Analytic Function

Chapter Two

Cauchy Riemann Differential Equations

Analytic Function: A single valued function of complex variable is said to be analytic in a
domain if the derivative 𝑓′ 𝑧 exists at all points 𝑧 in the domain.

Entire or Integral Function: A function 𝑓(𝑧) which is analytic al each point in the entire finite
plane. (i.e. everywhere except at ∞) is called the entire function

Example: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 , sin 𝑧, cos 𝑧 etc.

Cauchy Riemann Differential Equations:

Necessary and sufficient condition for the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 to be analytic

(i) Necessary Condition:

The necessary condition for 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 to be analytic in a region R is that the four
partial derivatives 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 , and 𝑣𝑦 should exist and satisfy the C-R equation,

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

(ii) Sufficient Condition for 𝒇(𝒛) to be analytic:

The function 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic in a region R if the four partial

derivatives 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 , and 𝑣𝑦 exist are continuous and satisfy the C-R equations, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , and
𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 .

Problem 01(Theorem):
If 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function then prove that in polar form Cauchy-Riemann
equations are,
1 1
𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 and 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 .

Solution: If 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 is analytic then 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 , 𝑣𝑥 , and 𝑣𝑦 exist and satisfy the C-R equations,
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 … … … (1)

In polar co-ordinate we have,

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥
Let the first order partial derivative of 𝑢 and 𝑣 w.r.to 𝑟 and 𝜃 exist and using the chain rule for
differentiating real valued function of two real variables, we get,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃

∴ 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑢𝑥 ∙ cos 𝜃 + 𝑢𝑦∙ sin 𝜃

𝑢𝜃 = −𝑢𝑥 ∙ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑢𝑦 ∙ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 … … … (2)

Similarly,

∴ 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣𝑥 ∙ cos 𝜃 + 𝑣𝑦 ∙ sin 𝜃

𝑣𝜃 = −𝑣𝑥 ∙ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑣𝑦 ∙ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 … … … (3)

But from C-R equation in (1) and (3) becomes,

𝑣𝑟 = −𝑢𝑦 ∙ cos 𝜃 + 𝑢𝑥 ∙ sin 𝜃

𝑣𝜃 = 𝑢𝑦 ∙ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑢𝑥 ∙ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 … … … (4)

From (2) and (4) we get,

1
𝑢𝑟 = 𝑢𝑥 ∙ cos 𝜃 + 𝑢𝑦∙ sin 𝜃 = 𝑣𝜃
𝑟
1
𝑣𝑟 = −𝑢𝑦 ∙ cos 𝜃 + 𝑢𝑥 ∙ sin 𝜃 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 .
1 1
i.e. 𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑣𝜃 and 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑟 𝑢𝜃 .

Which are C-R equations in polar form.

Problem 02:
Show that 𝑓 𝑧 = |𝑧|2 is differentiable at the origin but not analytic at the point.

Solution:
𝑓 (𝑧)−𝑓(0)
By definition, 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = lim𝑧→0 𝑧−0

𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 − 0
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑦 →0
 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑦 →0

=0
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable at 𝑧 = 0.

Now, 𝑓 𝑧 = |𝑧|2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 (say)

Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝑣=0

𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑣𝑥 = 0
𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦, 𝑣𝑦 = 0

∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 only when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0.

∴ C-R equation satisfied only at 𝑧 = 0.

So, 𝑓(𝑧) is not differentiable at all point in any nbd of 𝑧 = 0, I.e. 𝑧 − 0 < 𝛿.

Thus, 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic at 𝑧 = 0, even through it is differentiable at 𝑧 = 0.

Problem 03:
Show that the complex variable function 𝑓 𝑧 = |𝑧|2 is differentiable only at the origin.

Solution:
𝑓 𝑧 = |𝑧|2 , where 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

i.e. 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 0

Now, 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑣𝑥 = 0 , 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑦 = 0

If 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable then,

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

⇒ 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 0

⇒𝑥=0 ⇒𝑦=0

C-R equations are satisfied only when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0.

Thus the given function is differentiable only at the origin.

Problem 04:
Show that 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic in the entire complex plane.

Solution:
Given, 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧

= 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝑦

= 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ (cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦)

⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

Now,

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

𝑢𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦

Since, 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦

And, 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

So, 𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic in the entire complex plane.

Problem 05:

Given 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦. Find the analytic function 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧), where 𝑓 0 = 2.

Solution:

Given, 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦

𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

⇒ 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝜙 𝑥

𝜕𝑣
⇒ = 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝜙′ 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
∴− = 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝜙′ 𝑥
𝜕𝑦
 ⇒ 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝜙′ 𝑥

⇒ 𝜙 ′ (𝑥) = 0

⇒ 𝜙(𝑥) = 𝑐

∴ 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑐

= 2𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦) + 𝑐

= 2𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑐

= 2𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 + 𝑐

= 2𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐

Since, 𝑓 0 = 2

⇒ 2𝑒 0 + 𝑐 = 2

⇒𝑐=0

Thus, 𝑓 𝑧 = 2𝑒 𝑧 .

This is the required analytic function.

Problem 06:

Prove that the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

Where,

𝑧 2
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 ; 𝑧≠0
0; 𝑧=0

Is continuous for all values of 𝑧 and that C-R equation are satisfied at the origin ( i.e. 𝑧 = 0).

Solution:
𝑧 2
𝑓 𝑧 = , 𝑧 ≠ 0, let 𝑧 = 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑦
𝑧
 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)
=
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦)

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑖𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑖
=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)
= 2 +𝑖
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑢 𝑣

= 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2
∴ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2

(𝑦 3 −3𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = … … … (1)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝑥≠0
For, 𝑧 ≠ 0 we observe that 𝑢 and 𝑣 are rational function of 𝑥 and 𝑦 with non-zero
𝑦≠0
denominators and hence they are continuous at all points where 𝑧 ≠ 0.

Therefore, 𝑓 𝑧 is continuous where 𝑧 ≠ 0.

Now we will show that 𝑓 𝑧 is continuous at 𝑧 = 0 by showing that 𝑢 and 𝑣 are continuous at
𝑧 = 0.

i.e. at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0.

Here, lim 𝑓(𝑧) exists iff both lim 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and lim 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) exist.
𝑧→𝑧 0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑦→0 𝑦→0

Along the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, we have

𝑥 3 − 3𝑚2 𝑥 3
lim 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 + 𝑚 2 𝑥 2
𝑦→0

𝑥 3 (1 − 3𝑚2 )
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑚 2 )

=0

Hence limit exist since it is unique.

i.e. the limit does not depend on 𝑚.

Now, along the line 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑦 we have,

 𝑦 3 (𝑚3 − 3𝑚)
lim 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑦 →0 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑚 2 )
𝑦→0

=0

And the limit exist, since it is unique.

i.e. the limit does not depend on 𝑚.

Thus
lim𝑓 𝑧 = lim [𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 ]
𝑧→0 𝑥→0
𝑦→0

=0+0

=0

lim𝑓 𝑧 exist and its value is 0.

𝑧→0

Also, lim𝑓 𝑧 = 0 = 𝑓(0).

𝑧→0

By continuity it show that 𝑓(𝑧) is continuous at 𝑧 = 0.

So, 𝑓(𝑧) is continuous for every values of 𝑧.

Now, we have to show C-R equations satisfied at the origin 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0,0).

At the origin 𝑧 = 0 we have,

𝑓 0 = 0 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

∴ 𝑢 0,0 = 0 and 𝑣 0,0 = 0.

Again by (1) we have,

𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑥, 𝑢 0, 𝑦 = 0

𝑣 𝑥, 0 = 0, 𝑣 0, 𝑦 = 𝑦

At the origin, 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0,0).

𝑢 𝑥, 0 − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑥 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
 =1

𝑢 0, 𝑦 − 𝑢(0,0)
𝑢𝑦 = lim
𝑦→0 𝑦−0

=0

Similarly,
𝑣 𝑥, 0 − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑣𝑥 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
=0

And
𝑣 0, 𝑦 − 𝑣(0,0)
𝑣𝑦 = lim
𝑦→0 𝑦−0
𝑦
= lim
𝑦 →0 𝑦

=1

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 1 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 = 0 at the origin.

Hence we conclude that C-R equations satisfied at the origin.

Home work:

Problem 01:

Prove that the function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

Where,

1 + 𝑖 𝑥 3 − (1 − 𝑖)𝑦 3
; 𝑧≠0
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
0; 𝑧=0

Is continuous at 𝑧 = 0 , and that C-R equation are satisfied at the origin ( i.e. 𝑧 = 0).