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A. MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION (50 QUESTIONS - 50 MARKS)

In this section, candidates have to u rite option N B, C or Dfnr each question on the answer sheet.

A. For questions 001 - 016, read two texts below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Text 1: Planetary Artistry by Johanna Kieniewicz
For me, the highlight of lhis past week’s science news was the images (001) .. back from the Curiosity rover, providing
(002)
. geologic evidence that water flowed on Mars. Of course, this wasn’t exactly a surprise; for decades, planetary scientists
have suggested the channel networks visible in spacecraft imagery couldn’t have been made by anything else. The
evidence has been (003) ... as well, as various clay minerals and iron oxides have been identified through hyperspeciral
imagery.
Nonetheless, I suspect that the image of definitely water-lain (004) made the heart of more than one geologist (005) . a
beat Ground tnith. You could argue that the scientific exploration of the extra-terrestrial is, at least (006) . part, a search
for meaning: to position us within a larger cosmology. But our fascination with, and connection to, what we see in the
night sky comes not just through science, bui also through art. So ii should come as no surprise that scientific images of
planetary surfaces have (007} ... inspiration to a range of artists from Galileo - whose first sketches of the moon through a
telescope are (008) beautiful - to Barbara Hepworth - whose interpretations of the lunar surface are far less literal
A B C D A B C D
001 thrown shot beamed fired 002 final conclusive proven guaranteed
003 swelling expanding increasing mounting 004 sediments dross grounds matter
005 slip lose ship jump 006 with in at for
007 offered provided given made 008 totally doubtlessly surely truly
Text 2: The Concept of Evolution
ChaTles Darwin did not invent the concept of evolution When he was a student in Edinburgh in the late 1820’s, evolution
was already the (009) ... of the town. But evolution was rejected by the establishment. Those who (010) .. to evolutionary
thinking were called Lamarckists, after the French scientist Jean-Baptiste Larriarc who was the first to propose that
species are not static, but change over time and give (01I} .. to new species Lamarck had offered this (012) ... in a book
published in 1809. He did not, however, propose a correct mechanism for (013) ... species change into each other. The
mechanism was discovered first by Charles Darwin and independently by Alfred Russel Wallace. From reading the
economist Thomas Malthus, Darwin was aware of the consequences of(014) ... growing populations. Once resources
become limiting only a (015) ... of individuals can survive. Darwin was also an (016) observer of animal breeders He
analysed their methods and snidied their results Slowly he understood that nature like a gigantic breeder.
A B C D A B C D
009 talk story gossip tale 010 combined cohered adhered abode
 011 occasion evidence raise rise 012 perspective perception prospect incentive
OIS all how now once 014 expressly exponentially exquisitely exclusively
015 friction division section fraction 016 agile arduous ardent amorous
B. For questions 017 — 030, read the sentences below and think of the word which best fits each space.
017. Some parents use a ...-and-stick approach to obtain good results from iheir children.
A. onion B. potato C. carrot D. cabbage
018. He crept in . .. his parents should wake up
A. unless B. lest C. otherwise D. whereby
019. Did you really understand all . . . he said?
A. what B. when C.fat D. which
020. Everything he does . . . his job.
A. revolves around B. winds up C. settles up with D. dawns on
021. . . . with being so busy bolh at work and at home, she became increasingly tired and bad-tempered.
A. Where B. Which C. What D. How
022. His grandfather often dozes ... in front of the TV after dinner
A.out B.over C.in
023. Rosa suggeseted ... a suit and tie when he went for the interview.
A. him to wear B. he must wear C. him wearing D. thal he wear
024. An architecture that many people believe is slill too ... edge for large mission-critical systems
A. bleeding | B. bumping C. bruising D. aching
025. Maria and Jean had a .. . romance - thev met and married within two months
A. hurricane B. whirlwind C. cyclone D. typhoon
026. Sometimes a pension can provide you with a ... sum on retirement as well as or instead of a monthly income
A. lump B. mass C. chunk D. block
027. He got a . .. job in an insurance company.
A. cherry B. dragonfmil C. lemon D. plum
028. He shouldn’t be the boss - ii would be like a ... peg in a round hole
A. rectangle B. triangle C. square D. circle
029. I don’l have much money for ... and lodging, so I’m going to trY to travel very frugallY.
A. protector B. board C. poster D. computer
030. Tom is honest as ihe . . . is long - if he promised to help you move. then he’ll be here.
A. minute B. hour C. day D. week
C. For questions 031 — 050, read the three texts below and choose the correct answer
Text I: A series of research projects in recent years have looked at the small, spiny, marine invertebrate known as lhe sea
urchin The sequence of their genetic code has been successfully analysed, revealing a remarkably close resemblance to
that of humans. This provides a firmer foundation for the claim that humans and sea urchins share a common ancestor,
which must have lived over 540 million years ago.
The red sea urchin, found off the West coast of North America and elsewhere, was considered a pest in the 1960s and
anempts were made to eradicate it wherever locals were farming kelp In the 1S70s, though, American sea fisheries
discovered a lucrative market in Japan, where certain internal organs of these creatures were considered a delicacy, and
by the 1990s they had become one of the most valuable marine resources.
There are implications for these fisheries in the latest findings aboui the way sea urchins mature. Not only are the
invertebrates capable of reaching an age of 200 years or more, but they also show no signs of age-related degeneration. In
faci, the more advanced the age of an urchin is. the more enhanced its powers of reproduction seem to be On the other
hand, population growth is limited due to lhe ease with which juvenile urchins fall prey to a range of environmental
threats.
Studies have also looked at growth rates, using measures of carbon-14, which has increased in all living organisms
following the atmospheric testing of atomic weapons in the 1950s These studies confirmed earlier findings. obtained
using injections of tetracyclin, that the process of enlargmenl never reaches a ceiling. Growth rates may diminish to only
an extra millimeler in circumference per year but they do not cease.
031. According to the passage. what do red sea urchins eat?
A. rotting animal matter B. tetrecyclin C. microscopic animal life D. kelp
 032. What can we learn from the passage about the techniques io measure the increase in the size ot"urchins as ihev
age?
A. One technique was not possible before the 1950s. B. They are generally unreliable.
C. They are generally unreliable. D. Atmospheric lests affect the gromh rates.
035. Which of the following is NOT ture?
A. Sea uTchiHS first appeared no more than 540 000 years B. Harvesting sea urchins was a profitable business in the
ago. 1960s.
C. There are no similarities between the DNA of sea D. The red sea urchin is not found only off the West coast
urchins and that of humans. of America.
034. According to the passage, there are not more sea urchins in the oceans because ..
A. of contamination from carbon-l 4. B. age-related degeneration is widespread.
C. of the vulnerability of very young urchins. D. sources of kelp have drastically declined.
035. Sea urchins that have lived for a very long time
A. lose their ability to reproduce. B. do not suffer from the effects of aging
C. start to show a slieht reduction in size. D. are more easily attacked by other marine animals
Text 2: There is siill no consensus about how the Neanderthals were driven to extinction, leaving our Homo sapien
ancestors withoui any competition The disappearance of the nalive European Neandertha ls is odd partly because their
shoner. stockier bodies must have made them better able to withstand the colder temperatures that prevailed when their
cousins from Africa entered Europe. With a smaller surface area the Neanderthal body would have been able to retain
more heat. The once common assumption that the key was the inferior vocal abilities of the Neanderthal has since been
disproved by research on the Neanderthal hyoid bone, located in the throat. The larger skull capacity and bmin is another
repect in which they do not seem to have been inferior.
II was once thought that proof of a superioT intellect was tO be found in the narrower Homo sapien stone tools known as
“blades”, which were assumed to be more efficient than the broader “flakes” used by the Neanderthals. In a number of
important respects, including durability, this idea has proved to be unfounded However, the blades would have been more
effective as tips for throwing spears whereas the stone flakes would have been limited to the kind of thrusting spears the
Neanderthals are believed to have used. This could have combined with the greater agility of the Homo sapiens to give
them a distinct advantage in hunting in open terrain. Crucial in this respect were the larger canals in the Homo sapien
inner ear, providing a more acute sense of balance, in addition to the longer limbs and lighter build. The Neanderthal
technique of hiding and lying in wait for passing animals ceased to be viable when the dense forests of Europe began to
recede Añer a period of co-existence with their cousins, the Neanderthals were slowly eradicated.
036. According to lhe passage, what is now believed about the stone tools used by the Neanderthals compared to those
of the Homo sapiens?
A. They were at least long lasting. B. They could not have been used as speaT rips.
C. They were longer and narrower D. They indicate a Superior mental capacitY.
037. The passage states that the Neanderthals relied on the dense forests ...
A. for firewood and shelter. B. to provide covet when C. to provide wood for D. to hide from their
hunting. spears attackers.
038. The hyoid bone is evidence of ...
A. a capacity for language. B. an ability to adapt to a C. skull capacity. D. the inferior anatomy of
cold climate. the Neanderthal.
039. The Neanderthals were wiped out . ..
A. before the Homo sapiens B. in battles with their C. after the climate changed. D. due to their primitive
arrived. opponents. social organization.
040. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT an older assumption that has now been cast in doubt?
A. Neanderthals were considerably less intelligent than B. The Neanderthals evolved first in Africa.
Homo sapiens.
C. Flakes were inferior to blades in all respects. D. Neanderthals had very poor communication skills.
Text 3: No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences and by
adding a mnge of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate liny variations in meaning. We can turn a
statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word
lricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. NoT is this complexity inherent io the English language All languages,
even those of so-called “pTimitive” tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for
example, can distinguish between “you and I”, “several other people and I” and “you, another person and I”. In English,
all these meanings are summed up in
the one, cnide pronoun ‘be”. Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So
the question which has baMed many linguists is - who created grammar?
At first, it would appear lhat this question is impossible to answer To find out how grammar is created, someone needs to
be present at the time of a language’s creation, documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are able to irace
modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer lhe question of how complex languages are
actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch Amazingly, however, this is
possible.
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. Al that time, slaves from a number of different
ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer’s nile Since they had no opportunity to learn each other’s
languages, they developed a make-shifi language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language
of ihe landowner. They have little in the way of grammar. and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when
an event happened, and who did what to whom. {A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning
understood. {B] Interestingly, however, all il takes for a pidgin io become a complex language is for a group of children
to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of
words uttered by their elders, lhey adapted their words to create a new, expressive language. |D] Complex grammar
systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by children.
Further evidence of lhis can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not simply a series of
gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery ihat is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are many
different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicamgua.
Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf.
Although children were taught speech and lip reading in ihe classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own
sign syslem, using the gestures that they used at home. II was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs differently, and
there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was
already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the
younger children’s language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify
meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was born.
Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The English past tense
—ed ending may have evolved from the verb “do” “It ended” may once have been “It end-did”. Therefore it would
appear thai even the mosi widespread languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have innate
grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying lo make sense of lhe world around
them. Their minds can serve to create logical, complex strictures, even when there is no grammar present for them to
copy.
041. In paragraph 1, whv does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?
A. To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures.
B. To show how English gmmmar differs from Cherokee grammar.
C. To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
D. To demonstmte how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
042. What can be inferred aboul the slaves’ pidgin language?
A. It contained complex grammar. B. It was based on many different languages.
C. It was difficult io understand, even among slaves. D. It was created by the land-owners
043. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT . . .
A. The language has been created since 1979. B. The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C. The language incorporates signs which children used at D. The language was perfected by younger children
home
044. In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?
It included standardised word orders and grammaticol markers thol existed in neither the pidgin longuage, nor the
language o/the colonic-ers.
A. [A] B. [B] D. [D]
045. “From scratch” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ...
A. from the very beginning. B. in simple cultures. C. by copying something D. by using written
else, information.
046. “Make-shift” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ...
A. complicated and B. simple and temporary C. extensive and diverse. D. private and personal.
expressive.
 047. Which sentence is closest in meaning to ihe sentence below?
Grattimar is universal and plavs a part in evew language, no matter how' widespread fr is.
A. All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar
B. Some languages include a lot Of 8° ar, whereas other languages contain a little.
C. Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little
D. The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved
048. All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT .. .
A. All children used the same gestures to show meaning. B. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign
language.
C. The hand movements were smoother and smaller. D. New gestures were created for everyday objects and
activities.
049. Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?
A. English was probably once g creole B. The English past tense system is inaccurate
C. Linguists have proven that English was created by D. Children say English past tenses differently from adults.
children.
050. Look at the word “consistent” in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. natural B. predictable C. imaginable D. uniform
B. SHORT-ANSWER SECTION (100 QUESTIONS — 100 POINTS)
In ihfs section, candidafes have to write their short-answer responses on the answer sheet.

A. For questions 051 — 060, fill the space or spaces in the sentence using the base word given in BOLD at the end.
51. The . . . of any manned mission to the planets will be increased if a secure fuel supply can be found beforehand
(SURVIVE)
52. His bad behaviour in his father's presence caused his . . . (INHERIT)
53. If you would only . .. the role of your father in the success of your company, there wouldn’t be so much bad blood
between
you. (KNciW)
54. Despite the striking similarities between the two paintings, the court decided the artist was not guilty of making a ...
copy.
(FRAUD)
55. The stray dog spent his days following tourists hoping to . . . one of them (FRIENDSHIP)
56. You have been ... important to the success of this company. I don’t know whal I would have done without you
(MEASURE}
57. His performance in the match today ... his reputation as a great player. (LIE)
58. Your ... acceptance of every decision is undoubtedly harming the health of the business. (QUESTION)
59. Far from being a drunkard, my father is acmally a perfect example of....(SOBER}
60. The teacher was furious that Emma had again turned in...work. (STANDARD)
B. For questions 061 — 075, read the text and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in each
space. Men and women are often considered to be completely at odds with each other, in terms (061} their attitudes and
behaviour.
Not so when they are in love, new research has discovered. As far as their hormone levels are (062) , when men and
women
are in love, they are more similar io each other (063)...at any other time.
Ii has (064) . .. been known that love can (065) . .. havoc with hormone levels. For example the hormone cortisol, (066}.is
known for its calming effect on the body, dips dramatically when one person is attracted to (067). ., putting the love-struck
on a par with sufferers of obsessive compulsive disorder.
But a new study has found that the hormone testosterone, commonly associated with male aggression, also falls when he is
in love In women, it’s quite the (068) .... Testosterone levels. which (069) ... to be lower among females. rise towards (070)
. ..
of the male.
Donatella Marazziti of the University of Pisa, Italy, (071) . this down to nature attempting to eliminate the differences
between the sexes. (072) ... doing so, they can concentrate fully (073)...reproduction
This suggestion seems to be supported by the fact that (074) ... couples in a long (075). .relationship, nor participants in the
study who were single at the time of the experiment, exhibited such changes.
C. For questions 076 - 090, read the two lexts and complete the tasks
 Text 1: Text Stress Management

I recently went to the doctor with an inexplicable stomach pain that had persisted for several days. After a brief examination,
he provided his diagnosis: “It’s probably slress”. I have to admit that I was disappointed with the verdict, as I was hoping that
he would find a more concrete cause that could be easily resolved with prescription drugs Instead, I was goine to have to take
a look at my life-style and try to make some changes

I began by reading some on-line articles about the causes o1’ stress. According to my research, the main sources of” stress in
adults are money problem s, i• b worries, relationships, and iami1y problems I do have a demanding new boss, and I have
recently had a slight disaereement w’ith a sibling, but I hadn’t really considered myself to be stressed about either issue. When
I think about it, 1 don’t really know anybody who doesn’t suft“er from at least one of the four major causes of stress Does that
mean we are all stressed to a certain degree* My reading seemed to confirm that this is indeed the case. We all have problems
that can make us feel stressed. but the di lference is in how we manage that stress Apparently, some of us are better at taking
charge of‘ our thoughts, feelings, schedule, and the way w’e deal with problems than others. home people are able to remain
calm and in control, despite the demands and pressures o1” everyday li1”e. So how could I become one of those people?

I went to talk to a life-style counsellor, who presented me w'ith several sugeestions Firstly, I could try to take control of my
environment by eliminating unnecessary stresses. Clearly, I wouldn’t be able to eradicate my boss or my brother. However, I
could avoid travelling in a crammed train carriage every morning by getting up 10 minutes earlier and catching a bus to work.
I tried it for a 1“ew days, and surprisingly enough I already felt a little more in control
Secondly, I should try to adopt a healthier life-style. We all know that a healthy diet and regular exercise make us thinner and
litter, but I wasn’t aw'are that they could also help to eliminate stress I decided to start w'ith some small changes, such as
cutting out sweets and desserts, and taking the stairs instead of the lix. Again, I immediately felt that these small changes were
making a positive dil‘ference.

Perhaps the most important advice of all was to learn to accept the things thal I couldn’t change. I started to think of“ my
challenges as opportunities toi personal growth. Neither my boss nor my brother were going to back down, so I had to team to
compromise. I would stari to expect less of people and accept that no one is pert’ect, least of all mysel1\

A couple of days ago, I met w ith my best friend Sandra and told her of the changes I had made to try to conquer my stress. She
thought about it for a while before responding: “So, it now takes you longer to get to work, you d‹nn’t allow yourseli‘any
treats, yo iir boss and your brother are st ill problematic; yet you feel less stressed?”. To be honest, as I hadn’t really known that
I was slressed in the first place, i1 n'as hard to compare my stress levels with what they had been before But one thing was for
sure. talking and laughing about it with Sandra made me feel for better than any of my other actions. Maybe it’s ()K to be
stressed as long as there is a friend to share it with.

C’ompfefr Ohr sentences with oiie, two or three worJs from the texL
76. The writer felt . .. the doctor’s diagnosis as he had wanted to be prescribed some medication.
77. Although everybody suffers turn stress, some people are better at keeping . . . in difficult situations.
07d. The writer decided to start avoiding a daily stressful situation by ... to w'ork.
075. The life-style counsellor recommended that the writer began to . .. that were beyond his control.
80. San‹1ra found it hard to believe that the steps the writer had taken would make him ....
Text 2: Just Let Yo ur C?hildren Be Themsels’es

A recent study on the impact of birth order suggests that firsthoms have a higher IQ. The problem is that studies sach as this
distort the bigger picture by confirming birth order stereotypes.

The study was conducted in Norway and showed that the eldest children had a slightly higher IQ on average than their younger
siblings. Nobody U-an explain the results of the study It has been suggested that the eldest U’hildren benefit from more
attention before the arrival of their siblings. Another theory is that the eldest children have more responsibility which helps
them to develop their brain

It is a good idea though to look at the study in more detail before blindly applying its results to your own family. The subjects
of the study were all male, the area was limited to Norway and IQ test results are notoriously prone to error. Important to note
is that the averages for both older and younger children were well within the normal range so ii is probably not necessary to
start worrying
II is not advisable to pay too much attention to the mther subtle impacl birth order has on the development of your child
There are simply too many contributing factors from genes to life in the womb.
Firstborns
The eldesi children are often said to possess leadership skills such as organising and logical thinking, and to be better at
dealing with adults. They often have to take more responsibility but it is not ideal to put more pressure on them by
expecting them to behave as a parent to their younger siblings For parents it is probably better not to pay too much
attention to this theory as it may lead to unrealistic expectations.
Middle children
Popular wisdom also has it that middle children are very diplomatic and sociable. In order to stand oul they may rebel
against their parents. Thls is often Teferred io as middle child syndrome. What parenis could do to prevent this is io give
the middle child the responsibility that normally would be given to the eldest child.
Laxt children
If is commonly claimed that last-boms are spoiled and good at manipulating others to get things done for them. The
youngest may appear cute compared to their older siblings but they obviously need to be shown limitations. Parents
should give ihem their share of chores.
Are the statements True or Fnlse? PKrite True or Fnlse.
81. A Norwegian study suggests that the eldest children in a family have a higher IQ ...
82. Results of IQ tests are normally highly reliable. ...
83. The difference in IQ between the oldest and youngest children is significant. ...
84. The author suggests giving the eldest child a taste of what it is to have the responsibility of an adult
85. When middle children feel left out, they may seek attention through defiant behaviour. ...
Complete the sentences with one or two worits from the to
08ti. It is important to look at the context in which a study took place because it is easy to.. .the results and draw the wrong
conclusions.
87. Having more.....may help develop the mind.
88. Birth order theories may result in of the parents in...their firstborn children.
89. Middle children are always caught in ihe middle which means they may have developed the skill to be more . . .
90. Youngest children are often labelled as . ...
D. For questions 091 — 100, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences
91. - The new car goes into. . .next year
- Al university we put in a ... of Shakespeare’s play “Othello”.
- The company has set a target to increase its by 50 percent.
92. - I was so tired I wanted to...off during the lecture.
- I thought she'd never....the subject. You could see people were getting embarrassed.
- Her parents were worried that she would ... out of school before completing her exams.
93. - The rocking .. of the boat made her feel sick.
- I realised I had said something tactless when my friend made a. with her hand to try to warn me.
- If you sign the contract we can set the procedures to get the loan in . ..
94. - Ii took a while to understand but I finally got the . of it.
- Don’t give up. Just. . .in there till the end
- The thought of my visit to the dentist is going to. .over me until it's over.
95. - He was offered a ... in the company if he lent them the money they needed.
- More than 20 000 jobs are at if the company closes.
- She intends to . a claim to be world champion this year.
96. - He’s a nice boy and he’s very....but he doesn’t do much work.
- A.....light shone through the open cunains.
- She likes wearing.....colours. but her sister always wears black.
97. - She’s always on the .. . - I don’t know how she has the energy.
- He’s going lo start his own company, which sounds like a smart ....
 - Be careful! They’ll be watching your every
one. - she . . . the tray down on a table next to his
bed.
- The teacher . . . the class some work to do.
- The princess was given a needless ... with diamonds and emeralds.
99. - She had dark .. around her eyes from too many sleepless nighls
- The thieft escaped with a diamond brooch, two gold ... and some ciifflinks.
- Only one of the ... on the electric cooker is working
100. - The . . . of the rubber tree is known as latex.
- Add two cupfiils of ... to the mixture.
- If ihe press hear aboui ihis, they will ... the story for weeks.
E. For questions 101 — 106, use the words/phrases below in the correct form to complete the sentences. Use each
word only
ONCE There are FOUR words/phrases you don’t need to use.
beaver away at / consummate / contemplation / crtflge / emanate from / forlorn / infertility / lavish / palpable / stagqered

101. He’s been the accounts all 102. She waited in the ... hope that 103. She . . most of her attention on
morning. he her younger son.
would one day come back to her.
104. He sat there deep in . . . 105. The tension in lhe room was 106. ... is the inability of a plant to
almost . . . reproduce by natural means.
F. For questions 107 — 120, write the extra word in the box after each line. Some lines are correct. If you think there
are no incorrect words in a line, tick “>”.
Text 1: A new study amongst doctors in the United States on the use of 107. / ...
placebos
- pills with no medical effect - which shows that almost half of the 108. / ...
questioned
practitioners who prescribe placebos. most of them within the last year 109. / ...
The majority of 466 faculty physicians work at Chicago-area medical 110. / ...
schools
were interviewed by a research group of the University of Chicago stated 111. / ...
that
placebos are useful to calm and a patient down or to respond to demands for 112. / ...
medication that the doctor disagrees with, i.e. "to get the patient to stop 113. / ...
complaining". [...] 114. / ...
Text 2: Oh, let me tell you about our trip. Did you know that Sara is afraid 115. / ...
of be
flying? We had arranged it with heT family to go to France for a few days. I 116. / ...
have
always wanted to see Paris and would love to live in there one day. Well, 117. /
we got
to the airport and Sara appeared being nervous. I asked her if she was okay 118. / ...
and
she said she was fi ne, so we continued on to our way We went through 119. / ...
passport
control and I could see that Sara wasn’t keen on going any further. [.. .] 120. / ...
G. For questions 121 — 150, read the four texts and complete the tasks wiih ONE WORD ONLY for each blank.
Text 1: A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing
The pressure to transform our institutions of learning continues. Virnjally every enterprise and insiituiion is grappling wilh
the disruptions and opportunities caused by Web-enabled infrastructures and practices. New best practices, business
models, innovations, and strategies are emerging, including new ways to acquire. assimilate, and share knowledge. Using
technologies that are already developed or that will be deployed over the next five years, best practices in knowledge
sharing nol only are diffusing rapidly but will be substantially reinvented in all settings: educational institutions,
corporations, government organizations, associations, and nonprofits. But institutions of learning are in a unique
position to benefit from an added opportunity: providing leadership in e-knowledge.
E-knowledge finds expression in many shapes and forms in a profoundly networked world. It is not just a digitised
collection of knowledge. E-knowledge consists of knowledge objects and knowledge flows that combine content, context,
and insights on application. E-knowledge also emerges from interactivity within and among communities of practice and
from the troves of tafit knowledge and tradecrafi that can be understood only through conversations with
knowledgeable practitioners.
E-knowing is the act of achieving understanding by interacting with individuals. communities of practice. and knowledge
in a networked world. E-knowle dge commerce consists of the transactions based on the sharing of knowledge. These
transactions can involve the exchange of digital content / context and / or tacit knowledge through interactivity.
Transactable e-knowledge can be exchanged for free or for fee. E-knowledge is enabling not only the emergence of new
best practices bui also the reinvention of the fundamental business models and strategies that exist for e-learning and
knowledge management. E-knowledge is technologically realized by ihe fusion ofe-learning and knowledge management
and through the networking of knowledge workers.
Transactable e-knowledge and knowledge nel-working will become the lifeblood of knowledge sharing. They will create
a vibTBHt market for e-knowledge commerce and will stimulate dramatic changes in the knowledge ecologies of
enterprises of all kinds. They will support a “Knowledge Economy” based on creating, distributing, and adding value to
knowledge, the very activities in which colleges and universities are engaged Yet few colleges and universities have
taken sufficient account of the need to use their knowledge assets to achieve strategic differentiation.
In “It Doesn’t Matter,” a recent article in Harvard Business Review, Nicholas G. Carr endorsed corporate leaders'
growing view thai information technology offers only limited polential for slralegic differentiation. Similar poinis are
starting to be made about e-learning. and knowledge management has been under fire as ineffectual for some time.
The tnith is that e-learning and knowledge management can provide strategic differentiation only if they drive genuine
innovation and business pmctice changes that yield greater value for learners. Carr’s article provoked a host of contrary
responses, including a letter from John Seely Brown and John Hagel III. Brown is well-known for his insights inio the
ways in which knowledge sharing can provide organizations with a solid basis for strategic differentiation.
Compfere roe spmma y below.
Thanks to the advent of the computer, learning institutions today are providing new ways of acquiring knowledge,
through tools that are (121) ... fast and which are being already (122) .. . in all fields and settings, despite the (123} .. . the
process may enlail, which all institutions are now (124) . .. wiih.
Text 2: Bagpipe Finger Positions
There are nine notes most commonly played on the Great Highland Bagpipe This page shows charis and diagrams for the
hand and fingering positions for the bagpipe/practice chanter and explains how to play each of these individual notes as
well as several less commonly played notes.
The nine basic notes are sounded using the eight finger holes found on the charter. The holes are named for the note that
is sounded when that hole is open. Located on the front of the chanter are seven holes. Located from the bottom up are
Low-A up to High-G. Located on the back near the top is High-A (Piper's typically don’t refer to a “Low-G hole” as
Low-G is sounded when all the finger holes are closed. If anything, such a lerm would apply to the opening the base of
the chanted or, if present, the twin vents located to either side below ihe Low-A hole.)
Finger Locations
On the two hands. the only fingeTs not used to sound notes are the lefi little finger - completely unused, if a piper were to
choose a finger to be amputated, this would be it! - and the right thumb which simply holds the chanter. Positioning the
hands, the left index finger covers the High-G hole, and the right index finger covers the D hole. The rest of the fingers
fall into place. Note: This information is oriented to the standard “right-handed” hand positions. Much like guitars, many
left-handed people opt to learn the pipe pipes as a right-hander. One left-handed piper I know wishes he had, in fact,
learned as a right-hander. (In his case, simply for uniformity with other band members.) That said, it is perfectly
acceptable to play left-handed.
Fineer / Hand / Arm Positioning
A few things to know. The chanted is not played with the fingertips, which is a common beginner’s error. With the left
(top) hand, the holes are covered with the pads of the fingers in front of the joint. With the right (bottom) hand, the holes
are covered behind the first joint, with the exception of the lime finger which is played with the pad in front of the joinl.
The top thumb’s pad covers the High-A hole. The botiom thumb holds the chanter a little lower than is typically natural,
that is, it rests in the vicinity of where the C finger is on the opposite side of the chanter, perhaps a little lower or higher,
but definitely below lhe level of the D finger. The fingers are kept relatively straight, though not locked stiff, just ever so
slightly curved. The back of each hand should be parallel with the back of the forearm, not bent in, not bent out. You
should be able to rest a ruler along the back of both the arm and the hand without a gap.
When you mise fingers io play notes, they should be raised approximately the thickness of a finger To be safe, if you
were to pass a finger under lhat raised finger, the passing finger should brush both the chanted and the raised finger. A
little higher is
fine, you want the finger high enough that the note will sound clearly, but not have "fly away finger syndrome” - you
need to keep control Also a raised finger should stay above its hole so it s Teady to come straight down to close the hole,
not having to move forward, backward or side to side to meet the hole.
A quick word about that unused high-hand little finger. That little finger will "float” with the E finger. just tagging along
with the ride. You don’t want to make any effort to force it somewhere it doesn't naturally go. It should have a relaxed
natural slight curl. If it goes up when raising the E finger, that’s fine. If it goes down when lowering the E finger, that’s
fine. If you find that it bumps into anything, either the chanter or your other fingers, then you probably need to angle your
top hand more - imagine that your index finger is the pivot and you back your E finger away from the chanter a bit. Jusl
ignore if and let it do what it wants lo do After a while, you’ll never even think about it
Complete the iliagrazrn
125. . . . 126. ... 127. ... J28. ... 129. ... 130. ... 132. ...
Complete the sentences.
W6 W7 128 133. Guitar players and pipers who are left-handed can play their instruments as if ....
129 134. Beginners tend io think that the chanter is played with the ...
130 135. While the ... hole is covered by the lefi hand. the right ihiimb jusi holds the
chanter.
136. It is important to keep the back of each....neither bent in nor bent out
137. It is important to keep a raised finger jusl above its hole in order to keep .. ..
138. The left hand pinky shouldn’t.....into anything.
139. You should imagine your index finger to look like the . . . if your high-hand pinky does not “flow” naturally.
140. It is.....that the volume decreases when the E finger is fumed down.
Text 3: Camberwell College Swiaiaiine Pools
Camberwell College has one 50m (Olympic sized) pool with a constant depth of 2m throughout, and one 25m pool with a
Inn shallow end and a 4m deep end Both pools may be used by the geneml public at certain times.
bfM Ool

The pool is often used for classes. but the general public may use two lanes for lane swimming at the following limes.
Monday 06:30 - 11:30 and 19:00 - 21:00
Tuesdav 06:30 - 11:30 and 18:00 - 21:00
Wednesday 06:30 - J3:30 aad 17:30 - 21:30
Thursday 06:30 - 13:30
Friday 06:30 - 13:30
Weekends 09:00 — 17:00
Children under the age of 14 must be accompanied by an adult
Please note that during College holidays, these times will vary. Contact the swimming pool on 04837 393560 for up-to-
date information.
25in Pool
The 25 metre pool is available foT recreational (non-lane)
swimming.
Weekdiiys 07:00 - 09:00 and 12:50 - 13:30
Saturdays 10:00 - 16:00

Children aged 12 and under must be accompanied.

We regret that the 25m pool will be closed for refurbishment between 21st July and l8ih August. The men’s changing
rooms will be closed for the week beginning lsth August, and the women’s changing rooms will be closed the following
week. Alternative changing facilities will be made available. We apologise for any disruption this may cause.
Write True if the statement is true, Fafse iZ is fnlse and Not Given if there is no in/nrm fi‹in nbout it.
141. The general public can only use the 50m pool for lane sw imming ...
142. The general puhlic cannot use the 50m pool on Sundays ...
143. Men w’ill be able to use the 25m pool on the 18th August. ...
144. The whole o1“ the 25m pool is available to the public during recreational swimming hours. ...
145. The 50m pool is open during college holidays. ...
Text 4: ('ambern'eIl C?o1Ieee Swimming (“lasses
It’s an essential life skill, it can make you fit and it provides inn for all Ihe family. Cambeuv'ell College’s offers
swimming classes whatever for your needs, whether you want to swim competitively, yoit are try ing to stay healthy or
you want to learn.
We offer separate classes for adults and children, following the National Plan for Teaching Sw’imming (NPTS). We will
guide you from your first splash and help you develop your confidence in the w'ater
(A) 5iwim-A-Long
This class is suitable for parents with children aged up to the age of I ,5 years. This class allows very young children to
gain confidence in the water, by way of’ songs and music.
(B} Tadpole to Frog C?l3sses
This series of classes is suitable for children aged 1.5 upwards. There are six levels in the series. The first level is suitable
for non-swimmers and teaches basic techniques and safety, using aids and floats. By the time students reach the sixth
level, they will be able to swim independently and w’ill be eligible to join the Swim Star classes
(C“.) Swim Star
An opportunity for able swimmers to earn the Bronxe, Silver and field swimming awards. These classes teach children
the ability to sw’im for prolonged periods of time and teach skills such as diving, turning and different strokes. Children u
ho
successfully complete the Swim Star programme will be invited t .i in the Youth Squad and learn competitive swimming
techniques.
(D) Swim School
The swim school offers classes for adults. There are three levels, beginner, intermediate and advanced. The beginner’s
class is suitable for people who are new to swimming: the intermediate level is designed for swimmers n'ho want to brush
up on lheir swimming style, and the ads anced level ot)“ers in-depth advice on stamina, breathing and technique
(E} Aqua Health
We ofl’er a range of levels ct’ fitness classes for able swimmers who wish to keep tit, socialise and have fun to music
Aqua health offers gentle exercise and is suitable for the elderly Aqua Health is a high energy class which builds your
strength and tones your body.
Pilot ff Sfffrfibf# .fiWiNiiiiin# chs.s for these people. Choose i leiier (A - E) or F {no cfes.Yes ovaiMbfe) for erich
question.
146. A 5 year-old who is unable to so'inn
147. A mother w'ho w'ants to introduce her baby to the water
145. A woman who wants to team to swim by using music
149. An old man who n'ants to keep tit and meet people
150. A child who z ants to be able to swim longer distances

A. For questions 151 — 170, rewrite the sentenU-e so that the meaning ot the second sentenU-e is the same as the
meaning as the first sentence. Use the word in B(OLD and write Fi)I'R-W(SRD REhPONiiES only
IS1. She is not upset; she is only pretending.
(ACFT) She is not upset; she is only . . .
152. He 1’eels stupid by comparison because his brothers are very bright. (SliC?H)
-• He.....he feels stupid by comparison.
153. Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us. (BEY()ND)
—• The story lie told . .
154. Carpenters took advantage of the construclion boom to make money (C?AhH)
-• . the construction boom.
155. I’m hoping he can explain what happened to Tina yesterday. (THR(JW)
I’m hoping lie can ... w'hat happened to Tina yesterday.
UG. Tom must be crazy if he thinks he can convince our mother to let him get a tatoo for his birthday. (ATTIC“)
—• Tom must have . . . i1‘ he thinks he can convince our mother to let him get a tatoo for his biHhday
157. A couple of major companies in the area stopped doing b usiness last month (WENT)
-• A couple ct’ major companies in the area ... last month.
US. I can see why you want to avoid remembering that memory. (()l IT)
—• I can sce why you want to . . ..
159. lt appears that Stanley had been changing accounts to make make money for years. (£?()OK)
-• It appears that Stanley had......for years.
lG0. Make .sure you simplify your proposal to the most basic details of what you want to do. (B(HL)
—• Make sure you.....to the mosl basic details of what you w ant to do.
ltil. Leia is his romantic partner - they’ve been dating for a few months now. (St)I!EEZE)
-• Leia . . . - they’ve been dating for a 1’ew' months now
lii2. Take a left w’here the main trail separates a main road and follows onto a footpath (BRAC? HES)
—• Take a left where the main trail.....path.
lti3. If Diana breathes a word of this to Mills, it could cause the scheme to iail completely (SKY-H I()H)
-• If Diana breathes a word of this to Mills, it could ....
lG4. She claims that she spends with royalty all the lime. (RI IBM)
—• She claims that she.....all the time
1li5. His second wife was nothing but a person who torins relationships with him in order lo get money from him. (()OLD)
-• His second wife was nothing . . . .
l(›6. He lunged towards me like he expected me to aim a gun at him (I F)
-• He lunged towards me......me to aim a gun at him.
lG7. The whole class sat in their chairs very straight and rigid during the principal’s lecture (POKER)
—• The whole class sat in their chairs as.....during the principal’s lecture.
IGS. From here to the o1’1ice, it’s about 20 miles in a straight line ((“Rf)W)
-• From here to the oftice, it’s about 20 miles . . ..
lGS. Sarah really wanted that job, so she said the signing bonus was really just an additional benefit. ((MAKE)
—• Sarah really wanted that job, so she said the signing bonus z'as rcally just . . . .
1711. Yoa don’t w’ant an unintentional mistake in your writing to be the reason you get a lower grade! (PEN)
-• You don’t want ... to be the reason you get a lower grade!

B. For questions 171 — lfl0, write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With each picture, you will be given TWO words
or phrases that you must use in your sentence. You can change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order.

171. 172. ... 173. ... 174. ... 175.

d/a fall / block hold / write ATM . mon

176. . . . 177. ... 17fi. 179. 80

breakfast / croissant hard hat . arm salesman / hand

* THIS IS THE END OF J’HE TES"I“ *