 IRON 1
POCAHONliU 70 JACKSON iz
PRESTON 70 -ON
PUINAM 70 JUNEAU ii
RALEIGH 70 KENOSHA 1 80
RANDOLPH 70 KEWAUNEE 1 85
RlTcHIE 70 LA CROSSE 85
ROANE 70 LAPA- 80
SUMMERS 1 70 LANGLADE 85
TAYLOR 70 UNCOLN 85
TucKI 70 MANITowoc 1
70 -ON ii
UPSHUR 70 85
WAYNE 70 MARQUEITE 90
WEBSTER 70 MENOMINEE 90
70 MILWAUKEE 1 80
70 MONROE 85
WOOD 70 ocolvm 90
WYOMING 70 ONEIDA 80
OUTAGAMIE 90
OZAUKEE 1 So
State of WISCONSIN 80
PImcE 80
ADAMS 90 POLK 75
AsHrAND 1 75 PORTAGE 90
BARRON 80 PRICE
BAYFIELD 1 75 &mNE 1 ii:
BROWN 1 90 RI- 85
4B BURNEIT
BUFFALO 75
80 ROCK 80
RUSK
CALuMEr 90 SAINT CROIX ii
*For notes. see end of Sea&m 16

State of WISCONSIN StateofWYOMNG
COUNTY NOTE* spEED(Mpm COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDcMm
SAUK 85 ALBANY 90
SAWYER BIG HORN 1
SHAWANO zl CAMPBELL i!iE
SHEBOYGAN 1 85 CARBON
TAYLOR 80 t3mwRsE ii
TREMPEALEAU 80 CROOK 80
VERNON 85 FREMONT 85
GOSHEN 85
WLWORTH ti HOT SPRINGS
WASHBURN 75 JOHNSON ii! *
WASHINGTON 1 85
WAUKE-SHA 1 ii ImcoIJJ 75
WAUPACA 90 NAlRONA
WAUSHAR4 90 NIOBRARA E
WINNEBAGO 90 PARK 1 80
WOOD 90 90
SHERIDAN 1 85
SuBLElTE 1 80
SwEErwAIER 80
TETON 1 75
75
iEzLKrE 1 85
WESTON 80
References:
1. ASCE, ‘Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”, ASCE 7-88,
American society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1988.
2. MBMA, “Low Rise Building Systems Manual”, Metal Building &tmfacturers Association,
Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1986.
3. UBC, “Unifmn Building Code”, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA
1988.
Notes:
1. Site may be within a special wind region indicated on AXE 7-88 wind map.Check with
local authorities before specifying basic wind speed.
2. County is within 100 miles from hurricane oceanline. Tabulated values of basic wind speed
have been adjusted in accordance with AXE 7-88 to obtain 50-year recurrence intervals.
3. For locations not designated as a county, use basic wind speed for the closest county to the site.
4. The wind speedslisted in Section 16 are fastest-mile wind speeds.3-secondgust speedssuch as
those contained in ASCE 7-95, and wind speeds averaged over other time periods, must be
converted to fastest-mile wind speeds for use with this standard. (Refer to Annex A, Section
7’77)
ANNEX A: PURCHASER CHECKLIST
ElM-IA-222 standards are intemkd to set minimum uitaia for the design, fabrication and
~o~~cth of antenna supporting stnrctures. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide
Site-specific data and requirements differing from those contained in these standards. The following
checklist is intended to alert the purchaser to the most common areas where specific data may be
required.
Reference
Section Purchaserchecklist
2.1.3 A. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the wind loads and design criteria
specified meet the rquirements of the local building code. If other loading criteria are
required, they shall be provided to the designer.
B. This standard is basedon an allowable stressdesign (ASD) method. Therefore, the use of
terms with an ambiguity in meaning and intent such as survival, shall withstand, etc. is
not appropriate.
C. Dividing the calculated wind pressure by a factor is considered inconsistent with this
standard. See 2.1.3.1 for the proper definition of basic wind speed.
2.3.1.2 A. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify appropriate ice loads for locations
where ice accumulation is known to occur.
B. The standard does not specify ice-loading requirements since ice accumulation may vary
subst~tially within a given geographical area.
C. It is recommended that a rn,hhm. l/2 in. C12.7 mm] of solid radial ice be specified for
locations where ice accumulation is known to occur.
2.3.3 A. For bidding purposes it is recommended that the purchaser specify the basic wind speed
(V) to obtain designs based on identical criteria. Wind speedsspecified for use with the
standard shall be fastest-mile wind speeds at 33 ft [lo m] above ground level.
B. The basic wind speed from Section 16, the equations for the exposure coefficient (Kz),
and the gust response factor (cH> are based on wind conditions in open, level country,
and grasslands.
C. The equations specified for Kz and G result in conswvative design wind loads for
thm and wooded areas.
D. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify basic wind speeds and appropriate
equations for Kz and @ in hurricane, mountainous, and coastal areas, in the special
wind regions indicated in Section 16 and where local conditions require special
consideration.
E. The purchaser shall identify the elevation of the base above average ground levei when
the structure will be placed on another structure or on a hill or escarpment.
F. The purchaser shall identify the relative elevations of the guy anchors with respect to the
structure base and shall identify the maximum and minimum permissible guy radii.
G. The basic wind speeds provided in Section 16 correspond to an annual probability of
0.02 (SO-year recurrence interval). If the purchaser requires another probability, the
basic wind speed shall be provided to the designer.
I‘IA/EIA-‘/‘-I-
2.3.16 A. Due to the low probability that an extreme ice load will occur simultaneously with an
cmeme wind load, wind load has been reduced 25 percent when considered to occur
smm.baneously with ice (quivaient to 87 percent of the basic wind speed).
B. For b&c wind speeds based on a 50-year recurrence interval (.02 annual probabi.Q),
the reduced wind load approximately corresponds to a 5-year recurrence interv~.
C. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify other critical wind and ice loading
combinations for locations where mote severe conditions are known to occur.
5.1.1 A. Galvanizing is the preferred method of providing corrosion control. Alternate methods
of cormion control, such BS epoxy paint, chlorinated latex paint, plating,
elecuogdvanizing, etc., may be used only when specified by the purchaser.
B. The pudmer shall specify the requirements of additional corrosion control systems
when required. ( Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct
contact with soil.)
7.2.2 A. When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for a final design, it is the
purchaser’s responsibility to verify by geotechnical investigation that actual site soil
parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. If the purchaser elects to accept the
normai soil foundation for construction, he accepts the responsibility and liability for the
adequacy of the subsurface soil conditions.
B. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the depths of standard foundations
are adequate based on the frost penetration and/or the zone of seasonal moisture
variation.
7.2.3.2 A. The geOteCh&al engineer shall be informed of the provisions of this section.
11.2 A. The purchaser shall specify the operational requirements when the minimum standard
does not apply.
12.2 A. The purchaser shall specify other grounding requirements for conditions where the
minimum standard will not be adequate.
13.2.1 A. The purchaser shall specify requirements for climbing and working facilities, hand or
. .. _ -.
guardra% and climbing safety devices.
16 A. The purchaser is advised that the basic wind speeds listed in Section 16 are minimum
values. Specific sites may have local extreme wind conditions that are more severethan
the listed values. Topographical characteristics such as smooth terrain, bltis, ducting,
mountain top exposure, and prevailing wind directions can significantly increase wind
speeds. The purchaser is advised to consult local information sources such as the
National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at
the same or nearby sites, local landowners, and consuking meteorologists.
TLVEIA-222-F
ANNEX B: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYPICAL MICROWAVE

ANT~NAS/RJ~FLECTOR~
This Annex COnkns data for calculating the design wind load on typical microwave amen&
reflectors.
mote: Wind-loading values have been compiled from a wide variety of sources. Some data are
based on wind tunnel tests, and some are based on theoretical calculations. Precise antenna
geometry may vaty between manufacturers, who should be consulted for data concemiitg their
products.)
Wmd force data presented in this annex for parabolic antennas (iucluding grid antennas) are
described in the antenna axis system having the origin at the vertex of the reflector. The axial force
PA.) acts along the axis of the antenna. The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to the antenna axis in
the phe of the antenna axis and the wind vector. ‘I’he twisting moment (M) acts in the plane
cOn*g FA and Fs.. (See Figures B 1, B2, and B3.)
For horn antennas, the origin is at the intersection of the vertical antenna axis with a plane tangent to
the bottom of the boresight cylinder. The axial force FA acts parallel to the antenna boresight axis.
The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to FA in the plane 0fF~ and the wind vector. The twisting
moment M acti in the plane containing FA and Fs. (See Figure B4.)
For flat plate passive reflectors, the origin is at the cemroid of the plate area. The axial force FA acts
along the normal to the plate. The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to FA in the plane of FA and the
wind vector. The twisting moment M acts in the plane containing FA and Fs, (See Figure BS.)
In all c=es, the magnitudes of FA, Fs, and M depend on the dynamic pressure of the wind, the
projected frmal area of the antenna, and the aerodynami.c characteristics of the antenna body. The
aerodpdc characteristics vary with wind angle. The values of FA, Fs, and M shall be cakukted
from the following equations: .
FA = CA AKzGrrV2(lb) Fs=Cs AKzeV2(1b) M=CM ADKz%V2(ft-lb)
Where: CA, Cs , and CM are the coefficients contained in Tables B 1 through B6 as a function of wind
angle 0.
Gl = Gust response factor from 23.4
A = Outside aperture area (sq ft) of parabolic reflector, grid, or horn antenna
5 Plate area (sq ft) of passive reflector
D = Outside diameter (ft) of paraboloid reflector, grid, or horn antenna
= Width or length (ft) of passive reflector (see Figure B5)
V = Basic wind speed (mph) fkrn 2.3.3
Kz = Exposure coefficient from 2.3.3 with z equal to the height of the
Origin of the axis system
0 = Wind angle (deg); see Figures Bl through B5 for positive sign conventions
(Note: The coefficients described in Tables B 1 through B6 are presented in the customary system of
units. When SI units are desired, the results of the above equations may be converted using the
conversion factors provided in Annex G.)
Table BI. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid Without Radome
WND ANGLE
Q (DEG) CA c,,
0 .00397 .ooooo .OOOOOO
10 .00394 -.00012 -BOO065
20 .003% -JO013 -JO0097
30 JO398 -.00008 -.000108
40 .OO408 .oooo2 -.000137
50 .00426 .00023 -.000177
60 AI0422 .00062 -JO0223
70 .00350 .00117 -.000020
80 .00195 .00097 JO0256
90 -.00003 .00088 BOO336
100 -.00103 .00098 BOO338
110 -.00118 .00106 .000343
120 -.00117 .00117 .000366
130 -.00120 .00120 .000374
140 -.00147 JO114 BOO338
150 -.00198 .OOlOO JO0278
160 -JO222 BOO75 .000214
170 -.00242 BOO37 .000130
180 -.00270 .ooooo .oooooo
190 -.00242 -.00037 -.000130
200 -.00222 -BOO75 -.0002 14
210 -.00198 -.OOlOO -.000278
220 -.00147 -.00114 -AI00338
230 -.00120 -.00120 -Al00374
240 -.00117 -.00117 -AI00366
250 -.00118 -.00106 -ho343
260 -.00103 -BOO98 -BOO338
270 -.00003 -.00088 -BOO336
280 .00195 -.00097 -.000256
290 .00350 -.00117 .000020
300 xl0422 -JO062 .000223
310 .00426 -BOO23 .000177
320 AI0408 -.00002 BOO137
330 JO398 JO008 .000108
340 .00396 .00013 .000097
350 AI0394 .00012 .000065
Table B2. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid With Radome
a WIND ANGLE
0 @EG) CA
0 .00221 aoooo .ooooO
10 .00220 .00038 -.ooo204
20 .00210 JO076 400285
30 .00195 DO105 -JO0277
40 .00170 SKI125 -.Ooo205
50 .00140 .OD136 -.ooo114
60 .00107 .00128 -.OoOOo2
70 .00080 .00118 .m130
80 JO058 .00112 .000268
90 AI0034 .OOlCM .000390
100 .00008 .OOlOO .000434
110 -.00017 JO095 .ooo422
120 -.00042 .00089 .ooo4o4
130 -.00075 .00082 .000357
140 -.00105 .00078 JO0232
150 -.00133 .00070 JO0132
160 -.oo 154 .00058 AIOOO63
170 -.00168 .00038 .000022
180 -.00177 .ooooO .oooooO
190 A.00168 -.00038 -.000022
200 -.oo 154 -.00058 -.oOOO63
210 -.oo 133 -.00070 -A?00132
220 -.00105 -.00078 -.000232
230 -.00075 -.00082 -JO0357
240 -.00042 40089 -.w
250 -.00017 -.OOO95 -AI00422
260 .00008 -.OOlOO -.000434
270 .00034 -.00104 -.000390
280 .00058 -Do1 12 -A?00268
290 .00080 -.00118 -.000130
300 AI0107 -00128 AKNlOo2
310 .00140 -JO136 Am0114
320 .00170 -.00125 JO0205
330 .00195 -.00105 .000277
340 .00210 :.OOO76 AM0285
350 .00220 -JO038 mO204
* *cad LI‘3-----,~
Table B3.Wind Force Coeffkients for Typical Paraboloid With Cyiindrical Shroud
‘WIND ANGLE
Q (DEG)
0 .00323 .OOOOO .oooooo

10 SKI323 BOO25 -.000072
20 JO320 AI0045 -.000116
30 .OO310 .ooo6o -.000133
40 .00296 JO072 -.000125
50 SKI278 .00078 -.000083
60 AI0242 .ooo94 -.oOOO22
70 .00172 .00122 .000058
80 .00070 JO149 JO0178
90 -JO028 .00160 AI00251
100 -.00088 .00154 Al00288
110 -At0138 Al0136 .000292
120 -JO182 .00112 .000266
130 -.00220 .00080 AI00237
140 -.00239 AI0059 .000199
150 -.00245 JO045 .000158
160 -.00249 .00038 .000112
170 -.00255 40025 .000059
180 -.00260 .OOOOO .oooooo
190 -Al0255 -JO025 -.000059
200 -Al0249 -JO038 -.000112
210 -XI0245 -.00045 -.000158
220 -.00239 -.ooo59 -.OOo199
230 -.00220 -JO080 -JO0237
240 -.00182 -.OOl i2 -JO0266
250 -XI0138 -JO136 -.ooo292
260 -.00088 -AI0154 -AI00288
270 -AI0028 -.00160 -.000251
280 .00070 -AI0149 -.ooO178
290 JO172 -.00122 -.000058
300 AI0242 40094 moo22
310 AI0278 -.00078 .000083
320 .00296 -.00072 .000125
330 .003 10 -.00060 .000133
340 .00320 -.00045 XI001 16
350 MI323 -BOO25 .000072
Table B4. Wi.& F orce Coefficients for Typical Grid Antenna Without Ice
WIND ANGLE
63@EG) CA
0 xl0137 .ooooO .bOOOO

10 .00134 .ooo26 .oOOO43
20 .00130 .ooo46 .oooO74
30 .00118 .ooo59 .000098
40 .OOlO4 .00067 .000115
50 Jo088 .00070 MO127
60 .00060 .00072 JO0135
70 .00033 .ooo70 DO0142
80 .OOOlO .ooo64 .000126
90 -.00013 JO062 .000111
100 -.00030 .00070 .000120
110 -JO048 .ooo73 .000129
120 -.00068 .ooo71 .000131
130 -JO086 .00067 .000127
140 -.00104 .00060 .000114
150 -.00122 Al0052 .000095
160 -.00140 .00040 .000070
170 -.00150 .ooo22 .000038
180 -.OO152 AMob .OOOOOO
190 -.ilolSO -.ooo22 -.000038
200 -Ml140 -.ooo40 -.000070
210 -.oo 122 -.00052 -.000095 .
220 -Al0104 -JO060 -.000114
230 -JO086 -JO067 -Al00127
240 -.00068 -.00071 -.000131
250 -JO048 &IO73 -JO0129
260 -.00030 -.00070 -.000120
270 -JO013 -.ooO62 -.000111
280 .OOOlO -.ooo64 -.000126
290 JO033 -.00070 -.000142
300 .00060 -JO072 -AM0135
310 MO88 -.00070 -.000127
320 .00104 -Al0067 -.000115
330 JO118 -Al0059 -.000098
340 .00130 -.ooo46 -.000074
350 .00134 -JO026 -.000043
Note: ln the absence of more accurate data for a grid antexma with ice, use wind force
coefficients for typical paraboloid without radome from Table B 1.
Table B5. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Conical Horn Reflector Antenna
WIND ANGLE
0 (DEG) cq
0 .00338 .ooooO aoooo
10 .00355 .oooo4 -.00005
20 JO354 DO025 -.00007
30 Al0345 BOO77 -.OOOOl
40 JO335 .00142 .OoOO9
50 .00299 .00181 .ooo23
60 .00235 .00208 JO035
70 DO154 .00237 .ooo44
80 .00059 JO248 mm46
90 -.00020 .00245 .00040
100 -AI0062 .00240 BOO32
110 -.00088 .00235 .00030
120 -.00147 .00225 DO032
130 -JO225 AI0201 BOO27
140 -JO289 .00167 .00021
150 -AI0323 .00113 .00014
160 -AI0367 .00052 .00007
170 -.00375 .OOOlO .00003
180 -JO356 .ooooo .ooooo
190 -.00375 -.OOOlO -.00003
200 -.00367 -JO052 -.00007
210 -.00323 -.00113 -.00014
220 -JO289 -.OO167 -.00021
230 -AI0225 -AI0201 -.00027
240 -.00147 -.00225 -.00032
250 -.00088 -.00235 -.00030
260 -BOO62 -.OO240 -.00032
270 -.00020 -AI0245 -.00040
280 .00059 -AI0248 -.ooo46
290 JO154 -AI0237 -.ooo44
300 .00235 -.00208 -BOO35
310 JO299 -.00181 -40023
320 JO335 -.00142 -.00009
330 .00345 -.00077 .00001
340 .00354 -.ooo25 .00007
350 .00355 -.00004 .00005
Table BG.Wi.nd Force Coefficients for Typical Passive Reflector
WIND ANGLE
WDW - CA cs
0 JO35 1 .ooooo .OOOOOO
10 .00348 .00003 -.000077
20 .00341 .00008 -AI00134
30 .00329 .OOOlO -.000180
40 .00309 .00013 -AI00198
50 .00300 JO018 -JO0208
60 .00282 .00021 -.QOO262
70 AI0178 .ooo23 -.ooo225
80 .0007 1 .00027 -.000129
90 -.ooo 10 .00030 .000030
100 -.00108 a0035 .000180
110 -.00235 .ooo39 .000225
120 -.00348 BOO36 ,000210
130 -JO348 .ooo29 DO0148
140 -Al0360 40023 DO0126
150 -.00376 a0019 .000109
160 -.00390 .00012 .000080
170 -.00400 .00008 .000042
180 -.00403 .OOOOO .oooooo
190 -.00400 -.00008 -.000042
200 -.00390 -.00012 -.000080
210 -.00376 -.00019 -.000109
220 -.00360 -.00023 -.OOO126
230 -AI0348 -.ooo29 -.OOO148
240 -.00348 -JO036 -.000210
250 -.00235 -.00039 -.bOo225
260 -.00108 -.00035 -JO0180
270 -.OOOlO -.00030 -.000030
280 .0007 1 -BOO27 .000129
290 AI0178 -JO023 .000225
300 .00282 -JO021 JO0262
310 .00300 -.00018 .000208
320 .00309 -AI0013 .000198
330 Al0329 -.00010 .OOO180
340 a034 1 7-.OOOO8 .oOO134
350 .00348 -.00003 .000077
TIAEJA-222-F
Wind Angle
r
Wind
Top View
Positive Sign Convention

Figure B 1. Wind Forces on Paraboloids and Grids
fl Wind Angle
Top View

Figure B2. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Radomes
Top View
Figure B3. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Cylindrical Shrouds
Side Elev. Top View
Angie
I
Fs
Wind
Figure B4. Wind Forces on Conical Horn Reflector Antennas

0 = Horizontal Wmd Angle
D = Width of Reflector
(A) PLATE VERTICAL
(SIDE VIEW)
0 = Vertical Plate Angle
D = Length of Reflector
(Horizontal Wind Angle = 0 or 180 Deg Only)
(B) PLATE TILTED
Figure B5. Wind Forces on Flat Plate Passive Reflectors

TLVEIA-222-F
ANNEX c: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR PARABOLIC

ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS
rl)
A B C D F G H I
parabolic Asnemas Len,- Paiscope system Refkmfs
3dE DCflCZIiOfl Limitof Limit of l&lit& -of Limitof Limitof ualitof
BCSII Angie Antenna SlnJcture Fhssivc h!iSiVC
WgirQ A;,” Movement Movement Ibfkcmc Reector I+iEzzt stru-
Twistat kg2
with Twistof S-Y nviat -
Antenna Note 1 *ea Sway at Note4 Note4 Rigct *Ft A!!1
OdY Note7 Antenna Nooe5 hint
Note 8 stn~ture Attachment Stll!LR%
Felt
DJZFLEE.S DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DBGREBS DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES
i:: ii i-i i-i :J . 22 iis iii ii
:I 4.4
4.6 0.4
0:4 4i
4.0 :5 ii E ti ti
:; 4.0
42 03
0.4 4.0 1.9
i4 $78 ifi iii ii i:! 1.8
3.8 2.6 1.9 1.7
4.2 E :: i: 1.8 ii
4.0 0:3 3:1 2i 1.7 0.2 S:Z :;”
;4 3’:: 2 1.4
21:; ii :4 0”; t:
33:: 2’:; 20 1.45 ::;
0”; 22; 19 1.4 :: if
::A iI :; 2J 1.8 1.35 i-k
2.4 1.8 1.3 i:: tS” 1:2
2”: 25 i4 1.7 0.1 1.15
ill :f z
z 2i
s-i iI2 :-: 1.15 :: 22 k
% lI5 1.1 0:1 0:1
2”; 2.0
2.1 8: 1.4 0.1 zli 0.95
22 1.9 :-; :4 ::: iI: i..9 0.9
1:7 1.8 0.85
ii 1.7
1.8 02
8: i-F 1.7 0.8
:;6 :: ok t : 1.6 0.75
1.4 1.1 0.8 0.1 1.5 0.7
:-;
1:6 1.4
:;” 82 :: 1.0 0.75 0.1 ::‘: 0.65
1.5 1.3 i:: 12 iii 8:L 8:: iii5

1.4 12 X:: 1.1 ::
1.3 :i 1.0 ii; E5 :: io iI:5
1.2
1.1 0:9 0”:: iI; ii: ::5 :: iii ii5
0.9 0.1 0.7 05 0.1 0.3
i-7” i:; 2 iii5 ::i
i6 8;” x;” ii ii5 0”:: 8:: 82
0:1 0:3 0.15
0.5 0.4 ifi ii-f5 i-i7
8f5 Oi5 02 0:05 & 0.10
0.13
if:
0:1 E
0.1 0:07
i-f4 0.05
0:1
OdY fOr c0nfiilion where anunna

is dirmly under the nflecmr. ’ I
NOTE: See Notes On Following page.

TIAEIA-222~
Notes:
1. If whes for columns “A” and “B” are not available from the manufacturer (s) of the antenna
a
system or from the user of the antenna system then values &ail be obtained fkom Figure CL c2,
or c3.
2. Iimh of beta-nmovement for twist or sway (treated separatiy inmost anaiyses) will be the sum
of the appropriate figures in CO~UIIIIS C 9; b, G & H.-and G-&zL c-ohm&G, k & L appiY to a
Vertical periscope configuration.
3. It is not intended that the values in this table imply an accuracy of beam width determination or
SbuCtud rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational procedures.
For most microwave structures it is not practid to require a calculated structural rigidity of less
than 114 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 III/S) Basic Wind Speed.
4. For passive reflectors the allowable twist and sway values are assumed to incbrde the effects of
all members contributing to the rotation of the face under wind load. For passives not elevated
far above ground (approximately 5 to 20 feet (1.5 to 6 m) clearance above ground) the stmcm.re
and reflecting face supporting elements are considered an integral unit. Therefore, separating
the structure portion of the defiection is only meaningful when passives are mounted on
conventional microwave structures.
5. The allowable sway for passive reflectors is considered to be 1.4 times the allowable twist to
account for the,amount of rotation of the face about a horizontal axis through the face center and
paraki to the face compared to the amount of beam rotation along the direction of the path as
it deviates from the plane of the incident and reflected beam axis.
6. Linear horizontal movement of antennas and reflectors in the amount experienced for properly
designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no
significant signal degradation atttibuted to this movement).
7. For systems using a frequency of 450 MHz, the half power beam widths may be nearly 2 @
degrees for some antennas. However, structures designed for microwave relay systems will
usud.ly have an inherent rigidity less than the maximum 5 degree deflection angle shown on the
chart.
8. The 3 dB beam widths, 2 0 HP in column “A” are shown for convenient reference to
mamrfacmrers’ published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for this
standard is the allowable total deflection aneie Q at the 10 d.B
TIAEIA-222-F
R=w@=
‘TV or ‘Tr
(feet)
10.
6%.
i sm.
40.
a.
- me
20.
-- 7.8
IS.
6.0
s.e
10.
9.8 4.0
6.8
7.0 2.8
6.8
s.n
f 6.8
- 4.0
6.e 1.S
10. f
3.0
+
i
2.0
Flatface~m
-on
lmifaml amplialde
’ Planor elevation of flat face
1.s
~ dkCt0rS
Note:Fortherotatiun.u of thenaectorabout --w e=.$&
INS=ner. the defktion beam angie 0. may vary hm l-l
l pO2u~accordancewiththe~sys~gFameay. Rectanguiar~squareapemrre
.
HiHVaFetheprojected
dimens~alongthebe~path
NOMOGRAPH, DEFLECTION ANGLE, 8

AT 10 dI3 POINTS FOR RIxT.GUUR
APERTLJRE
(FLAT FACE REFLECTOR)
Figure Cl
cIircu& (degrees)
Paraboia .10
(E)
m.0
.2a
IS.8 -- 30
-40
.m
18.8
9.8 .m
~
0.0 1.8
7.0 -- T
6.0 I 2.6 6.6
s.0 S.8
3.8
4.8 v
4.0 . 4.8
3.0 3.0
2.6 2.6
1.s 1.S
1.0.f i 1.8
Parabolic nzflector
1odBtapr
Circniar apemm
NOMOGRAPH. NOMINAL BEAM WlD-lH

3dBPOINrs
(TYPICAL PARABOlXXEFLECI.OR~
Figure C2
l+YirF
30.0
20.8
tS.a
i
--& 9.8
10.8
8.0
z 7.8
s 5.8
6.0
6.8 4.8
f 3.0
s.0 i
Tv 2.8
4.8 Q
1.5
*
7.8 -L 1.0
.
2.0
1.s --
1.0 -
Parabolic reflecror
lOdEhap
Q’T 60 ?L
circular aperture - beamnorm2laxis

Plan or elevation
of parabola
NOMOGIUPH - DEFLECI’ION ANGIE 0

~1OdBPOINTSFORCIRCULAR~
(PARABOLIC SURFACE coNTouR)
Figure C3
(LEFTBUNK lNTENTIONALLY)
IWEIA-222-F
ANNEXD: DETERMINATIONOFALLOWABLEBEAMTWISTANDSWAY FOR

CROSS-POLARIZATION LlMrrED SYSTEMS
a
A dual polarized antenna has a pa- m &at &own ineither Em Dl and D2. For most offset
antennas the moss-polarized null is &p as shown in Figure Dl; for most center-fed antennasthe
cross-polarized null is shallow and the envelope is as shown in Figure D2. In either case,as ~00x1as
the antenna is deflected fhm its normal pi&~ the cross-polarization disuiminatioa XPD (the
difference bemmn the co-polarized si@ 8IIcI the.c~~~~-p~latized signal), decreases.
Where on-path cross-polarization &mation is critical to system pesformance, allowable beam

ddkction 8 should be determined as shown in Figure Dl or D2. For &set-fed antennas,indUd@
horn reflector antennas,8 will determine twist only and the antennabeam width will determine
sway. For center-fedantennas,8 will determine both tit and sway.
--..w..
.--,
Figure D 1. Offset Fed Antenna

‘3
.*
0L
t
TIAEiA-222-F
Table D 1. Table of Allowable Twist and Sway for fiOSS-pO~tiOn Lhhd SYS- 4
Allowable Twist For Offset-Fed htennas.
Allowable Twist and Sway For CMter-Fed Allowable Sway Foaoffset-&d Anmnas
C i D E F G
Beam Twist
or Sway For
cross-
Movement
with Respect
Limitof
Movement
3dB
SkUCture BeamWidth
2QHP
z-
AtlOdB
PhIUS
Limited
SkllCt’Xe
Sway
2tAxlmu
at Antfznna Par
Polarizatim To Structure Atcachmeat -MY Attachment
Limited sys- P&t Poillt
DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEG=

5.8 5.0 4.6
i-:
0:3
32
2:7
5.6
5.4
4.8
4.6
4.4
42
0.2 5.1 4.4 4.0
0.1 i:: 4.9 4.2 3.8
0.81 4.7 4.0
ii-: 0.72 4.4 3’;’
607 0.63 42 ;::
0.06 0.54 ;3
0.05 0.45 ;; . i:; 2:9
0.04 0.36 3’5
0.03 0.27 2: ;;
0.02 0.18 3%
0.01 0.09 3.1 ;; i=.=.
2.6 24
iii 25
2.8 ii
2.7 Ei 2.1
2.6 2.2 2.0
25 2.1 1.9
23 2.0 1.8
1.9 1.7
if 1.8 1.6
20 1.7 15
1.9 1.6 1.4
1.7 1.5 13
1.6 1.4 12
15 1.3 12
1.4 13 1.1
1.3 1.1 1.0
12 0.9
1.1 ki 0.8
0.9
ii! ii2
ii-;
i6 ii: El
05 0.4 O>
0.3 0.3 025
02 0.2
0.1 0.1
Note: See Notes on Following Page.
Notes:
*
1. If values for columns “II” and ‘Y of the swaytable and column “A” of the twist table are not
available from the manufacturer (s) of the arnennasystem or from the user of the antenna system
then values shall be obtained from Figure C2, or C3.
2. Limits of beam movement for twist or sway (treated separately in most analyses) sre the sum
of the appropriate figures in columns 9” and T” of the twist table and the sum of the
appropriate figures in columns “F” and ‘%,, of the sway table.
3. Linear horizontal movement of antennas and refiectoxs in the amount experienced for properly
designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no
significant signal degradation attributed to this movement).
4. The 3 dB beam widths, 2 9 HP in cohuun “ID” are shown for convenient refmen- to
manufacturers’ standard published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for
this standard is the allowable total deflection angle 0 at the 10 dB points.
5. The values shown in this table depict angular deflections in two orthogonal planes no& to the
boresight direction: vertical elevation (sway) aud horizontal azimuth (twist). No allowance has
been made for initial offsets due to mount skew, installation tolerances, paths not normal to the
suppon structures, etc. Special considerations will be required in those cases.
6. It is not intended that the values on this table imply an accuracy of beam width determination
or ~buctural rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational
procedures. For most microwave structures it is not practicable to require a calculated structural
rigidity of less than l/4 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 m/s) Basic Wind Speed.
.
1INEIA-222-F
-I&V.&IA-2X-F
ANNEX E: TOWER MMJWE&MCE AND JNSPECTION PROCEDURES
&mXs Of towers shadd perform zw and p&dic tower inspection and rnaintenanCeto assure
safety ami to extend s&m life. It k recommended that major inspections be performed, at a
-Urn, every 3 years for myed towers and every 5 years for self-supporting tOWeS see section
14. Ground and aerial procedures shodd be p&omxxi only by authkized personnel, experienced
in c&bins and tower adjustments.
SOme Ofthe items listed below may apply only to initial cmstmction of new towers.
I. Tower Conditions (guyed and self-supporting)
A. Members
1. Bent members (legs and lacing)
2. Loose members
3. Missing members
4. Chding facilities, platforms, catwalks - all secure
5. Loose and/or missing bolts
B. Finish
1. Paint and/or galvanizing condition
2. Rust and/or corrosion conditions .
3. FAA or ICAO color marking conditions *
4. Water collection in members (to be remedied, e.g., unplug drain holes, etc.1
C. Lighting
1. Conduit, junction boxes, and fasteners weather tight and secmc
2. lhins and vents open
3. Wiring Condition
4. Controllers functioning
a. Flasher
b. Photo control
c. Alams
5. Light lenses
6. Bulb condition (Option: change all bulbs at one time)
D. Grounding
1. Connections checked and secure
2. Corrosion observed and remedied
3. Lightning protection secure (as required)
E. Tower Base Foundation
1. Ground Conditions
a. Settlements or movements
b. Erosion
c. Site condition (standing water, drainage, trees, etc.1
2. Base condition
a. Nuts and lock nuts tight
b. Grout condition
3. Concrete Condition
a. Cracking, spalling, or splitting
b. Chipped or broken concrete
C. Honeycombing
d. Low Spots to collect moisture
e. Anchor-bolt corrosion
F. Tower Assembly Profile (See Figures El and E2)
1. Antennas and feedlines (e&h)
a. Frequency
b. Elevation
c. Type
d. Size
e. Manufacturer
f. Connectors and hangers
2. Optional appurtenances (walkways, platforms. sensors, floodlights, etc.)
a. Elevation
b. Arrangement
c. Drawings or sketches
3. Foundation and anchors
a. Plan
b. Elevations (relative or true)
c. Size
d. Depths
e. Soil type (if known or necessary)
G. Tower Alignment (See Figures E3, E6, and E7)
1. ‘bmr Plumb and l’kvist (See 6.1.2.1 and 6.1.2.2)
H. Insulators (As Reqtied)
1. Insulator Condition
a. Cracking and chipping
b. Cleanliness of insulators
C. Spark gaps set properly
d. Isolation transformer condition
e. Bolts and connections secure
f. Manufacturer type and part numbers for future rephmms
II. Guyed Towers
A. Anchors
1. Settlement, movement or earth cracks
2. Backfill heaped over concrete for water shedding
3. Anchor rod condition below earth (Maintain required structural capacity of anchor
during exploration, inspection and maintenance. Attachment to temporary anchorage may
be required.)
4. Corrosion control measures (galvanizing, coatings, concrete encasement, cathodic
protection systems, etc., refer to Annex J.)
5. Grounding (Paragraph I-D)
6. Anchor head clear of earth
B. Tower Guys (see Figures E4 and E5)
1. Strand
a. Type (1x7 EHS, 1x19 bridge strand, etc.)
b. Size
c. Breaking strength
d. Elevation
e. Condition (corrosion, breaks, nicks, kinks, etc.)
2. Guy Hardware
TIAEIA-222-F
a. Turnbuckles (or equivalent) secure and safety properly applied

b. Cable thimbles properly in place (if required)
c. Service sleeves properiy in place (if required)
d. Cable connectors (end fittings)
i. Cable clamps applied properly and bolts tight
ii. Preformed wraps - properly applied, fully wrapped, and sleeve in piace
iii. Wire serving proPerly applied
iv. Strandvices secure
v. Poured sockets secure and showing no separation
(Note: Connectors should show no signs of damaged cable or slippage.)
e. Shackles, bolts, pins, and cotter pins secure and in good condition.
3. Guy Tensions
a. Tension should be compared to design requirement.
b. Tensions should be checked by acceptable methods (see Section IV and Figures Eg,
E9, and ElO)
C. Record tensions and weather conditions on attached charts (see Figures E4 and a)
Notes: .
1) Variations in guy tensions are to be expected due to temperature and wind. These are minor
variations. Should there be significant tension changes, the cause should be determined
immediately and proper remedial action taken.’ Possible causes may be initial construction
loosening, extreme wind or ice, anchor movements, base settlement, or connection slippage.
2) Tension variations at a single level are to be expected because of anchor elevation
differences, construction deviations, and wind effects.
Caution: DO not check or adjust guy tensions during times of excessive winds.
III. Antennas and Feedlines
A. Antenna Mounts and Antennas
1. Members (mounting and stabilizing)
a. Bent, broken, or cracked
b. Loose
c. Missing
d. Loose and/or missing bolts
2. Adjustments secure and locked
3. Elements
a. Bent, broken, cracked or bullet damaged
b. Loose
c. Missing
d. Loose and/or missing fasteners
4. Corrosion condition
5. Radomes and/or cover conditions
B. Feed Lines (waveguide, coax, etc.)
1. Hangers and supports
a. Condition
b. Quality
c. Corrosion condition
2. Flanges and seals (check integrity)
3. Line Condition
a. Dents
b. Abrasions
c. Holes
d. Leaks
e. Jacket condition
4. Grounds
a. Top ground strap bonded both ends
b. Bottom ground strap bonded both ends
5. Feedline support (ice shields)
a. Properly attached
b. Loose and/or missing bolts
c. Members straight and undamaged
TIAGIA-ZZZ-F
TOWER ELEVATION
Show the following:

- Tower Height above ground - Location of feed lines
- Location of antennas - Location of platforms, ladders, etc.
Figure El
TIA/EL4-222-1:
PLOT PLAN
Show the following:

- Tower layout relative to North - Access roads and buildings
- Anchors and assign letter designation - Power lines and poles
- Relative or tme anchor and base elevations
Figure E2
--
TOWER LEG VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
a 1. Check with transit. %o transit setups are required Line transit paraiki to one face ad
center on leg. Second setup should be at 90” on same leg. Show on sketch below the
locations used for transit setup. Indicate North.
Self- Transit #l -amit #2

Supporting Guy Level Tower Lays Tower Lays
EIevations Top to Bottom Left 0 Right Left 0 Right
Cantilever Structure
1000’ 10 --
900’ 9 --
800’ 8 --
700’ 7 --
600’ 6
500’ 5 --
400’ 4 --
300’ 3 --
200’ 2
100’ 1 --
Approximate wind speed during measurements

mph
Note: This procedure is not sufficient to determine both twist and out of plumb.
See Figures E6 and E7.
Figure E3
S-WAY GUYED TOWER
0
I I I
6 I I
5 I
4 I
Guy Leg B 3 I
2 I
i- 1 I I
Guy Leg B
Figure E4
. __---. --- -
4-WAY GUYED TOWER
Guy Leg B
Note: See Note 2, Section II for

details regarding guy tension
checks.
Data: Date Time

Temp- Wind-
Ice -
Figure E5
d=(Dl +D2+D3+04)/4
a = amin (e)
x=(D2-D4)/2
g=(DI -D3)/2
OBSERVED MASTDATA CALmTED cflmJL4m

I I OUT-OF-PLUMB I
Figure I%. Twist and Out-of-Plumb Determination for Square Towers

l-JIST- AND OUT-OF-PLUMBDETERMlN
ATION FOR TRTANGUUJRIO-
d=(Dl+D2+03)/ 3
e = (dfi)/A
a = u&n (e)
I: = (D243)/fi
p=(2xDl -D2-D3)/3
Figure E7. Twist and Out-of-plumb Detexminath for Triangular Towers

IV. Methods For Measuring Guy Initial Tensions
There are two basic methods of measuring guy initial tensions in the field: the direct method
and the indirect method.
A. The Dimt Method (see Figure E8)
A dynamometer (load cell) with a length adjustment device, such as a come-along is
attached to the guy system by &mpmg onto the guy just above the turnbuckle and onto
the anchor shaft below the turnbuckle, thus making the turnbuckle redundant. .
The come-along is then tightened until the original turnbuckle begins to slacken. At this
point the dynamometer carries all of the guy load to the anchor, and the guy tension may
be read directly off the dynamometer dial.

One may use this method to set the correct tension by adjusting the come-along tumJ the
proper tension is read on the dynamometer. lI,vo control points are marked, one above
the clamping point on the guy and one on the anchor shaft, and the control length is
measured. The dynamometer and come-along are then removed, and the original
tu.rnbuckle is adjusted to maintain the control length previously measured.
B. The Mhxt Method (see Figures ES and E9)
There are two Common techniques for the indirect measurement of guy initial tensions:
the pulse or swing method (vibration) (Figure E8) and the tangent intercept or sag
method (geometry) (Figure E9).
1. The Pulse Method (see Figures E8 and EiO)
One sharp jerk is applied to the guy cable near its connection to the anchor causing a
pdse or wave to travel up and down the cable. On the fust return of the pulse to the
lower end of the guy cable the stop watch is started. A number of returns of the pulse
to the anchor are then timed, and the guy tension is calculated from the following
equations:
TM = YLE (1)
8.05P2
1lAWA-222-F
in which (seeFigure El@

TA = Guy tension at anchor (lb)
TM = Guy tension at mid-guy (lb)
W = Total weight of guy, including ins-, etc. (lb)
L = Guy chord length (ft)
L=jrn 8)
V = Vertical distance from guy attachment on tower to guy attachment at anchor(fi)

H = Horizontal distance from guy attachment cmtower to guy attachment at anchor
(ft>
N = Number of pulses or swings counted in P secd~
P = Period of time measured for N pulses or swings (s)
Instead of creating a p&e that travels up and down the guy, one may achieve the
same result by causing the guy cable to swing freely fkom side to side while timing N
complete swings. The formulas given above wilI aiso apply fix this approach.
2. The Tangent Intercept Method (see Figure E9)
A line of sight ik established which is tangential to the guy cable near the anchor end
and which intersects the tower leg a distance (tangent intercept) below the guy
attachment point on the mast. Th& tangent intercept distance is either measured or
estimatedand the tension is &cu.&d kom the following equation:
.
WCJiiTyiq ’
TA = (4)
HI
in which
C = Distance from guy attachment on tower to the center of gravity of the weight W
et>
I = The tangent intercept (ft)
If the weight is uniformly distributed along the guy cable, C will be approximately
equal to H/2. If the weight is not uniformly distributed, the guy may be subdivided
into n segmentsand the following equation may be used:
SJm
TA = 0
HI
in which
N
S = c WC, (6)
. -
Wi = Weight of segment i (lb)

Ci = lkaXe from the guy attachment on the tower to the center of gravity Of
segmenti (ft)
If the intercept & dlfficdt to establish, one may use the guy slope at the =&or end
with the following equation:
TA = WCJl
(v - Hm a)
m
in which
01= Guy angle at the anchor (see Figure E9)
Note that
I = v - Htan a (8)
and that
ami that WC in equation (7) my be replked with S, as was done in equation (5).
DYNAMOMETER METHOD
AS COME-ALONG IS TIGHTENED
DYNAMOMETER CARRIES FULL
DYNAMOMETER
LOAD WHEN TURNBUCKLE IS
COME-ALONG TURNRUCKLE FULLY SLACKENED
(NUTS BREAK FREE). ,
PULSE METHOD SWING METHOD

PULSE TRAVELS UP AND DOWN GUY SWlhS FROM a TO b
THE GUY N TIMES AND BACK N TIMES
IN P SECONDS. 0 IN P SECONDS
0
Figure E8. Methods of Measuring Tnitial Tension

C
t-i
Figure E9. Tangent Intercept Method
nn
.
V ‘ / ‘T
/ / M
Figure ElO. Relationship Between Guy Tension at Anchor and at Mid-Guy

ANNEX F: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRIJC-~URES
a
Periodic revisions to this standard a made by t&e Commitkz based upon comments received from
the industry.
The committee does not intend that tit&g structures be analyzed for eachrevision of the standard;
however, structural maiysis of existing structuresshould be performed by qualified profes~on~
engineers using the latest edition of this standard when:
a) l”h=e is a changein antennas, transmission lines, and/or appurtenances (quantity, size, location,
fx type)
b) There k a change in operational re.qui.rements(tit and sway)
c) There is a need to increase wind or ice loading
To perform the analysis, the following data is rquired:

a) Member sizes, dimensions, and connections
b) Material properties
c) Existing and proposed loading; antennas (size, elevation, and azimuth), transmission lines, and
appurtenances
Data may be obtained from the following sources:

a) Previous stress and rigidity ~IU$& (structure and foundation)
b) Stn~tural and detail drawings (design and as-built) ’
c) Specifications
d) Construction records
e) Field investigation
(LEFTBLANK INTENTIONALLY)
TWEiA-222-F
ANNEX G: SI CONVERSION FACTORS
COnV~iO~ CO~Ody required using EIA/EA-222 for the Intemational System of Units [Sri m
To Convert From To Multiply By
inches (in) millimeters (mm) 25.40
feet (ft) meters (m) 0.3048
square feet (ft2) square meters (m2) 0.0929
cubic feet (ft3) cubic meters (m3) 0.0283
pounds [force] (lb) newtons (N) 4.4482
pounds per cubic feet kilonewtons per cubic meter
rw~gw (pa Wh3> 0.1571
pounds per square foot
Wfi2) P=& (Pa) 47.88
kips per square inch (ksi) megapascals @lIPa) 6.8948
miles per hour (mi/h) meters per second (m/s) 0.4470
------- -.
(LEFTBLANK INTENTIONALLY)
ANNEXH: COMMENTARYON ICEDESIGN CRITERIAFORCOMMUNKATION
STRUCTURES a
1 INTRODUCTION
The meteorological phenomenon of ice accumulation is very difficult t0 predict with
certainty. For tower and pole structures, ice accumulation can be one of the predominant
applied loads.
The first task in developing ice design criteria is to determine if the proposed or existing site
is susceptibleto icing. If the site has a history of ice accumulation, the fiquency, thickness,
type ad duration of icing must be determined Potential sourcesof this Mxmation inch&
the National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at
the same site or nearby sites, local landowners, and consulting meteorologists.
Judgmentmust be exercised to detexmine if reported icing events are frequent-or rare
ommnces. Likewise, in some geographical areaa, seasonal high winds and icing OCCUT
simultaneously: For these situations, simultaneous application of maximum wind and ice
loadings may be required.
The effect of icing on a tower generally relates directly to the type and size of tower and to
the we and thickness of icing. For example, a l/Z-inch radial ice accumulation will have
more impact on a short tower with small members than a tall tower with larger members.
Very dl tmers may experience large thicknesses of in-cloud icing over portions of the
mast. Solki or clear glaze ice has a higher density than that of rime ice or hoarfrost.
Consequently, the effects of increased dead *eight from ice accumulation will vary
depending on the type of ice. Large accumulations of rad.iaI ice can dramaticaIIy increase
the projected wind area of tower members and antennas.
2 TYPES OF ICING (1) (2) 0)
There are several types of i&g which can accumuiate 011COm.Ulum
‘&on sQwZUlZS. It iS
important to understand where and how they form.
2.1 Hoarfrost
Hoarfrost is a fluffy 0~ feathery deposit of interkking ice crptd formed on
objects, usua~y those of d diameter fialy exposed to the air, such as tree
branches, wires, etc. ‘I&e deposition of hoarfrost is similar to the process by which
dew is formed, except that the temperature af the &osted object must be btiow
freezing. It forms when air, with a dew point below kezing, is brought to saturation
by cooling. Hoarfrost has densities less than 19 lb@ [3 kNjm3].
2.2 RimeIce
Rime ice is a white or m.i,ky pm& deposit of ice formed by the rapid freezing of
supercooied water drops as they impinge upon an exposed object. It is denser and
harder than hoarfrost, but lighter, softer, and less transparent than glaze. Rime is
composed essentially of discrete ice granules and has densities ranging from 56 w
19 WfG 19 to 3 kNjm3].
Rime is often described as soft or hard. Soft rime is a white, opaque coating of fine
rime deposited especially on points and eilgcs of objects. It is usually fmed in
supercooled fog. On the windward side, soft rime may grow to very thick layer%
long feathery cones, or needles pointing into the wind and having a structure S&.&U
to hoarfrost.
Hard rime is an opaque, granti maas ofi rime fanned by a dense supercooled fog.
Hard rime is compact and amorphous and may build out into the wind as glazed
cones or feathers. The icing of ships and shortit structures by supercooled spray
usually has the characteristics of hard rime.
2.3 Glaze Ice
Glaze ice is a coating of ia, generally clear ‘aud smooth, but usually containing some
air pockets. It is formed on exposed objects by the fretzing of a film of supercooled
water, usually deposited by rain or drizzle. Glaze is denser, harder, and more
transparent than either rime or hoarfrost. Its density may be as high as561b/ft3
C9kN/m3].
(1) AtmosphericIcing on S-s. Boyd& Williams.

* (2) Draft Guidelines for Transmissim Line Sati Ldhp. AXE
(3) TaaeJman. P..andGring~rten. LL. “EstimatedGlaze Ice andWrndLoadsat &e ws ~R&x for the
CQIX@OUS UnitedStates”.Air Force&bridge ~esearcfr m. B4fo1& Massachusetts.
1973.
____--- - --
3 CONDITIONS OF ICE FORMATION

‘be me of ice formed is determined by combinations of air temperature, wind speed,&oP
size, and liquid water content or rainfall intensity. The icing problem, therefore, can be
&Gfkd either by the meteoroIog&I conditions that produce the formation of ice or by the
type of ice that is formed
3.1 Precipitation Icing
This is the most Common icing me&n&m and can occur in any area subject to
freezing rain or drizzle. The ice is formed when warm, moist air is forced Over a
sub-freezing, denser layer of air at the ground surface. As the watm air rises and
condenses, rain falls through the coider air and freezes on objects near the ground.
This frozen deposit is a clear glaze type of ice. Since this kind of weather is caused
by frontal activity, it usually doesn’t last more than a day or two.
Because it is necessary for excess water to be present for glaze to form on exposed
surfaces, often the excess water may freeze into icicles or other distended shapes.
In actd practice, glaze ice can be seen to form on cables and guys in a variety of
shapes ranging from the classical smooth cyhndxical sheath, through crescentson
the windward side and icicles hanging on the underside to large irregular
protuberances spaced along the cable. In most cases, glaze ice develops on
st.nmms as a fairly smooth layer on tie windward surfaces with icicles forming
below horizontal members. The shape of the glaze is apparently dependent on a
combination of factors, such as wind speed, variations in wind speed, the angle of
the wind, the turbulence of the flow, variations in air temperature and duration of the
Storm. Since most of these factors vary @om storm to storm, and even during the
storm a @i.ndticai shape of equivalent weight is assumed for design purposes.
3.2 In-Cloud Icing
This type of icing condition is caused by the impingement of super-cooled water
dropiets of a cloud on the structure or cable. This is rime ice. It can occur in
mountainous areaswhere ciouds exist above the freezing level or in a super-cooled
fog at lower elevations produced by a stable air mass with a strong temperature
inversion. These conditions can last for days or weeks.
The total amount of in-cloud ice deposited is dependent on wind speed. Since wind
speed increases with height above ground, larger amounts of ice will occur towards
the top of taller towers and on the cables that support or are mounted on taller towers.
.
ANNEX I: GEOTECHNICAL IWESTIGATIONS FOR TOWERS
A ~0i.i investigation by a geotecfinical @n&g firm is recommended for each tower site to
determine its unique soil and physical &ract&&cs, and to provide data to develop safe design
p==eters, economical foundation &maths, ami installation procedures. To ensure that the
EPOn furnishes useful information to the foundation designer, the ‘geotechnical firm should be
provided with the following information:
a. A plot plan and site location map with tower, equipment building and other site improvements
located.
b. Tower base vertical reaction and shear and anchor vertical and horizontal reactions for guyed
towers; or i’rhkrn~m compression and tension (uplift) reactions with shear for self-supporting
towers.
C. Any special conditions or requirements of the specifications.
d. The minimum depth of borings for guyed tower bases should be 15-20 ft; for guyed tower
anchors lo- 15 ft; for self-supporting towers, boring depth will vary depending upon the type of
foundation being considered. The magnitude of the structure reactions, site and sod COndiuons
may require altering the boring depth requirements.
The geotechnical report should provide the following information at minimum:

a. Boxing logs.
1. Date, sampling methods, and number and type of samples.
.
2. Description of the soil strata according to the Uxkied Soil Classification System.
3. Depths at which strata changes occur referenced to a site datum.
4. Standard Penetration Test blow counts.
5. Soil densities.
6. Elevation of free water encountered and its level after 24 hours, and recommended ground
water elevation to be considered for design.
7. Maximum and average depth of frost penetration.
b. Other soil characteristics or properties which may be required because of local conditions.
(Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct contact with soil.)
c. A description of alternative foundation methods with recommendations for ultimate values for
passive pressure, bearing pressure and shin friction, the angle of internal friction and other
appiicable soil properties and appropriate safety factors.
lin
ANNEX J: CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS IN DIRECT
CONTACT WITH SOIL
1 INTRODUCTTON
WY gUY mChOfi in direct contact with soil, designedin accordance with ETA/IIA Standards,have
performed We.ii without detrimental corrosion. However, depending on the required design life of
the stmture and on site-specific conditions, corrosion control measures, in addition to hotAp
gdvmg, may be required to prevent the premature deterioration of these types of Eu1cfior~
Hot-dip galvanized mater& have been proven m be very effective in resisting corrosion when in
direct contact with soil. In a lo-year study involving 45 types of soils performed by the National
B=au of Standards, only one sample had some penetration of the base steel. A 13-year test in
ciab ( Oneof the most corrosive subgrade enti~nments), indicated that corrosion was effectively
reduced, even thou& the zinc coating was destroyed within the first two years. One theory for this
b~vh is that the alloy layer between the zinc and steel surface, formed during the hot-dip
&V&g process, results in a major source of protection. Also, in some soils, a protective layer of
a zh compound fmm during the corrosion process, slowing the rate of corrosion. *
Despite the protective nature of hot-dip gakmixed materials, there have been reports of
unacceptable adm corrosion occurring within 10 years after installation. Anchor inspectionsare
W=dve to de-e if accelerated corrosion is occurring at a given site. Corrosion activity may
VarY widely across a site. Anchor corrosion could occur at one or more of the anchors at a site and
axid O~X at anY depth along a given anchor. Some of the site conditions which may result in
accelerated corrosion are briefly described in this annex. Under these conditions, additional
comsion control measures should be co&k&.
I This annex is not intended to be a treatise on the subject of anchor corrosion but is provided to heip
owners become aware of the potential anchor corrosion problems and the importance of anchor
inspections; and to encourage owners to pursue further information from appropriate specialists for
both new and existing construction. A corrosion specialist may recommend methods to curtaiI or
monitor corrosion discovered at existing sites or present options to consider for proposed sites.
2 “IVES OF CORROSION
2.1 Galvanic Corrosion
Galvanic anchor corrosion occurs in soil when a self-generated current exists due to the
connection of dissimilar metals or due to non-uniform conditions existing along the surface
of an anchor.
When a dissimilar metal is electrically connected to an anchor, a difference in potential
exists between the two materi&. If the dissimilar metal is also in contact with a low
resistivity soil, a complete circuit will exist. Current will flow from one metal to the other
due to the electrical connection and return through the soil completing the circuit. This
naturally occunin g phenomenon is why current is obtained from a battery when its terminals
are electrically Connected.
Dissimilar metals behave in this manner because of the difference in potential each metal
inherently has. Metals may be listed in order of their potential. Such a list is called a galvanic
series. A galvanic series of commonly used metals and alloys is given in Table Jl.
When a complete circuit exists, corrosion occurs on the metal listed higher in the galvanic
series. This is the location where current exits and travels through the soil towards the metal
111
listed lower on the galvanic se&. For example, if a large copper ground Systemin a
conductive soil is directly or i&,rdy @rough guys) ekctridy connectedto a steel
anchor, corrosion will occur on the anchor&cc steel is listed higher on the galvanic series
than copper.
The rate of corrosion wiU dependlargely on the a&uctivity of the soil and the relative
locationsofthemetalsinthegalvanicstrics.Thehi9)lnthtsQil~u~~~,andthc~er
apart the metals are in the gaIv&~ s&, the fas&z the &osion. Many 0thfZ f=tOrS
beyond the scope of this commentary could innuence the rare of corrosion and result b
=&med anchor carrosion.
Galvaniccorrosionmay alsooccur~~~~rateswithouttheprrsenccafa~metal
when conditions along the surface of the anchor are not uniform. ‘Es situation may exist
when the base of the anchor is embeddedin COOCTC~~. The moist concrete, being much
different than the soil surrounding the expo& portion of the anchor,will have a different
potential. If the surrounding soil conducthi@ is high, afdemed corrosion of the anchor
may occur. Backfill conditions with n~-unif~ composition, compaction, moisture
wntent, porosity, etc., may result in similar localized difkcnces in potential along the
anchor.
2.2 Electrolytic Corrosion
Electrolytic corrosion is very S+ to @~a& msion. The differencebeingthe current
responsible for electrolytic corrosion is from an outside source as opposed to a
self-generated current which is responsible for galvanic corrosion. Outside sources of
current which may result in eiectiolytic ~sion inch& ckctric rail transit systems,
mining operations, welding a&vi&s, mnr.hincry, or the corrosion control systems for
.,
pipelines or nearby stcuctur~.
For electrolytic corrosion to occur, the md,hg soil must be conductiveand a CWTtnt
from an outside source must enter and tit an anchor on its path to a hcation Of lower
potential. At the point of entry, the anchor is generally unaffected.At the point of exit, BS
with galvanic corrosion, acceleratedcorrosion may occur.
3 CORROSION POTENTIAL OF SOL
The corrosion potential at a given site is a function ofmany variables:Fortunately,one of the most
important variables, the conductivity of soil, may be determinedby a geotectical investigation.
3.1 Soil Conductivity
The conductivity of a soil is usually de- by measuringrcsistivity. Resistivity is most
often measuredin units of ohm-centimeter (&m+m). 7&e lower the resistivity, the higher
the conductivity. For example,salt water, a very mosive environment,has a resistivity of
approximately 25 ohm-cm. Cleandry sand,which is usually a non-corrosive environment,
may havea resistivi~ of more that 1,000,000ohm-cm. A soil with aresistivity below 2,000
Ohm-cm is generally consideredto be highly carrosive.
3.2 Other Factors
0 soil resisfivity may vary seasonablyand is gcnemlly a function of mine!ralcomposition,
moisture content and the concentrationof dissolvedsalts. Clays and high moisture content
soils generally have lower resistitiq &an sandsor low moisture contentsoils. However, a
113
dry sandysoil may becomevery aggressiveuponanincreasein moisturecontentif dissolved
Saks ax present. Likewise, a wet soil my not be aggressivewithout the presenceof
didvd salts. TemperatureE&O affects resistivity values. The resistivity of a soil may @
me-e vefy high if measuredunder nearfreezingconditions,yet bevery aggressiveunder
wanner wnditio~.
MAY 0th~ factors influence the corrosion potential of soil to varying degrees.Someof
&se famm are: drainage, soti porosity (aeration), acidity or akalinity @h), certain
~miml iqmti~, the metabolic activities of certain micr~+~@sIE, adjacentand/or
~~O~C~Y pmead stnrctures.Thesefactors may also vary seasonablyor vary due to
0th~ ~thities at a site,suchasthe doping of soil to increasethe efktiveness of agrounding
system. Due to the my possible’ factors i~~volved, it may not always be possible to
&mm&e the controlling factor when acceleratedcorrosion occurs.
3.3 GeotechnicalInvestigations
When a geotechnicalinvestigation is performed,asa minimum, thelocal soil resistivi~ and
l
the type and wncentration of dissolved saltsshould be established.With this information,

together with a description of all existing and/or proposed construction, a corrosion
spm*t shdi beableto recommendvariouscorrosioncontrol measuresto beconsider&
Additional site testingmay berequired by thecorrosionspecialistin order to properlydesign
ad implement a Corrosioncontrol system.
4 OPTIONS FOR CORROSION CONTROL
None of the following options for wrrosion wntrol eliminate the needfor proper monitoring and
maintenance over the life of the structure. a
4.1 Site Modifications .
Improving drainageor placing an impermeablelayer of soil at an anchor location may be
beneficial in reducing the rate of corrosion. Under some situations it may be possible to
ba&ill afouIlcl sn anchor with a high resistivity soil. Adding chemicals to neutralize
existing corrosive soils or to mitigate the actions of micro-organisms may also be sn
alternative. Caremust be taken to ensurethat the required structural capacity of an anchor
s~ppt is maintained during excavationsand to avoid contaminating the local soil with
toxic substances.Relocating sn anchormay alsobe a reasonablealtemative if the causeor
possibility of acceleratedwrrosion at a site is known to be a localized, isolated condition.
If coppergroundrods serveasgrounding for ananchor,replacingthemwith galvanizedsteel
rods would reduce galvanic corrosion by el’ ’ .* g the presenceof a dissimilar metal.
Special attention should be paid to the ground lead and its connectionto a galvanizedrod,
particularly when the connectionis placed below grade.
Isolation Of anchors from the structure using guy insulators may help to reduce the
transmission of stray currents from outside sourcesand therefore minim& ekctrolytic
corrosion. Galvanic corrosion due to the presence of copper ground rods would be
eliminated if the ground wires were connectedon the tower side of the isolation point.
Isolation may also increasethe efficiency of sacrificial anodesdescribedin 4.4. Bonding the
anchorsto adjacentcathodicallyprotectedpipeliuesor structures may protect the anchorsss
opposedto subjectingthem to possible ekcsolytic corrosion. This should only be donein
accordancewith recommendationsfrom a corrosion specialist.
4.2 Protective Coatings
Many types of organicm&orga&prote&e co&ngs are available. Theeffectivenessofa
coating is highly dependentupon the preparation of the anchor aUrfa% the method Of
application and the v&nerabfity of the coating to e during cwStructk)n- Rotective
coatings may be particularly effectve when usedin conjunction with a cathodicman
sys- describedin 4.4.
4.3 Concrete Encas~~t
Direct amact with soi my beavoidedby ~g~~onYifh~orcedcon~~0~~
the entire embeddedlength of an anchor The encasementshould extend a minimum of +
inchesabovegrade.~~acwMete~~~blockisusedwithan~~,thtreiaforeingin
the concrete encasementmust be prop&y developed into the anchar block t0 prev=t
~wssive cracking. Sulfate resisting coll~ctc e &sip should be used for all wncrete
below gd when soluble sulfatesexist in the soil or ground~atcr=
4.4 Cathodic Protection
For both galvanic and electrolytic corrosion,corrosion occurswhen current fi~ws from the
anchor into the surrounding soil. me objective of cathodic protection is to reversethe
dir&on of current, resulting in current flowing to the anchorinsteadof away from it, thus
preventing corrosion of the anchor.This may be accomplishedby installing galvanicanodes
or by ~tmhing an impressedcurrent.
BY “iectrically connectinga metal (galvanicanode)hatedhigher on the galvanic series and
burying it in close proximity ment w be f&ed to fhw to the protected item from the
anode. This will resdt in corroSi0n of the installed metai an& instead of the item to be
protected.Forthisreason,theinstalledmetalis~asacrificislaMdesadalsowhythese
anodesmust be periodically ir;spectedto & sure they have not corroded away beyond
use. Additiimal stid anode material by cvemdly have to be added. A common
~acrificiaianodeusedismagncsiumpackagedina~p~bar?kf?ll mixturetoenhanceits
conductivity with soit.
The number,size, type andlocation ofgalvanic anodesshould be determinedby a corrosion
specialist and must be adequateto ensurem flows in theecomxt direction, overcoming
the efkts Of ail other influences at the site. The efkliveness of an installed SyStemShould
bepcriodicallymonitoredoverthelifeofthestructure byacorrosionspeciahst.Thismaybe
done by measuringthe potential of the protectedanchorwith respectto a rckence electrode
placed in the ground. A Largeenoughnegativepotential indicates that current is flowing to
the ~dxxs as desiredfor corrosion control.
Under certain circumstances,installing ~IIOII~~I gahnic anodes to cssurc current will flow
in the desireddirection may not be feasibleor eccmtical. Using animpressedcurrentwith
ananodemayberequiredunderthesecircumstances.Theimprtsstdcumntrequinstheuse
of a reliable power sourceto producethe’&sired current The positive tuminal of thepower
sowe is wnnected to the anoderesulting in current traveling from the anode,through the
SOfi to the anchor, overcoming the effects of all other infhrences. Since cutrent would be
entering the sxhor from the soil, corrosion of the anchorwould be controlled. The voltage
of the POW=some, the size,location andtype of anoderequired, andthe possibleeffectson
adjacent stnmm should be determined by a ccurosion specialist. overprotection may
1lA
result in accelerated coxrosionof surroundingstructuresandmay alsodamagetheax-&or or
anchor coating as a result of&# current hning undeisirablechemicalcompoundsand/or
hydrogen gas at the anchor.
5 REFERENCES
wg, H. H., “‘Ibe Corrosion Handbook”, John Wiley & Sons,NY, 1948.
mg, H. H., Revie, R. W., “Corrosion and CorrosionControl”, Third Edition, JohnWhey Bi Sons,
NY, 1985.
W&O% C. L., oat=, J. A, “Cmosion and the MaintenanceEngineer”, Hart Publishing Company,
NY, 1968.
Huock, B., “‘F~chmds of CathodicProtection”, HARCO TechnologiesCorporation,Mexiina,
Ohio.
TABLE Jl
GALVANIC SERIES OF COMMONLY USED METALS AND ALLOYS
MAGNESIUM
AL-
ZINC
STEEL, IRON
a
LEAD,m :
BRASS, COPPER,,BRONZE
SILVER
GRAPHITE

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ANSl/TIA/ElA-222-f-1QQ6

Approved: March 29, 1996

Structural Standards for Steel Antenna

TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

June 10, 1996

TO: Recipients of new TIA Standards and Engineering Publications

Enclosed please find one copy of the following TINEIA Standard:

TINEIA-222-F Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna

Remmng me te/ecommufl/calk7flS u7au.w m

QTELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 1996

PRICE: Pleaserefer to current

All rights reserved

Organizations may obtain permission to reproduce a limited number of copies

Global Engineering Documents

Section Page Number

0 .?F Wind direction factor for flat structural components

t = Specified radial thickness of ice

(Note: Ice, when specified,shall be assumed to accumulate uniformly on all surfacesas

~32 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20

> 8.7 59 1.08 - l&r .72 1.03 1.20

DR 1.0 1+.75e (1.2 max) 1.0 1.0 1.0

2.3-g Regardless of location, linear appurtenancesnot considered as structuraI components in 0

FD = 9~ GH CD d Lc = Total drag force (lb) [NJ

(F,) = modified column slenderness of built-up member

a = distance between connectors

4 = minimum radius of gyration of individual component

CURVES l-3 CURVES 4-6

(CONCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) \ (NO END RESTRAINT)

(ECCENTRIC ONE W> (PARTIAL

CRlTICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIO:

L I 120 L > 120

i MAX I 120 k MAX > 120

SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSIONMEMBERS

Lu=L1+5U CURVE2 CURVE4

Properly detailed welded c.onnectiom may be considered as providing partial restraint.

4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP

*For notes, seeend of Section 16

state of CALIF0RNr.A stateafcALIFom

HUMBOLDT ii state of coLoRAD

state of COLORADO StateiofFLORIDA

*For notes,seeend of Section 16

State ofFLORIDA State of GEORGIA

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

ORANGE 2 100 mAHoocHEE 70

State of GEORGIA State of GEORGIA

a *For notes, see end of Section 16

state of ILLINOIS stateoflLLINoIs

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

State ofINDIANA StatedINDIANA

State of IOWA State dIOWA

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

state OfKENTIJcKY ScateOfICENRJ=Ky

state OfMttRYLAND StateofMICHlGAN

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

Stateof MXCHlGAN State dMINNESOTA

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

*For notes, see end of Section 16

state ofMIssouRI StatedMONTANA

BASIC WIND BASIC m

BASICWIND BASIC WIND

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND