‘THE CRAFT OF THE SILVERSMITH APPENDIX - THE CRAFT OF THE SILVERSMITH - Teron fig ctw dou ahi md eno re nd Picea Smear Goer dete moles eh em te ap wy cores a teat ie fo Setanta Sig Niet aceasta eae re Fok theremnem geen Minera cee ae jester cate Set Scrat Se co oe Sake cneencs act, ‘ae Marenats coined ear linew ee SS Tein tml he ot is Clo eu Saree Sicko Seve ieee nea, Sonera ttt patch Sealer cninten, mates feet SStatmarctang Soy fel eo Maori since hotness Hee SELLE aia a eel poly tt soe te pono mae tay Desk one hd dae SCN moran caesar ocmnn etarecomen. SSNS MEAS ge hacky Ti res ghee ee ct “eats ning poes 1A ep "Tite fndamental uniformiey has meane that to T7397 forthe Fane eal, {Be sme aly Tied range of techniques has" Gold esl properties buts pire state ‘een tse fo shape and decorte mean though ism solerthanaverand much hee eek with varations of emphasis according #0 the a slightly isher meling goa ORSEDE Kee Predominant characteris ofthe oneconcemed ewe lloyed wiv oie seals e gees ektetccnicalsoutcesavaabe Forenample, srenph and dorsi, onlo,moreoen thes lead, which bs slow melingpoine (217) and Sivan to change ts ole for deere ee be laveed any overan ordinary Secor. "Thereate to imitaton forsta aees eine ‘tshasnoemlly been formed bycastingthatizby of which ie eters Shel pas sooty tacking an poring ike ayo shaped alld "OU" Shell place The te eles rouldron, onthe ote: hand, hat ahh malang sheet of sopper sandwiched beeen eee ager eine 802F) and aspecl furnace isreuiredeo sheets of slvr, whch are fed wo fy aol vet i, uinttessuficent to make the produced ander hea by ralers The coors Production ofcastirn objec a practic pop: thee canbe morked tore ot low he ec ok ton, Only when the neceserycompartveyalver though abject, ake of Skebeig nae ‘vanced technology is avalible oe peal to have’ norm bean peedoced by eae renin226 THE HISTORY OF SILVER means epeclydestmping and the fied produc tony diingaubae from one made {huey of iver afer slove examination. The {Echo wen invented im 17 by a Sheed “Ser, Phas Bousover and produced sme (Seca vers much ower cos ace a Uh “alc amount ofthe etal ws te “Tc second eto of bnstng tue seer plate by cleeoplating «proces tha pil, ipnlaned Sheil ple i he 18408 and ill erin in vey wie Ure war made commer ‘Sly wable bya pte granted io EIkingon' of Birmingham 1840, and ieolves coming an bjs which must be an elena conductor, Sinha meal soc at alee by the proces of ecodepoiton. A piece of the metal co be ‘Sete ead the objec eo Be plited wih tae {ached rerpectely othe pote and neve ‘Erin hodeandanode) of soar ore ‘Steal curene ard suspended in a sule ‘elution The cusent panes from ae cathode 0 ‘he anes king wth charged set portle {oy tom the ores and denesting them on he {ier Thus decrepit snice Selle, floes norense a eprate compost metal fom Stich tee can be made: Any eletrocondactor ‘ih bs slsropned bur the tase materials nore tly found on ped vesons ore ale ie enmctl oy anda, Victorian pesiod, ‘oem of pemer ele! Breanna mea ‘Averonoftheelectopltingprones known sscecuotypingorlcoformingeanbe sed or ‘king met teprodctonsIetvalves cot ‘Boul made feos the-object 0 be reproduced With conducting ages a thenplatng than eprovrte thickness ofthe regsred eta This Milproduce anesst recs fhe ora object thie if made ofthe same metal and cael ‘eae’op een ‘be very difclt co dating from the Sogn, Most electrtypesy however, ove been predaced tera oral works of trove commonly, a2 reproductions of anki ‘Bose foredcrtnal porposesor souvent for [Ein mossus ans ations Tbe ‘ae for eae ee ost nara cope, ‘Sloured wo mace theo where his ok ‘river, by pang wth wbihever of hee Shoropree Unles thy have ben cleaned, Feprolvctons of srtigue paces can sotmally Be ‘hinged othe orginal by se distietve fpanur appetance ike sobdied sediment of Boe dente ‘ieeotyping was inroduce atthe same tine the sesoploeng pros and enormous mu Tew of cuamples of ie exit, For name Eikington'e concluded an aaremere wa he Titik Deparinent of Edscatonand Seance on 6 Gute shinee they merged he rahe fo inne reproductions of Pisce owed by ot Int the South Kentngton Museum (ow the Vittorinand alfers Masco) wich ete solo ‘herbie, Many moseamsin oer counmesad ‘Suse aeangomens “The very is siveramidht no doubt sled ‘heir own mel fom the ore, bce pr. {Smash nesad already begun bythe id Inllamjum The monk Theopis who ws probaly te sme peraon see plot Roger EP Helatshouens ves intractions In is mous cee, De Ste rts(61100), ‘Sr eating aver into approprate fat pls for ‘working withthe hammer. was probably the ‘orm practic for averemih to do hs them {Rhesuntlaclemtaelavear de sod half the ‘Sohecnth century hen the. development of {oeehanised techno notbly i connection ‘Tenthe manuforore of Sheed plate led the Commarea proton of thee slvr Even oe ‘Nnhowevet cratamen must haveconincd {Depa tome of he working meal theme, ‘sine unslshe deine the ws of wble-alver ther World War wis deseed ror the mig {Town and rfaboning of la pte. Fe any, ‘modeen sirens Would do thi chet normal race sto ther working etl shea Eres ttomaspecals sop andtosndany ol blae that ae no aig valu bulioneaer foe meng end een ‘TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT The move und end to ssume that daborste esl cnonybeachaeed wth come, sophie ‘Ssted eauipmene opened by alange number of STorketes In ac, though many ea workshops ‘fee dou eg, the ba equipient needed TDeblsskled vers eo produce work of thehighes gusty ndsophitton need ocuDy (Rererno rene tha about 32m (0* 60 fe Vers forms of sae. WORKSHOP op) wit Tau ow ately oat) and bench Faring erste Ircling aes) Nn, gear es (es Fetes owt in forcacing series {ides end Sein a). Te ie and th eek oe pred tle sae cw conoe them inn tale, Bk ca be Kies ce, he Sone, he ale, ‘hapa a he om Aina tea‘THE CRAFT OF THE SILVERSMITH - 227 4A et containing pele in « modern shop formally dite slsion of siphure sd for ‘aking wort chemlaly sea, an eval te {fie for such processes a colder SNA‘Snk and bone! for mating at scoung work 6 Asceeionoftakeron which mea -normally Insheet form socked wih hearer, The Saks have stems which re held in ole te Seady-lock when Inui or seine, “he Sle one ook rather Uke tl poised von Futhroomr, burs wige vary of form nl Hs, designed vo provide uvibesde to ty Anspec podct for instance, oa anatow at) ach ine pindr 1 selationofbammers with feencheadsor Aureeypes of work BA secton fmandedlseagaing aching tools punches, el Ble, swe shes ors tha the otber minor tool of metalworking "Cleaning end polishing meter im addon fo the akone, most exabld crsfumen in advanced tolten ave» le, Shieh can be Uso for polishing as ell for Turning Many alo hive a deawench for comprises the following ter ‘taking wire, deep te fe that ir ong bes T’Alwooden workbench with normal Stings, uneraduced Thies Dench oppor band Incluingalgg sce emustsio have proton or operated wind rachel toa cble eng 4 the atachnent oft fuels abn, 4 chet wu purafenge, Waris produced by dewinggollor ended horznealy berween the etfaman and Siver ode though beer of eadly dete the bench, espetaly daring sawing and ting sz i on pistes Grew pits) by meine of he Dpestons, reach doppinge of preious metal winds. Aetesion of thar fame whch eeremelchg {0 de (Guage) oth ena! but rverd 1A hearth for annealing the metal ee below), cessed pterns can be lumped down wih ‘which in ir aimplest form iat aalow tay of sremsootoawie which then pulled baka [eeprdf materl, now uolly son, some J8- and tonvards, the swage eng terened dove Sem (1S 2Din) square or round filed wth eadully th wh, =o producing win of epee Varios foms of baringchacodorpuversdokeandmounted Scion. Semple mages srck with the hae me ed Inoron «heacressant ilar of some Lind, have alo been ae for proving fooveny ot semis ‘he beat is controlld ty ta airy, provied on even repented paernm sheet mea The ce ‘ery pets hearths bya simple mouthopere: when den ire warned eilin dane ‘blowpipe, and on nore sphicated coe by Theeatiea ween evdecefor ts manutetres Eetlons operate by hand, oot wateror ker: la Theophilus trextne af 1100, but vat iy. The amount of het tht con be produced polubly introduced in late Roman ties. The ‘Spends, ofcourse, on the amotnt of blowing eanlest methods of making wie wee by rlingoe pomeravalable bursutilencan te pnerated by spell colig thi tps of metal ad working Rondopersion toma goiversiverinscrucble, them by hand ‘Avmodern avers however, would have one ‘rimore gs torches fr apping nce heey Std mist alo haves speci crucible melng FORMING TECHNIQUES Fernce nd sich echniques a raring are Uselramuifcfumace Tasluetsdesgedsachat With the excepcon of eletoforming, de Syhing placed lait protected feom dest sampingand epnning the techniques tne byte omc eth te eat source oe the product modem alvermith go back a leet sea the Combustion. Te pamivecafnun, with ely Ertclesy dened development ofthe ca inthe Sropen heath, sed a mieiron forthe une msde of the shindmflenniom BE Madara ‘urpow: thie war at pun wth» clladerlite technology bas done lise more than provte ator [Eon id which could be covered compley with powered technical ul so eat some of te (Boring chao ‘chniqas to be cared out with ear plata S'Riteadylockatreeeruk secon wth hoes ot and less dependence on pertonal sl td ana depresions in im which the smal enois judgment, swell au beng Seto ose proce own at stakes Ge below) may be Bred nd tupples of working me The tae fone teal may be shaped, rocemesarewllcariout by hand hy have228 - THE HISTORY OF SILVER te for thousands of years and if 4 weer sSiveamiehs workabop ge than Shove of i Projeceuor or some of his eastern contempo: fines, is maly ees movers power ‘Suipmeneneas more toon "A the techniques debe eee ate often sndin conjuction witheah ther whe obits ‘fe commonly aden prs one ogether, most Ffsqucny by soldering, Put alo by aren atid from ca de tural mea, were peobakly sored by hammering. The tue age of cts Tested with se cacovery~ probably a Anolis Inthe fourth millennia 90that they could be ‘rcted rom thei ores under eae ely, ‘Recor thatthe frat enemetlworkingilwas ‘sting. Casting svsles pouring the gel form Fe steal tar wll sf ico 9 maby Shoped mould en eving ul i ae oid ‘The mould een removed, lening the mates onctrnad with ke outer configuration core “Shoning roth of te terior of the mou A Afnple ration feb pesca provided Ud eesay ofa eegeraton which actly 8 ovidforcaringa teri waterwith ery “The simple formof oul iseut inna lock of materi the very beginning, one andthe ‘olen metal esp poured ine fom theron, [ewer ito anteeoy, This has the dsavane {ape of producing oat that are ton one ie ‘The next sug therefore, ato produces moll in'twosymmettea, bor reversed, aves Cat {Seked ogee, ally by means of suds ed hole Sich smovl,Hee al clwed moulds mst ive apernre enroug which the mate etal {in be posted and, very importa, sentiion- Soleshroaoh which abe uirepaced by he esa Shdanvothergaecanexape All eve apertures fwth meals form spruce which ave to be removed when the casting cleted "A Simple ane eworpare mou can only be deo produces tng that harmo undereting imi degn-forcxampleyaspoon fork sce. fer the two col only Be separated Dy ‘skint mou, Thenest stage theretore wat toproducet mueipae mould constructed an taltopther nase mannert the wee ‘oe, batt designed hat he fine bere the Bars aresrange to ensbleall urdezctingt9 Be rel The muckasedmadern method of nee ‘lcci ia srl fst recorded nthe “eee century. doesnot hoe ee to have [ened for precious mata Ir nvoves toring mould by mang ap pression in compacted Sand with «model of the objec oe ee "Hclow objects = made t ave Bok weight snd seal can be produced is piece mou ‘orally by icing core nts cnstracion Wis by ohe meted now a slashes.This only auablefor etin metals e made sl by the face thar the parts tht come to Eonrae with he cold walle ofthe mosld arden the mile poured out “The mos sed method of cing, and the xe mart ured ss the fourth milena BCs ‘he igvetnent a ota ese per procenee itvoes making fled war model of the bvjet to bec, a uablecore the Sibed fact stobehelow,andsold esto esol The model fed wth woe seve’ to form Puce nd venaon-vent an then ives 1th I completely coveted — wie cry oF oull-Thiciatowedtohardenandicthengey (beats els he ww whic ane foe he oul nd then placed wath len tale {Eccl eee a lhe ould aly and Eval. andthe moder caster es cena fore fo hs purpose, on special machine “When the neal hs cooled che mould st ty broken away, sof can only be used once ‘ihe a denn needs co be repented 2 mater rose i kept Fam which pieces for fe thee waxes an be produced, la modern woke ‘don is would bea elconerutter impression, ba formery lead ot plser was used. CCrting followed by 2 clemineu process sich involves not ony removing di an wale {hespruce and vatbetace ofcorenepporte but kotheskarpenagyprot any Seas harm not Ihe produced properly, and any pouting ‘Thisisthetchniquemontanodby shivers, {5 lols forming dhe ad vesul hallow ‘res and other objet, ou of tect metal by orkingtcoldwichthebanimesonasake,one ot {Be ape nls lead rentoned. The tc ‘Bauer nun nthe Ne Earby the bean tthe third mileanim 8 an has emaned ‘etcliy unchanged ever since” With opt snd ‘Svfllycoeroled bows thehammecrediecof theron beconpertd inten bowl orf yest fees or seams: The hammer sued 9 fed he ‘etal sd only minimalyeo teh itso tate Cillian mould te ene without eng Ute metal diners What bappene esse 2 Inking tow! shape ou of asin dco row, bee which cen only be achieve! by folding 3 Feat gore nd overpring the oer ie the paper cannoe be sttched A aver bow! Fermed inches way, excep Une rmeta hat In lesr mulienie mater would be folded ‘Stekspped I worked away tothe et "The compresion of the cold mea under umes hammer blows cues to hate an {ntomer unworkable of ine then as ‘Cane to reeves allel,» proces Tut erly oles hesting sad lloming 9 ‘ol before futher working ‘THE CRAFT OF THE SILVERSMITH no230 « THE HISTORY OF SILVER SINKING OR DIESTAMAING This voles fuming something ke, sy, the tndy of pepper not by foring sects hole sofonming to the fal sxemal congue thon ofthe Saha Body By ese of «puch, nforning oe teal ene: Asple orm of punchcanbemadeofmoodendstrckwithehand Eater intranet crate form trced ‘the second ba ofthe eee centy the fnch and he hoe ace apecaly cit sel den ‘etkeicaly operated and capable of stamping ‘oerlshetsaatime:eah btm shee ei fle ‘helaotom die replaced by an unstamped seat to top. The ttl thi pocee yo Sue, ‘etched “Tis process ued orth mate production of follow waver by mene of nthe Ao object {ormed from 2 mea dic which i gray Dremed sine wooden former (he chk) omesponding to al itera configura, ‘Sle dnaly taker ahepe, Theat afte Ais war sowiy Hammered ove former, but presmure sinning sap nt y the ar Fer but by elulested meted lever, resting ‘psn vest fulcrum and press seas BF ee petuor opin he mr dsc Booh and the Chuck, route ons. lathe. Compote, ‘Esitarable chucks ae sad for producing Soep Sed compler shape from which = one-piece ‘hock could noe be mowed The spining pe ‘Seo tll i for mass production and i SStprhingy gue, themealacemingtofow on thechuck The date oft ieroducton 2 ematet ‘kcotroverry, bot theze Joe ot emo be a ‘hidence forte Hear the lite Mile Aas nde nae probly only adel generally ithe ine eighteenth entry FINISHING posh produced wih mil abrsives iver howe {ren he lo commonly been costed wih gold itso am ery date pray sora ook Hee the tore prio tee, br alin topeoec feo Tarankend ack for instance helen ofaer (eves werner common sie ‘There r evidence for sver being led by thunshing gold lost oar aly eee le Uf the second lla 2 im Ey, and he techni remained general seo i puro {hel ae Roman tines abut a 38howere, ‘Eas in supplied by he esercry- oF Br bldg echnsue, ick ad bee nase in Chine lene yar, nd which sto be use “rivera Forgoodeqality ging on mec ul ‘SSppuntel afer 1640 by eleroglding. Fre fling involves making an aman of meseory {Eat gd the wo combine roy and the ‘rashing onto the prepared src o be ek ‘indore The est doles the merery nthe‘THE CRAFT OF THE SILVERSMITA 231 igh dangerous frm of fee mercury vapour (Gets hed shor ves eaving the po eposed te nice ‘Art om fing tas ben the praetice for crasmen sometimes especily snc the mi ‘ineenthcenuryto colour he surface of thie fiver by ceding chemical. Tas usually {done co prvi fl for bigest apd ‘rinlaiddeorvon in exher materia ‘The decoption of gold snd aver plete cn be ‘only cased sto two ype, tepals sola All Secor on frm pet of the main materia fr desgn ean objets etal iter, lading fh deal a6 mouldings and as which ave een cue pastel nd olen no place The technigues for producing omament of hi Kind ‘Sclde cating, eurning ons bbe, and a Spe punches, patered samp, sand Hs, fd aos engraving aod chasing ‘Engsngnvaver reducing esimemadeup of ines proce by gougsng out rps of etal from the surface Heng decorated by mane f= torn arply-poined engeving ol, Chas according 1 Berard Corner in is Serna Mul Cn we, ms, 108, plssjyt toto be than a lncluding cng, ‘iborsing eepouse il work andthe modeling ‘Stead meat wit baer and punch Aue ‘of dierent att or ron tol of sbout he se Sse asa reel are aod for chasing, the most important probably bengthetmcerwhichrese Hina bet sewer Unie engrvingsony chose ar waed for moving bo not removing seal “Wien sheet metal it chased it has to be supported an something hat iba and enough {orgie psi and plate enough toys co te ‘ork A adlagcanbeused forts purpose, but {he materal most eagurly employed pitch tesed compound wit which the varace opposite the one feng chased i contd. When the other, furtse hasta fe worked ts peusry eo eanfer Fheawo mais Linde of chasingare fa chasing sndemboning orrepouae. Hatchanproduces ‘ct tat sopertcilly resembles engroing ‘lathe neath rene ofcomprestog nd et remoting etl along ee length, rca fen be ‘Sued bythe presnce of ghostly revered ‘npressionaf the desig o he bnek of the meta Enbosing oc epoune ieives medeling Asia in le by mae of the humor end ‘hasnt. The bse pile Bt to ese fhe pat ofthe design hat ae to be tele rom {he rear ard then to wok Hack cones Bom de font {hoe} wh male ah nd female) hale: TE inte comet ston fy ag nd fee ate core The pats ae brad tether th bebe cosine and he tte of ce eon Speke280 THE HISTORY OF SILVER APRLIED DECORATION to the bute: for example, a nly divided copper _Aldecoeation that dove form partfthebwic mineral ich a alacite oper carbonate) ore dloiensconstrurdon, or mater of the cbject, copper salt inaslason. The ramler would fave {Eladiggroch hinge ar precourandotherstones_ ben ptouced by heating snippets of gol we or ‘cipal cer sat in mounts oriad ectly gid fling charcoal: Fo thelr afore Iotheputaceandplaguevctintheeamemetal on onthe techni, ee] Osten, ly of te ind Solera of reid in place, comes go the Acne Wer, 1982, p. C43) ‘Scecory of applied decoration: Similars, ope "One ofthe most rego used methods of ‘Gemlcanteitiidoanothetgoldinclver, decorating gold and slvr tne the eaty Mle [Rrvesmple and ele polabed far or let Agen is enameling, Enamel coloured ground ‘Posd sn sculptured with omamest ashe form ss made to apa, spied oa rue metal Ee secant, EGC‘SRd ted in smile wo rssion egies. Ths te 2 very ancient and Tipe glase on 2 om “degpread technique involving he ure of vis, The san enameller were unable merge tly formed imo sore sn sinar mother colour and so ther denigns were Bull py ‘cileed together to foc panels and sripa of Ike sexiness windows in comperements of ‘Redetion Flgrecambe we dependent or dieree colour, Ena of this Lind lead [fvelery snd ernment! venel sich arcsket two main cxteores closonne, i Which he ‘nivuce, batheralss reqenty ben soldcredse_comparaents so lon) ae produced by Ioled decorvon co gol and slvr objets erage to the bs ad champ “Grandin, aoe: fem of spied decors which they ate gouged our of ke rom the four tion ina mend of bung up red designs teeth century, att kop toundertand how fo ‘Bint gain of gold normaly rospeden ane, sply te clout lke pm, without the need for Gnagold tse. is ftrecorded onstbeed ofthe divisors between therm ant also how to produce ‘a bal of the thd milesiony RC rom the complery taslsceneeramel which ould be Ente ety of Ur and war much soed by the sand wih ade engraved anderen One ‘pace, CechsardEruane Theres pred rmatably dente wena apparent ite ‘apt was subseqeensy lon tnt the steteenth duced inabose 40Gbutnor wide asd, sow ‘huury, when twarredacoveed bythe Jeweler by fa French same of liquor fecompes Gti ete norcorain aris methods were what are eect, wind, the enamel beng recy shows ured by the Anconte (whose open on bot ides and mel supported by ts Teiiguesare sla mates fr sme discussion, rme Tees prfatly proce by fing t with + Hlougl bey produced very similar rei Themen of wld supporton ane face which wat [Pretelponpleyasiostachwithensubestethe then removed FUnefgodinchetoqted poternrothecurice Anoheequentyssedepe ofapplied decor ‘Ske decorate, and then eo eplyaufcent eet on lle iste of se, ead copper ad focnldes them together Two gold mrices wil, alph, mee to forma decorative black fille 1a fc fe opt at a emperasre a bulow foe designs cut Ito the race of met, 1 tier of thar meng pine without te svtance_walogousto enamel bt hava much lower meling (Eicller Ruyerystebatle however tharafovm poitandso can beappi! without the ned fora (folder nscluton wes incluied nthe adhesive tpt furnace Nello was enown nance inet fjmeansofwhchibe grmuer wee intl fag and iil widely ued 2. Themen ere