i Energy Auditing & Management 2-6 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS® BER Firewood Crisis Question 4 ‘What is the firewood crisis? ' {CSVTU May 2017, 2016, 2015, 2010, Dec 2017, 2016, 2015, 4013) Tiouse holds in rural India are highly dependent on firewood as their main sou of energy, partly because nonbiofuels tend to be expensive. The prevailing view is therefore that, when faced with shortages of firewood in the village commons, such households, and especially the women in them, have 0 spend more and more time searching for firewood and eventually settle for poorer-quality biomass such as twigs, branches and dry leaves. India would soon face a severe firewood shortage. Demand for firewood, which together with animal dung and agricultural residue is one of the main cooking fuels used by rural households, was thought to be leading to widespread forest degradation. House holds in villages with degraded forests donot spend longer hours gearching, for firewood, but instead switch to either using firewood from private trees or to using agricultural waste for fuel. Inthe long run, moreover, households respond to the {firewood shortage by altering the mix of private trees on their land in favour of firewood, as opposed to fruit, trees. ‘Women are reported tobe spending more time'collecting firewood in villages with degraded forests, households are found to be unable to cope with the crisis by switching, to alternative fuels. Women’s access to forests and thereby aggravating the firewood crisis. Fewer women choose to collect firewood from the village commons in villages with degraded forests. These households are able to cope with the shortage of firewood by using crop residues as cooking fuel and by planting more firewood trees, as opposed tatruit trees, on their lands and thereby producing more firewood privately. Using data from a random sample of rural households; we come to very different conclusions, however First, we find that faced with firewood shortages in village forests, households do not spend longer hours searching for firewood. Instead, fewer households choose to collect firewood from degraded forests at all. These ‘households instead switch to either * using firewood from private trees or to agricultural waste. In the long run, moreover, households respond to the firewood shortage by altering the mix of private trees on See of firewood, as opposed to fruit, trees. The latter response offers a igterm solution to forest degradation than the more short-term solutions often provided by government initiated efi popvites pees initiated programs such as the farm forestry ‘Ans. India’ Pena eal at esimny consumption is ony ‘about 3.8% of the world energy ee on. The anal energy conglimption in India is 420.6 Million tonnes oil ‘alent compared with the world energy consumption of 11295 Million tonnes oilGATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS® 2-7 Energy Situation & Global En, equivalent in 2008. Coal dominates the energy production mix in Ini contributn stevat 55% of the total primary energy production. Over the years (2003-2008), theres been a gradual increase in the share of natural gas in primary energy production small drop in share of oil in primary energy production. The share of commerciaj in total primary energy consumption is about 74% and share of non-commercial ener in total primary energy consumption is 26%. The primary energy consumption mix, India for 2008-09 is given in table below : " ‘Table : Primary energy consumption mix in India in 2008-09 ne oie ‘% Share in % Share in | petal etch un and energy planning are essential 08 © the problem of and growing prosperity of rural and masses and to solve ba the supply and demand of sare eetea! enetBy crisis. Energy manage’ at and state fers aaa mare Various forms of energy. The government ind 1. Coal, "of val commercial energy sugolen et are responsible plannin8 & , Le, ectial power, water power and inare the toncommercial energy forms (fre wood, cow-dung f se an cnsumed by rural population without any commercial meds). Te noncormesal energy conbutes 32% of energy required in “The main objectives of India's energy sector are: 1. Toensure adequate energy supply tall region, all sectors of society and economy at minimum cost 2. Toachieve self-sufficiency in energy sector 3, Toensure clean environment 44. Todevelop and enhance renewable energy consumption and new tchndlogisand reduce the dependence on imports and conventional nonrenewable energy sources 12 Accelerate the production and supply of energy trough various fast track enengy routes. “+ Unbundlethe potential in existing energy conversion plans by improving Plant Load Factors, Renovation and Modernizing, + Improve Energy Management system. Svs 4 Accelerate fast track Liquid Fuel Power Plans and Fos! Suppy. India's energy stuation is complex and precarious due to uncontrolled population -growth and dependence on import for petroleum ol and short fall between projected ‘growth and realized grows in energy sector during the past decades 4. Increase share of Hydro, Nuclear, Thermal Gas and Pett OM, gud Fut (Naptha, Petrol, Diesel Fumace Of, Kerssene, ec) ix energy production to ___ 38, Encourage conversion of io-waste useful ene-poorgy Auditing &e Management ‘+ E 2 : 5 al y ‘rood, urban waste, ass, farm animal [Bera dienntypsstsewale ergy sus? ‘Discus: the potential of rewable energy Sources for geothermal energy and hydraulic " : ‘i [CSV TU Dec20141 Or [CSVTUDec 2011), “ans. Unlike fssil fel, whichare inte renewable energy sources regenerate “There are five commonly used renewable energy sources “ 1 2 Biomass-includes (@ Wood and woo! waste (ii) Municipal solid waste (i Landi gas and biogas (@v) Ethanol i () Bio-diesel Hydropower energy 3. Geothermal energy Wind energy 5. Solar energy ‘Biomass : Bicmass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, anditis, a renewable source o energy. biofuels and biogas tat are burned as fuels, Examples of biomass and their uses for ees: {© Wood and woo! processing wastes : Burned to heat buildings produce” process heat ininustry, and to generate electricity (Gi) Aggicultural crops and waste materials: Burned as a fue or converted to liquid 4 : Gib Food, yard, ané wood waste in garbage : Burned to generate electricity in power plants or converted to biogas in landfills Gv) Animal manure and human sewage : Converted to biogas, which can be ‘bummed asa ful Hydropower : Hydropower isthe largest renewable energy source for electricity ‘generation in the lia. Because the source of hydroelectric power is water, hydroelectric over plants are usualy located on or near a water source. Hydropower relies onthe water cycle. Understanding the water cycle is important (0) Solar energy heats water on the surface causing to evaporate (3) Water vapor condenses into douds and falls as precipitation (rin, snow, et). ‘GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS® Fm Ren Ae toe ay ate oem en knoe co whit cn rn 7 sm es Ges my re eS chrono Sorc cx tannin wom tokens pero — Fig, Geothermal energy is generated dep inside the ext Geothermal energy is generate inthe earths core. Temperatures te tn he sun's surface are continuously produced inside the earth caused by the dow decay of radioactive particles a process that happens inal eck. The enh hasanamber of ferent layers: (0) The cores a sli iron core and an outer coe me oft mele a let magia (i) The mante'Srrounds the core snd is aot 100 miles hick. The mane is made up of magma and rock. Z (Gi) The crusts the outermst layer of thé ert. The rst forms the content and ‘ocean floors. The rust can be to Smiles thick under the ean an 15 35 miles thick on the continents. . e ‘The earth's crust is broken into pieces called plates. Magma comes set he earth's surface near the edges ofthese plates. Tiss where vloiomoome s_ ~Iava that enups from volcanoes is partly magma The rocks and water ivr Se heat fom tis magia deep underground. The rocks and water nd P= ‘uneyen heating can be found in the dally wind orae Situation & Globsl Eserr ‘ ae 2-45 Enerey’ S Bnergy Auditing & Management, GATS ACADEMY PUBLIC Ae GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATION 1s have minimal sre AS ae an low core beating of water and lad causes wind a Fe faster than Cady win cue: During he ay, hear abovetheland eat uP on ™ Se land expands and ies and the Rie emey energy in the 5. Solar enegy : Thess has produced energy for billions of years.The energy seats cape hat reas the earth (colar radiation) can be converted into heat and emir ‘Salar energy ca be converted into electricity in two ways: @ Prcsowolnic (PV devices) or solar ccs change sunlight directly into electricity. Indinidual PV els are grouped into panels and arrays of panels that can be sssed i 2 variy f applications ranging from single small cells that charge ‘aleistor and wach batteries to systems that power single homes, to large (@ Solar themallccric power plants generate electricity by concentrating solar ‘mnergy toheats id and produce steam thats then used to power a generator. EBA Soter Enerey & ts Types ‘Ams. Enexgy {rom the oun fe sun has produced energy for billions of years. The energy in the sun's rays that eps the earth (solar radiation) can be converted into heat and ‘lecticty. The, ‘he sun inthe form of radiations isthe solar energy. Sun is {2 source of enormous frespy. tis believed that with just 0.1 per cent ofthe 75,000 trillion Kt emf ree fe tpt ‘fulfilled. ! aera Tera toma ofsdeney: 1 Sema tere ale exten die building facades, or the glazing for skylights.Fists for esing ster powerplant ina house ‘What are the advantages of solar rooftops? Question 16 re i olimiowsny fons cnt rhe en te {CSVTU May 2017, Dec 2014) Aes While installing the solr power plant in hovss Tolow the following. precautions, iy angers ania ee err & Dos soy sn nn ee + Remo npn deg ip ts weer fan nme yl pp pert ty a nrc wp =a 8 Beast enon the pt ore a ae pan i coral 9. Donot disassemble or remove any part inverter. mt ear re eons ‘Ans. "Large scale electricity generation by solar energy > IV Sytem The energy of vn can be converted into elect nergy by he PV cl Te ntact peer eles FY pe rnb oF pane concced tage gente large teen ee cae FY Syn . 2 ste can evry singe, osting oft» PY mada oad ain he diss powering of wate pnp mane wich ely neds tp es ‘ins Howes when or canes wiiehowe alsbepoceea ae ‘must have enough capacity to store the, Produced. during amp oa water Ree ene whe nd Dial oneness = ()a age syste with both DCand AC lees, aaa Pe ag ae SOMO ont, Pome matte SPeray storage and (b) a commen . Powerconr al han een PY ea eaeFig. (© Schematic representation of a hybrid ‘PV ystem that has a diesel generator as alternative electricity source‘ oorgy Auiting &Managonent____2-20__ GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS* ‘Energy Auditing & Management __2-29 __caTmacwpunrcarions SATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS* EEA Wind Energy : ‘Question 47. Describe wind energy. “jaw. Wind power converts the kinetic enengy in wind to generate electricity or mechan power. This is done by usi: ly consi turbine can be connected a lectrcity, swept area, speed, ‘mechanical power to perform tasks su ter oF Equation for wind pow deity and vind passes the turbines tmoves the the sh me two different Kinds of wind turbines zontal 2 (HAW) or the Vertical Axs Wind T | HAWT are the m n ‘wind turbines, displaying the propeller or fan-stye’ blades and VAWT are usually in down the mass of moving air can exract part ofthe energy and convertinto wef work. Factors affecting the distribution of wind enesgy onthe surfaceofearh: Several factors are responsible for distribution of wind energy on the sufce of earth. Some factors work globally while others have imited local infuence Boh labal and local factors influence the availabilty of wind energy ata particular sit: The extent of influence of each factor varies from site ost. 1. On the planetary level, great mountain group inence the cruation of air Fig Wind power generation Question 18, 3 ‘toe Explain briefly potential of wind energy source. © {CSVTU Dec 2017, 2015), currents, Or s 2. Surface roughness or friction, owing to the resistance that different elements ofthe earth's surface offer to air Grcuation afc the nature of wind Hl, ess energy? ICSVTU May 2015) | o . Explain how wind power generation is used fr large scale electricity generation, 3 {CSVTU Dec 2016) teal aft the local winds. . 44> Wind speed also increases while passing hough aztom moun SAPS sets channeled : Oo + Draw and explain various types of induction generator schemes which ae used in wind farm: Mae“Large wale windlectic power generation system consists een Wind turbine (WT) Converts wind energy into rotational(enee! Gear system and comping (GAC) : I steps up the speed a aoe 1 DSCES (Dual speed constant frequency scheme) : In this scheme a da aac ov ouplad to double winding Induction generator hati ind eh 2 ator windings wound with diferent number of oles lay >P2). ‘When wind speed is low, winding with PI poles gets connected and powers Wind eocey [Fj applications such as street lighting. Due to variable speed operation ity Bower abt ow an high wd sp Bt iota dG ines are suitable. 4If load requires constant de voltage, output of generators is converted into dc ‘using chopper controlled rectifier. Feedback system can be used to monitor and control to get desired performance. rat Reser Ww sel vr Hse | — [i] Votuge eal wine ‘The common, disadvantage of using an induction generator in a wind turbine is ‘gearing. Typically it requires an induction motors to run 1500+ RPM to meet the ‘motor ean reach a good efliciengy, but are typically at most 70%, ‘There are many great advantages to using a brushed motor. One ofthe biggest reasons is because typically requiring no gearing and still gt a battery charging ‘voltage i light wind. 2Acrsstalw 3.Tonum — 4Whichapin Atanas: 6 Dimtuion | 7.For Tbebbdsof garmin itemase pe foes Theol you hngeturbions escent. volngetoscad ranma wie canciy over stuetbe lage EEA Wave, Tica! & Ocean Thermal Energy Conversation (OTEC) a the Ke sid oa wave res as wel a ft on the water srt by hewn” ‘making the water to go ito the shear stress causes the growth the waeFig: OLTC System water as aby COTEC can also supply quantities of cold y onditoning and refrigeration and the nutrientrich deep. ocean water can feed luct is fresh water distilled from the sea. at the surface and diminishes exponentially with depth. Howeve, for sanding waves near a reflecting coast, wave energy is also present as wave power. CETO is 2 wave-encrgy technology that converts Kinetic energy fom ocean swell into electrical power and directly desalinatés freshwater through ‘The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wave energy is also transported horizontally with the group velocity. The mean transport rate of the wave energy through a vertical plane of unit width, parallel to a wave crest, is called the wave energy fx (or wave power, which must not be confused with the (Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC isa proces that can produce electricity by sing the temperatre diierence between deep cold ocean Wat surface waters OTEC plans pump large quantities of deep cod seawater and surface seawater to run a powel ode and produce electric, cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface seawaters to run a heat engine and produce in the form of electricity. OTEC is a base load electricity potential for OTEC is considered to be much larger than for other ocean energy forms. lectricity from the natural thermal gradient of the ootan, using the in warm surface water to create steam to drive a i ‘old, deep water to the surface to re-canddense the steam. In dosed-cycle OTEC [Fig ‘warm seawater heats a working fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia the ammonia vapor tums a turbine, which drives a geerator. The vapor isthe condensed by the cold water and cycled back through the system.(GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS* 2-29 _Eeorg Siuation& Gohl Rosey SS \ 2.28 GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS* ee ‘ring Wor One ae ae | = ae enemas = Lie) cae : turtine Cold seavateris then brought tothe surface and used to condense the steam into water, whichis retumed to the environment. Fig. (@) Schematic of OTEC operation: hybrid-ycle system Guestion22 " > Replan the ust of OTBCinenerzy auditing. {CSVTU May 20 Sete fae gg reales = ‘Describe the economic of OTEC for production of Ut 2 ‘Ana. "Ocean Thermal Enesgy Conversion (OTEC) extrac solar energy through aheat engine ‘operating acosthe temperate diference between warm surface water and ld deep vate. Inthe tropics surface waters are above SF but at ocean depths of bout 1000 meters, water temperatures are just above fering everywhere in the odean. This provides a 40tp SF temperature diferent that canbe used to extrac energy Geom Installed and operated prior to the cosunercializaion of plants of at east 50° MW capacity.© Ganventional roducion of desalnated water - 2 Comparison of abore with OTEC production of lctcty and denna water “The fatowing formula proposed by the Electric Power Research Insitute (EPR, Teed wealcubte the proection cost of electricity (P) estimated over the assumed le | ‘ Rnorey Auditing & Managumest____2-30__GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS* GATE ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS? __2-81_ Energy Stution& Ga Ra The following factors must be considered for energy audit of OTEC plant: = { sion of tidal energy to electric energy \ terms(ATE ACADEMY PUBLIGATIONS® _2-33 Baer Situation & bal amy Sores The components ofa dal power station ae: atthe seais iow. nes : They are the components responsible for converting potenial energy kinetic energy. They are located in the passageways thatthe water flows when gates of barrage are opened. net lar tides are at right angles of eact [Question 25 3 z ‘How energy'from tides canbe hamessed into useful form? [CSVTU May 2017, 2013), > Or 1 clectrical wing to be connected or used to move equipment or carsovérit. Different types of tidal energy systems: ‘Tidal barrage : A’Tidal Barrage is a type of tidal power generation that involves the ‘constriction of a fily Tow dam wall, known as 2 “barrage” ahd ences mame, across to produce elect net the ecing eed etn i ae. Towed a atthe sea are high ot wll keep water from going into thesea when.source a it depends on the strength effected by the gravitational effects of + Ta Brey equ « stable sit, where th sand al seams re Morte ste wr + Mast te able witkund forces of mature suing in gh cap easton and maintenance costs. See ‘+ Insert power seraton only generates power tn hours ada during the bb and flow othe ies + Changes to estuary ceystem and an increase in coastal erosion where the tides are cconamntrated ‘+ Build up of sit sediments and pollutants within the tidal barrage from rivers and ‘steams flowing int basin as itis unable o flow out into the sea. ‘Danger tofsh and other sealife as they get stuck inthe barrage or sucked through “hns. Superconductvity isa phmomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion ‘of magnetic fx fields occuring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic eed teres | ram mae tat eons city wih no rest Tis meses bat unlike the more familar conducors such as copper oF sl. & rondo can cary a crent nite witout king any vey. Tey ao Poaceae very portant properties, uch as the fact that wo magnet Fell can cnt within» wiperconducor. ; Tesi: iB Ne eooriceay aa sion spe indo rae in pomer oem wale a {eSVTU May 2013), or sig used in power vate ive th nme of sper snl which bens we TT naa