JATROPHA Different studies

Sterols from Jatropha
tanjorensis leaves exhibit anti-
inflammatory potential: in vitro and
in silico studies
 Damilola Alex Omoboyowa 

(2021) https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-021-00658-z

Inflammation has continued to raise global challenges and Jatropha

tanrogenesis (JT) is used traditionally for its management. In this study, the
in silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of bioactive sterols were
investigated. The active compounds of ethanol extract of JT leaves
were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC.MS) followed by molecular docking against COX-1 and COX-2
using maestro Schrödinger and pharmacokinetic profile prediction
using webserver tools. The in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidantive
potentials were investigated using standard protocols.

BASIS:

J. tanjorensis leaf has been reported to possess hematopoietic activity (Orhue

et al. 2008), hypoglycemic and anti-diabetes activity (Olayiwola et al. 2004).
The anti-oxidative potential of J. tanjorensis leaves against reactive oxygen
species produced in protein energy malnutrition (PEM) has been reported by
Omoregie and Osagie (2011). Its anti-arthritic property has also been
documented by Arun and Brindha (2012). This study aimed to evaluate the in
silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of J. tanjorensis leaves and to
identify the active compounds.

Collection and preparation of plant sample

Jatropha tanjorensis (JT) leaves were obtained within the metropolis of
Okitipupa, Nigeria.
Results
GC–MS analysis of ethanol extract of JT leaves revealed the presence of eight
(8) compounds, the molecular docking analysis of these compounds
demonstrated varying degrees of binding affinities against the target proteins.
The extract exhibit concentration dependent anti-oxidant activity with IC 50 of
106.383 and 6.00 Fe2+E/g for DPPH and FRAP respectively. The extract
showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in percentage inhibition of hemolysis
at 200 µg/ml while non-significant (P > 0.05) increase was observed at 600
and 1000 µg/ml compared to 200 µg/ml of diclofenac sodium. At lower
concentration of 25 and 50 µg/ml, percentage inhibition of albumin
denaturation was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to 200 µg/ml of
diclofenac sodium. Drug likeness prediction and ADME/toxicity screening
showed that the bioactive compounds possess no side effects.

Conclusion
The results obtained in this study suggested that, JT leaves possess anti-
inflammatory activity and could be used as a source of new drug.

Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assay revealed J.

tanjorensis leaves possess good percentage DPPH inhibition and ferric
reducing antioxidant power. The percentage inhibition of heamolysis and
albumin denaturation was comparable to the reference drug (diclofenac)
which shows that J. tanjoresis leaves might be a good source of antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory agent, however further in vivo investigation is required
to validate the result from this study.

2)Structural Distinctive 26SK, a Ribosome-

Inactivating Protein from Jatropha
curcas and Its Biological Activities
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (2021)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12010-021-03714-6
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins
exhibiting N-glycosidase activity leading to an inactivation of
protein synthesis. Thirteen predicted Jatropha curcas RIP
sequences could be grouped into RIP types 1 or 2. The expression of
the RIP genes was detected in seed kernels, seed coats, and leaves.
The full-length cDNA of two RIP genes (26SK and 34.7(A)SK) were cloned and
studied. The 34.7(A)SK protein was successfully expressed in the host cells
while it was difficult to produce even only a small amount of the 26SK protein.
Therefore, the crude proteins were used from E. coli expressing 26SK and
34.7(A)SK constructs and they showed RIP activity. Only the cell lysate
from 26SK could inhibit the growth of E. coli. In addition, the crude
protein extracted from 26SK expressing cells displayed the effect on the
growth of MDA-MB-231, a human breast cancer cell line. Based on in
silico analysis, all 13 J. curcas RIPs contained RNA and ribosomal P2
stalk protein binding sites; however, the C-terminal region of the
P2 stalk binding site was lacking in the 26SK structure. In addition,
an amphipathic distribution between positive and negative potential was
observed only in the 26SK protein, similar to that found in the anti-microbial
peptide. These findings suggested that this 26SK protein structure
might have contributed to its toxicity, suggesting potential uses
against pathogenic bacteria in the future.

3)Compatibility of Jatropha curcas seed

extract and entomopathogenic
fungus Akanthomyces lecanii against the
citrus red mite Panonychus citri
Received 13 Jun 2021, Accepted 10 Oct 2021, Published online: 20 Oct 2021

The citrus red mite (CRM), Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae),

is a pervasive pest of numerous deciduous and evergreen fruit trees. The
persistent use of acaricides in controlling the mite has been known to cause
unwanted negative impacts. In this study, the bio-efficacy of individual and
combined application of Jatropha curcas seed extract (JcSE) (Euphorbiaceae)
and entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces lecanii (Cordycipitaceae) on the
mortality and oviposition rate of CRM was investigated. The effects of JcSE
on A. lecanii were initially evaluated by incorporating JcSE into potato
dextrose agar medium at various concentrations. After that, A. lecanii was
inoculated on the medium, and its mycelial growth, conidia production, and
conidia viability were observed. The results indicated that JcSE at all
concentrations had no deleterious effects on the fungus, illustrating high
compatibility and suggesting their combined application. The application
of JcSE and A. lecanii increased the CRM mortality and reduced the mite
oviposition rate, both when applied singly and in combinations. At 144 h
after application, their combined application at the highest concentration
used caused 97.5% mortality of CRM and decreased the mite oviposition rate
to 0.5 eggs, while the mite mortality and oviposition rate were 2.5% and 38.7
eggs, respectively, in control. Therefore, the combined application of JcSE
and A. lecanii can be considered as a promising option in integrated
management programmes of CRM, particularly in organic farming.

Evaluation of phytochemical, bioactive,

4)

and antifungal potential of Jatropha

curcas seed oil and de-oiled seed cake
extracts against phytopathogenic fungi
(2021)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42161-021-00864-8

In this study, the antifungal, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory (α-amylase),

phytochemical and cytotoxicity profile of Jatropha curcas seed oil and de-
oiled seed cake extracts was determined. The antifungal activities were
investigated against different phytopathogenic fungi including Colletotrichum
coccodes, Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani,
Bipolaris oryzae and Fusarium fujikuroi. Methanolic extract was found to be
highly fungicidal as compared to aqueous extract, n-hexane extract and seed
oil, against P. capsici and F. fujikuroi. Methanolic extract was also found to
possess significantly higher antioxidant potential (p < 0.05) than the other
extracts. Conversely, seed oil was found to be rich in cytotoxic phytochemicals
and exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) α-amylase inhibitory activity
while remained more cytotoxic against brine shrimps than n-hexane,
methanolic and aqueous extracts. Methanolic extract was found to possess
significantly higher content of total phenolics and flavonoids (p < 0.05) than
the seed oil and other extracts. These results suggested that J. curcas seed oil
and extracts can be further investigated for antimicrobial potential and as
competent bio-pesticides.

TOXICITY ACTIVITIES OF
5)

Jatropha curcas SEED EXTRACT

AGAINST THE 4TH INSTAR
LARVAE AND PUPAL STAGES OF
Aedes aegypti
Mosquitoes are vectors of several diseases of public health importance. Their control with
synthetic insecticides has faced challenges of resistance by target insects and consequent
environmental pollution. There is therefore need to find alternative ecofriendly plant derived
insecticide. Therefore toxicity activities of Jatropha curcas seed extract against the 4th instar
larvae and pupal stages of Aedes aegypti was studied in vitro with increasing doses
of Jatropha curcas seed extract for 96 hours. The result showed significant difference
between mortality among treated animal and control (P< 0.05). Mortality of both larvae and
pupae of Aedes aegypti treated with Jatropha curcas seed extract was dose and time
dependent. At the highest (9%) concentration (wt/vol), mean larval mortality was 100%,
while at the lowest (1%) concentration, the mortality decreased to 50%. Mean pupal
mortality increased to 100% at highest concentration of 9% (g/100ml) but decreased to 40%
at lowest concentration. The duration of incubation also influenced mortality. At 72 and 96
hours of incubation all treated larva died in highest concentrations of the extract (9% and
7%) while the entire treated pupa died out in 96 hours of incubation at the highest
concentration (9%) of the extract. Survived larva and pupa after 96 hours in lower
concentration could not develop to adult stage. In conclusion Jatropha curcas seed water
extract has toxicity effects on larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti and can be deployed for the
control of the insect.

http://mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIR/article/view/2505/2131

The result revealed that extract of Jatropha seeds exhibited toxicity on larval
And pupal stages of test animal

6) Hepatoprotectiveeffects of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces

and Jatropha curcas leaves against lead toxicity
Article History
Received: 12.06.2021 Revision: 27.06.2021 Accepted: 09.06.2021 Published: 12.06.2021
https://www.iarconsortium.org/article/articleID=884

Abstract: The protective effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Jatropha curcas (JC)  and Hibiscus
sabdariffa (HS) against hepatic toxicity resulting from lead acetate exposure were studied. The
protective potentials of JC and HS were assessed by monitoring selected liver function and anti-oxidant
indices. Sixty male Wistar rats were separated into ten equal groups. The first and second groups
represented the normal and Lead acetate (PbA) (50mg/kg b.w) control groups respectively while groups
3 and 4 were given 100mg/kg JC and 200 mg/kg JC respectively. Groups 5 and 6 received 250 mg/kg HS
and 500 mg/kg HS respectively. Groups 7-10 were given PbA (50mg/kg) and 100 mg/kg JC, 200 mg/kg JC,
250mg/kg HS, 500mg/kg HS respectively. Rats were orally administered their relevant doses for 28
days. Blood samples were collected from heart puncture at the end of the experiment (28 days) for
hepatic function analysis. Results revealed that Pb exposure increased the gamma glutamyl
transferase, total bilirubin, aminotransferase activities (AST and ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA)
levels and caused histological changes in the liver of the exposed rat groups. The concomitant
treatment of PbA with aqueous extracts of JC and HS led to a significant protection from the
deleterious effects of lead acetate.
7) Determination of antimicrobial and
phytochemical compounds of Jatropha
curcas plant
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X21000929
Volume 28, Issue 5, May 2021, 

The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of different parts of J.
curcas plant against some selected human pathogens as antimicrobial agent
which are known to cause diseases and to check antioxidant and
phytochemicals from different plant sections of J. curcas. Plant extracts were
analyzed by quantification of antimicrobial and phytochemical compounds.
This study reveals that 20% ethanol stem extract of J.
curcas showed maximum antibacterial activity (40 ± 0.0 mm)
against Klebsiella pneumonia. Water extract of root of J.
curcas also inhibited E. coli (35.25 ± 0.35 mm). The growth of K.
pneumonia and Agrobacterium tumifaciens were also ceased
when ethanol extract of J. curcas root applied to check their
potential as antimicrobial agent. The results also revealed that
fungal species, Aspergillus niger, and Pencillium notatum noted
the maximum antifungal activity in ethanol extract of flower and
methanol extract of root (38.5 ± 0.7 mm) and (27.25 ± 0.35 mm)
respectively. Phytochemicals and many secondary metabolites were present
in J. curcas extracts such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins, glycosides,
flavonoids, saponins, courmerin, and phenolic compounds. It also
showed the highest density of color in the different parts of plant extract of J.
curcas. Similarly, biochemical primary metabolites were observed at
maximum amount of biochemical in different parts of J. curcas, and
correlated with antimicrobial activity. The study concluded that J. curcas has
great potential as antibacterial agent and cure various human pathogens.

2.1. Collection and preparation of sample

Various parts of Jatropha curcas plant were collected (root, seed, stem, leaf,
and flower) from surrounding of Institute of Plant Science, University of
Sindh, Jamshoro (PAKISTAN), and was authenticated at the herbarium unit
of the Department of Plant Science
8) Anti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha
curcas L. in brain glial cells primary
cultures
Volume 264, 10 January 2021, 113201

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037887412033083X

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae), a medicinal plant known in Brazil as
“Pinhão Manso”, is highly adaptable, being cultivated in different tropical and
subtropical regions of the world. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and
antiinflammatory activities have been attributed to different parts of the plant.
In the central nervous sytem (CNS), neuroinflammation is mediated by glial
cells, mainly by astrocytes and microglia, a process that plays an important
role in neurodegenerative diseases and other CNS disorders. In this study, we
investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract obtained
from the leaves of J. curcas L. (MEJc) in primary cultures of glial cells
submited to inflammatory stimulus.

Materials and methods

Primary cultures of glial cells obtained from the cerebral cortex of neonate
Wistar rats were treated with MEJc (0.1–50,000 μg mL-1) and its fractions
(FnJc) (0.1 μg mL-1) with or without lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia
coli (LPS) (1 μg mL-1). Cell viability was determined with MTT test.
Modifications in glial cell morphology were investigated by means of phase
contrast microscopy and May-Grünwald staining. The reactivity of astrocytes
and microglia were investigated with immunocytochemistry for GFAP, Iba1
and transcription factor NF-kB, as well as with Greiss reaction to determine
the nitric oxide (NO) production.

Results
MEJc at 0.1–1000 μg mL-1 was non-toxic to glial cells and the DE50 was
10.794 μg mL-1. The treatment with LPS induced the activation of astrocytes
and microglia marked by morphological modifications and changes in the
expression of GFAP and Iba1, as well as the increase in NF-kB expression and
NO production. Treatment with MEJc inhibited the morphological
modifications, changes in GFAP and Iba1 expression, and the increase in NF-
kB and NO production induced by LPS.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that the MEJc and its fractions modulate
inflammatory response of astrocytes and microglia to LPS and may be
considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation-related
diseases.

9) BIOCIDE POTENTIAL OF EXTRACTS OF Jatropha

curcas L. ON FUNGI Hemileia vastatrix AND Cercospora
coffeicola: CAUSAL AGENTS OF TWO MAIN DISEASES
OF THE COFFEE TREES
http://159.89.122.252/fpbj/index.php/fpbj/article/view/103

The toxicity of J. curcas opens possibilities of breeding program on the production of extracts
for controlling the plant pathogens. The H. vastatrix and C. coffeicola fungi causing leaf rust
and cercosporiosis diseases, and can be responsible for up to 50% and 30% coffee yield loss,
respectively. We developed a biocide for controlling the both fungi, using leaf and stem bark
samples from 12 families of J. curcas and submitted them to extraction by ethanol and
chloroform solvents. In assays with H. vastatrix, we used 15 μL of spore suspension and 15 μL
of the J. curcas extract. Assays with C. coffeicola were performed by using isolates from
coffee leaves bearing the disease, grew in PDA medium. For each family, 15 mL of PDA
medium and 1 mL of the plant extract were utilized. From the third day on, the mycelial
growth was assessed every 24 hours, during 13 days, by evaluating the diameter of the
colonies. Data on the antifungal effect of the extracts over C. coffeicola mycelia were
subjected to two-way anova. The mean testing was performed as model-identity test, as there
was an over-time growth. All 12 extracts of stem bark and leaves of J. curcas, prepared with
either ethanol or chloroform, proved to be efficient in controlling H. vastatrix. For C.
coffeicola, the extracts inhibited partially the mycelial growth. The extracts that had ethanol
as a solvent were more toxic and this result is relevant because ethanol is more accessible to
the farmers and the extraction is less expensive.
 The Effect of Jatropha curcas L Seed
10)

Extract on AST/ALT Activity and The

Central Vein Thickness in Liver
https://www.phcogj.com/article/1332
Pharmacognosy Journal,2021,13,1,66-72.

Jatropha is known as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, and has

coagulant activity. Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) contains toxic compounds such as
cursin, ricin and gallic acid. The liver has an important role in the process of metabolism
and detoxification of xenobiotic substances. Repeated exposure to toxic compounds can
damage hepatic hepatocytes. If the hepatocyte cells are injured, the AST/ALT enzyme is
excreted and goes into the blood vessels, as an indicator of liver damage. This is also
indicated by changes in the thickness of the central veins. This study aims to determine the
effect of giving jatropha seed extract (Jatropha curcas  L.) on AST/ALT activity and the
central vein thickness in the liver. Materials and Methods: The research design was
experimental, using male rats (Rattus novergicus L) Sprague Dawley strain. The rats were
given Jatropha seed extract at doses of 0, 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg/ KgBW for 28 days. To
assess liver damage, measurements of AST/ ALT activity and thickness of the central vein
in the liver were performed. Results:  Jatropha  seed extract increased ALT activity at
doses of 25.50, and 250 mg / KgBW compared to the control group (1.207; 1.62; 1.548
IU/L/ mg tissue x 10-3); and increased AST activity at doses of 5, 25, 50, and 250 mg /
KgBW compared to the control group (0.769; 0.974; 1.449; 1.185 IU/L/ mg tissue x 10 -3);
Central vein thickness increased at doses of 25 and 50 mg/KgBW (6.17 and 4.9 μm)
(Kruskal Wallis; p> 0.05). Conclusion: Jatropha curcas L. seed extract increased the
activity of AST/ALT and the thickness of the central vein in the liver.

Petroleum energy sources are about to diminution and polluting

environment. Biodiesel is one of the sources that can assume an important
energy source for future, particularly in automotive industries, as a substitute
for diesel fuel. Jatropha is viewed as extraordinary compared to other
choices for biodiesel generation with respect to properties of the fuel,
characteristics of emissions. Equally, Jatropha biodiesel is greater
environment-friendly because it gives comparatively fewer emissions.
In this study. Jatropha as a fuel reveals that the following exhaust
emissions are decreased, HC by 44%–68%, CO by 48%–72%, CO 2 by 52%–
78%, and smoke by 49%–73%, however, NOx emission is increased from
6% to 26%. In any case, the imminent of the Jatropha biodiesel will likewise
rely on the competency of biodiesel production with suitable technologies
and cost benefits.