LeU 9: & Marks) performance of Transmission Lines, Line Parameters and Corona 12 © 14M 15 © 16 © 47 @ 18 (19 (@ 1.10 () ya M20 FBO 14 118 146) 4476) 1.180) 1.19 ©) Wat) 1:22) 1.23 @) 1.24 () ( 00 1.25 (a) 1.26 (b) 1.27 (a) 1.28 (187) ri a(t) ee 1.31 (294.59) 1.32 (a) 1.33 (406.2) “029 1.35 (0) 1.36 (6.77) 1.97 (41885) uu Performance of Transmission Lines, Line Parameters and Corona p" He ! d Surge impedance is not a function of length of bein the line 2 Lad and Led i: = Length of line x frequency = 60x 500 pe = 25000 > 10000 | L« GMD then the line is modelled as long line. 1 | C= Gu ie Corona loss = (V-V,)? | t—_4t d o 9 8 Also, Yea rin() oe ' owo=2"4 = Voxr and Voe-Inr e>x Bsa. (this relation always holds for x > 0) The increase in resistance due to non-uniform As rbeing radius of conductor, r> 0 distribution of current in a conductor is known as = er | skin effect, rine with this we can conclude that Vor Iq = 2tfVin Cy 14 | Kom Vin Corona loss « vane (i)Current density « i) deat Jages Corona loss » current density Methods of option (a), (b) and (c) will increase corona losses, if applied /-= eticaldisxplve votage ae Charging currentiphase, J 1 (x-9 0. 2tn( 2) nen = 0.2in(e°") mem d r °. 2: men + 22 enn : [o 05 +0. a(2)} Ham [o 05 +0. 2n(S2) ren 05. 3 Jue Yo)? Wikenipt 8 7512 113 kWAmiph GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: EZ | MADE Ha A An 2) ten 150 = 04in| —150__ 08 area, 2 = 2.3815mHkm For 10km long line Ly = 23.815 mHkm C) i-ofg) In(2a) > Ind @ © By bonding of conductors, the self GMD oy conductors is increased © Corona loss =(V- V,)? \Vpis approximately directly proportonalts of the conductor, hence larger the size conductor larger will be the critical gi voltage and smaller will be the factor (Vy and hence, smaller will be the corona los: i eo Oca “SH TA 1-09 = 2000290°2 Rae A = 0.936 20,98" and B= 14227640 - 20 KV = 127.20" KV 0° x09 I= 0.1458 2-25.84" kA (Power factor = 0.91499) V, (phase voltage) = AV, + BI, V, = (0.936 20.98%) x (127. 20") + (1424: x (0.1458 2-25.84") = 133.23. £7.77°kV 4ind voltage «neni = V3x138.23KV 2 (li-s 225078 et L= length of ine 1 80km is shor line p' (@ gending end votage sooad receiving end vatage = (Vala, = 220KV 240 Vapors = Fg KY swe know, Vapor ras) = Atno-load, = AVarperprase) + Bly p= 0 Notoad receiving end voltage (per phase) = (Vane iooronase) Vesper ore) A ee ee Bx094 VS Noload receiving end voltage (ie to line) = (Vay = 255-32KV Wada ~ Wade s:vetage regulation = e Woe x100 = 16% 285.92 -220, 220 400 | 227 Where, P, and P, form powerline and T, and T, form telephone line Current in power circuit = 1= 1008 1 line and Mutual inductance between powe! telephone tine “sil 22) = Mpy= 410 (Be) 3 Mpr = 4x x 2 hyesni0 anf) = 0,73 x 107 Him Voltage induced inthe telephone ine V;| = @Mpr! = 2 60 «0.73 x 1077 x 100 29x 10° vim = 2.29 Vik = |v, me ea Itis clear fom the above diagrams that minimum Cancellation of vector occurs at the point Y. Hence maximum electric field intensity. mae For loss less line, = Jol-e6 \OOIBKTZ = 0.2028 2xtl 8 0.2324x3x 10° = 92824x3%10° _ 9p 2x50. cad Alternative solution: Reactance = X(in p.u.) = 0.045 pu Suspectance = Y(inp.u.)= 1.2 pu. Let base impedance = Z, X(in Q) = 00045 2, 2 veins = ey 7H Assuming impedance of ine = L H/km X= allCapacitance of line = CFikm Y=wiC Where, 1 = length of he line 045Z, Ee lees ool y ani aM don ax 1g = 28x50! VO.045x1.2 = 1=222km Ee Wave length = 2, propagation constar 8 Qn ae Sh > Dorey = 4947.99km line length wave length 300 km 4947.39 km % Ratio = 6.06% Pc ‘Complex power Sis defined as, $= VI If Ris the resistance of transmission line : Sf. S8 Real loss = PR= |= enronrins- = (SJ a SE Since, Sand Rare fixed 1 Real power loss « z (a) * As field voltage is held constant, so field current does not change. ‘© When the generatoris connected with open-circuit transmission line, line draws charging current me rs Therefore Vis higher than E, ie. V,s. But when the generator is disconnecte,), line, no charging current is delverey generator ie. fg = 0. In this V, = Y So, terminal voltage decreases. nx ey ~ ( 2x6 ‘ wenn?) = 84x 10-7 Fim = 84x 109 F/km The condition for a transmission line y distortonless is (0 + j0.5) Qikm, Z= 1=(0+ [2002 (0+ j6) pm, Y= l= (0+ j8)x 10 x 400 (0 + j2x 10-9) \(200% 2% 105) peses = al + i= 0+ pl [2 _ {200 Wy “Vox 107 Equivalent r-network a 7 z va [lr Z= Z,sinhy Z,sinh (od + jBl) Z¢(sinh al - cosBi + jcosh al sin = 316.22 [sinh (0) x cosBi + jcosh(0! 16.220 0 6324x 180) = 1870 Xk= 1919 oD 7 nf 100 Tin == 2x 107 jp| 100 L22x107 In? (os) 1,=097 nHIn * = 4,05 x 097 = 1.0185 tim Ww ) : $m 4 ¢ ° YZ _, (r+jol)(g+ jC) An 14 1Z_ 4, (+iol)(g Wet 7 "losses ine r=0, 90 | 229 Then, 4. 4 (00)(0) 2 B= Jol oc 2 A= 0.95041 u BI = 0.3085 p- Ostes V2 cop 3x10° 2n 09085) 1 = 29459km 220 sin( 1001) ¥ (0sin( 100) A 20 00s) 100K) V i, = 1008/1009 A = 4062.0230 | X, = antl, tp_f Om = 2nfx2x 107m} > 2.89 x 10 am X, = 0.289.21km ae For star conection, 2 Me cose fz] A ne 2 Hemp» Hi v08 Slead 18.85) 100 , 192-210" + 102-150 A ve CG, v R=5779 = 400kV 300 km mb/kmiphase 01 uFikmiphase 1 1 VEG 1x10? von = 3.16 x 10° kmisec234 Control PEDDIE compensation Techniques and voltage Frofie 7 21 (d) 22 (182HF)) 23 wo) 24 25 @) 26 ) 27 0) 28 (ay 29 (c) 2.10 (0) 211 (0) 212 ic) 213M 214 (a) 2150) 216) 217 21B(c) 2.19 (0) 220 (c) 221 07 2.22 (b) 2.23 (b) 2.24 (0) FEEXIEIIY compensation Techniques and Voltage Profile Control 2) Ea 64 200x107 2 Cows” Rog “any OOF - ganas 2 = 10.4 7 8729 50.7) = 102 VAR = 100tan (cos * 0.95) = 32.87 KVAR Og Oey = 69.13 KVAR Hy | Ae oye (enae (") 1 1 2nfX~ 2ex1.75x 10° x 50 = 182hF o ‘Synchronizing power, SEV cose, x As total reactance decreases the synchronizing power increases. EE Vee: OF 0" Bk (ey {4 ali) le) 2 Q= voouvaa| 222%] [raz v, | [096% = 100.042 MVAR cae Complex power = Vr" P+ jQ = 10215" x2245° = 20260° (10s jtoV3) = (10+ 17.32) = P=t0W 17.32 VAR and The reactive part of the line current led by capacitor bank in order to hav suppl pt I 7.8729/V3 — (Aconn 7.8729 o With compensator at mid point, v sind S2ieao Paar With compensator at 75% distance x” faa ma” O78x From (i), (i) and (i. Pe The ratiois 4.2; 1 076 Ew Vp = 1 pu~1 pu x j0.1 pu Va, = 1 pu+ 1 pu x j0.05 pu Vp, = 1 pu-1 pux 0.05 pu =P, is maximum.OP yi lvl =nw ngedance othe Ne = 0.2 pu, “pase impedance Neer 02x55 = J0.2420 receiving end = P, active power al a = 100MW 2 = O22 Reactive power at receiving end Vos LM = -10.1 MVAR Since, power factor = 1 Load reactive power shouldbe zero ‘Therefore, reactive power to be injected at terminals -O, 40.1) = 10.1 MVAR Piltane 3(2nFV5,) 2 P= ant Cos¢, for A load Star capacitor bank, y V2 toler) Where, v, = 400V Z=8+86,|Z|=10 4 = tar (6/8) c2s¢, = 09 SAbsttute in equation (i), 10.2 kVAR Qe = P, (tang, —tand,) 2= 4(tanp, tan (cos 0.97)) <8, = 08 lag A | 235 Rating of the oad 12VSKVA at 0.8 pflag Active power demand of te load = P, = 123 x0.8= 16.63 KW ‘cosé = 0.8 = sind = 06 Reactive power ‘demand of the load = Q, = 12/3sino = 12/3 x06 = = 12.47KVAR For unity pt, the total reactive power is zero. ‘Assuming KVAR rating of capacitor bank = Q., O+Q-0 Q:=-0, = 12.47 KVAR So, capacitor banks ‘Supplies 12.47 kVAR reactive Power to the loa, Baw + Toinerease the capacitor de voltage, energy has to be supplied by the generator to capacitor through converter. Power flow from higher angle to lower angle. As angle ofinduced emfot generetoris 0, 0 6 should be made negative to make the power flow in required direction. Taking Vyas the reference Vay = 230.20°V 230 2-120°V 30 £120236 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers. baw tan pure inductor is present in phase B, then 1, {gs Vay by 90° ifa pure capacitor is presentin phase C. then J. leads Veyby 90° if current through neutral isto be zero. 13030" = [sin 30° 3 Ipzlo=t 1, = [008 30° + 0s 30° = 21cos 30° = y31 lich = Lal = Hel ligl | 5 Baxs0xt 72847mH Nich = [Weyl sw = 1005 = 2002 250% 6 C= 139.087 pF Baw ‘Surge impedance loading IL = 2280 MW Z,, = Surge impedance si,- S44 = Y59 2280 Sl,= = Le" Fizog Ea ‘Shunt capacitor are used to provide part of the reactive VAR's requited by the load to keep the voltage within desirable limits and to improve factor. Series reactor reduces current ripple. Shunt reactors are used across capacitive loads or lightly loaded lines to absorb some of the leading VARS to control the voltage across the load to within certain desirable limit Series capacitor compensation reduces the series. impedance o the line, Power fow in ine = =? power flow in ne increases, as X, decreases. age Eo | mae a, Series capacitance compensation , reactance of the line. 1 reactance oF the ing As reactance of line decreases, powe, line C, increases. : Power flow in ine c. = 8= sin"! (0.5) = 30° Reactive power, = 1732-2 = -0268 But @+0,=0 Q=-, + 0.268 p.u Shunt reactor is basically an inductor ha core oF core is replaced by cement slab t9 04 saturation problem, These are widely used 1 reduce the fault level or the short circutt cu"=*t through the line. Saag = P, +10, TKW SP, $1.5 Wand OSKVAR< Q,< 1 KVAR~ jor wi only UY TeACvE power and sete pve conse he oadand aerate willbeles than 0.25 RAR “a 025 VAR 3 over supple ye capaci wi 2-028) O7SNVAR lagging) 400% 400 SL= 957 40OMW ine soon case SIL 2re8568 means Z, in00998 ereasesathincteasen inductance’ gaitisinductve toad «Sit means, line behaves capacitive to conpensate inductor tobe placed B" raw eP<2kW Load pt 12 0089, = cota = 0707 lag 0, = Pitan, tan ¢] 1 = tan cos"'0.707-tan ¢,) eee > 0086, = 0.707 lag 1548 G, load demand is 20 pu, G, supplies is bu Remaining supplied by G, through transmission ne only p, = ou TK 52 “eng o4 520 Ve Wel = S-SFcos8 PKK Pwd = a cosa? = 1844 oor 7 a coss x] z = oleosao 3 = tse 5-0, 34-(-1.34) = 268 pu Quo Os 5+ 134-634 pu ,,5(-Oa) = 10-(-1.34) = 11.34pu.240 | EID Distribution Systems, Cables and Insulators Ee Insulation resistance, tt (0.201% 10° «196.2% 10" 1000 0.201% 196.2us/m = 159,24 mips Baw Veo= (40 0:36) ~(40 + 902-cos" (08) x 2 Veg = 16.6207274.20° + 14290" = 9034 281 468° ss Let current injected at point P = fp % Ye ie 010 R 0180s 020 ls 10 | ip-30 | f5-60 [2 0A 0A SDAA Vp~ Vg = O.4Lp~10) +0.15(/,~30)+0.2(/,~60) = 01.45 fp~ 17.5 > p= 45558 direction of current will be in opposite in section SQ. So, points wil have minimum voltage, 20 V V, + 0.Mlp~ 10) +0.15(Fp = 220+0.1 x (45.55 10) +0,15(45.55~30) 25.89 V, Ee Note: : + Generators are specied in 349 Mg, votage and per-phase reactance (egy, + Transformers are spectied in3-¢ Mya. vansomeonraoanderphaseens impedance on one side * Load are specified in 3-9 MW, ne tong ‘and power factor. ay i” + The phase sequence of the given figure ‘+ RYB, BRY and YBR represent the cs sequence ofthe figure (given below) oq Re — ae Equivalent of a cable Phasor iar tand = 2x 104 Dielectric power loss in cable = RaCtand ] x2enxso. 25 31.7 WikmBo raneesmcrctoertnssn asst opened ot 9 Na aN joi losses = 6° + °R + PR= 748 jpite,sovened 8A fe etre th 7s SR SA Total losses = 8°F + 7°R + S2R = 1388 (iif eis opened 2h Total losses = 128 + 7°R + 2° (ie, is opened | ° 3A SA Geos 2 1 tA 2 oh FN Tol losses = 52+ 3A + FA = 398A | ar Operation with minimum loss can be achieved by opening tine e, Phase to ground voltage Mes NW = = v= Tw v3 3 al 2 = se kV = 6.35KV Ai) ong Iel4h ia5C)x e, = (mC) xe, + ia5C)x C Se, = 66, (i ‘Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get 6, = 3.46KV onde, = 2.89kV @Equivalent capacitance (C,,) between a phase and ground Cy = C+ 6, = 30,40, Gq = 3*02+04= 1 pF Per phase tags = Yp= “KV Per phase charging current = nx 50% 1410 x4 198 G Let the resistance of whole length of feeder be FQ. lengthot feeder = 1000 m. R Resistance perunitlengtn = A meter Resistance of 400 m length R = yg Too0 “4 ="5 ++ Resistance of 200 m lengtt Let the current supplied by the sources be and 1, 4 100A 2008, 100 (+ ,~ 400) Applying KVL from source S, to S, we have: oR, A, a R = lit Bll 200-2, 200-21, + 400 400 2 8u,- 299 Sin-2n-£ 2, 4-200 200-1 Ip 1 ee 2 en Ss SS 0F, 21, + 1,200 + 200-1, fy =0 GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : LE | My DE ky, . Sy 1,31, - 21, =O0rt, = 2 01.31, -2f, = 00r = Ey Also, 1, + 1,~ 400 = 100 o, heh = 50 Solving equations (i) and (i), Wehaye 1, = 200Aand, = 269.4 Contribution of S, in 100 A at location, P=1,-200=08 ang Contribution ofS, n 100 A at location P= 1,-200=300-209 = yy, Therefore, S, alone supplies the tory ,., location P. ao KvA, = /a00? +600? = 1000 ky Without excessive heat dissipation mens - should be constant (i) KVA erating »- constant Insecond case active power, P= 800+ 100 = 900KW Reactive power in second case = ooo? 900? = 43 Reactive power supplied by the three = 600- 435,889 = 164.11 KVAR Caadbh = 1 saree vpn = 23 - 5 9050 kv jpn = Wonk fn = (190521087 “ae anes : © REX = 47.96 uF246 [XEEZIEN economic Power Generation and Load Dispatch 4.1 (d) 42 (P,=80MW.P,=50MM) 43 45 (@) 46 (0) 47 (©) 48 ©) 49 4.14 (136.26) 4.15 (400) PEEEEIISY Economic Power Generation and Load Dispatch P+ P= 2OMW For economic operations 20+0.1P, = 16+02P, 4-02, -01P, 2P,-P, = 40 MW (i) From (i) and (i) P, = 80MW P, = 120MW Cs. oF 0.4P, +30 “ a, Fe _osp,+40 (i #, For econamic generation O.4P, +30 = O5P, + 40 or 4P, -5P, = 100, ) and P, +P, = 190 ®) Solving we get. P, = 83.33MW P, = 4667 MW Which is exceeding the upper limit of first generator ‘ P, = 8OMW P, = SOMW a, Fe 7 001275, +8 a, ap = 0.012, +7 OP, & For economic generation, BH, , He t Fe O012R, +8= 0012R, +7 Py —Pe = 8353 0) GATE Previot us Years Solved Papers: | mang yy 341.665MW) 4.4 4.12 (a) = 258 335 MW. P,, 4.tt (a) ‘b) 4.10 (a) 4.413 P+ RG, = 600 Solving (i) and (i). we get Ry, = 258.335 MW Py, = 341 665 MW Both the limits are in the respective sp ranges. ae When P, is minimum ie. P, = 50M IC, = 20+0.3 x50 = 35 When P, is minimum ie. P, = 50. MW IC, = 30+0.4 x 50 = 50 For minimum value of P, and P. IC, and IC, > IC, Therefore, P, = 300MW [maximum load is assigned ton Remaining power is to shared by unit 1a So, P, +P, = 700-300 = 400MW For optimal operation, IC, = IC, 20+03P, = 30+04P, 03P,-04P, = 10 Solving equation (i) and (i), we get 242.86 MW 187.14MW and Gale Fuel-cost curve of generating station 1 F, = a+ bP + oP? Rehour Fuel-cost curve of generating F= a+ bP, +20 ion 2 The slope of the fuel-cost curve ie the incremental fuel-cost (IC) and is express=" RsyMWh, b+ 2cF,il) so P, = 200MWand p, = 100MW g° jum incremental cost in Rs/Mwhr for Ma or A= 600 (at 450MW) ea incremental cost in RS/Mwhr for ator 8 = 650 (at 150 MW) a axirum value of incremental cost of Ais jesttanmirimum value of 8 grertoA‘will peat atts maximum (ofp) ‘ean and Bat (700-450) = 250 MW Ferinimum cost analysis oo, de Fay © Pea 190411 Pg = 3+006 Py ‘0 Pg # Pg = 250M @ Salving equation (i) and (i), wegel, —P, = 100MW and P, 150 MW cy Qe Letx, 4p and xy are reactances of generator-t Geert? and generator 3 respectively Neglecting armature resistance of all the three rectors VR, = 002 pu 247 VA, = 004puand VA, = 003 pu VR, < VR, < VR, Since, voltage regulation (VA) = reactanes generator Xo oX Power shared by a generator a reactance of generator Power shared by Generator 1 > Generator 2 > Generator 3 2 of 4.10 [ oO Hate 7 1 i row Letload center is connected at point x tris resistance/km of line Resistance of section between 1 and x A= 1x2=F Resistance of section between x and 2 R= (x75 =3R ‘Current ()fed by generator = power produced by the generator. Tye Py px Pyand I, Py Transmission losses = P, = 1PR+3R+ BSR Pix (+3 +373) KPP +395 +3] Option (a); P, = 80MW P, = 20MW P,= 20NW. P, = KIBO? + 8x 20° + 3.x 20%} = 8800K MW Option (b) P, = 60M P, = SOMW P,= 30MW P, = KI60? + 8x30? +330") = 9000 k MW Option c): P, = 40MW 4oMw248 P, = 40MW P= KIA0? + 9 40" +x 40") = 11200 Mw Option (a) K{30? + 3% 45° +3 « 45°] ;3050K MW So, option (a) gives minimum losses, Ga From cordination equation, oF, 4 Re Given: as the base value is 100 MVA Por = P= 05% - os( y =0.02pu = Px100=20mw > 0.02 x 100 = 2 MW Po = Pay + Pop 40 = 20 + Poa => Pe a Given, P, +P, = 1000 Also, incremental cost of production of ac, a ee 0.18, +A “) (ii) > GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Z| me, and incremental COSt Of produc, ac, Wp OPP, + ap For optimum load sharing ac, dC, a, mR, on OP, 4A = 02P, 434 ox a 02h, = 2A o, Py Pa, = 0A ay Gwen, #, #, 100 Raanyy Putting this value in equation (i). er 100 = 0.1R, +A o Az (100-01P,) Using equations (1v) and (v), we have = 2100-017, o 3%,-2P,, = 20004 Solving equations () and (vi), we get = 800 Mand P, P,P, = 800: 200 EEN soi. C, = 001F? +30R +10 aC, Fe 7 2xOO1P, +30 = 002, +30 G = 0.05F2 +107, +10 dC, _ Ger O1P,+ 10 For optimum incremental cost By _ a, P,P, 002P, +30 = 0.1P, +10 0.02P, -0.1P, = -20 Given, P, +P, = 200 Solving equation (i) and (i) P, = 200, P,=0 But the range of P, and P, are speatee 100 MW < P, < 150 TOOMW< P< 18= 200 MW is not valic oF 2p ae operating at p, = 100 => P, +P, = 200 02x P, +30 = 32 Rs/MW 1x P; +10 = 20 Rs/MW “ orminimized schedule, DP, + 50 = 0.24P, + 40 a 02P,-0.24P, = 10 a From equation (i) and (ii), 13.63 MW 36.36 MW a sol. Given: Speed regulation of generating unitis rom 0 load to full oad Hence the rated frequency (S0H2) willbe common for both units at no load and will droop to lower lue as loaded to full load. oad shared by 400 MW machine Load shared by 300 MW machine val Let For 400 MW machine drop in frequency from NO load to full load New frequency of operation of 400 MW machine 2 1, = 50-2. 400 ue For 300 MW machine drop in frequency trom Ne =3Hz load to full load = 228 100 New requency of operation of 300 MW/ machine b= s0-2A 300 We also kr, P, +P, 000 (Load shared between two units) P, = 600-P, fehel (Unis operatonisin paralle}) 3 50-= 2 (600-P; 300 (600-7) 600-P, 100 200(600-P,) 1200 - 2P, 1200 = 400MWFault Analysis 51 52 ©) 53 (©) 54 () 55 (6774 56 (11.4285) 57 @ 58 0) 5g (0) 5:11 (6) 5.12 d) 5.13 0) 5.14 (@) 5.15) 5.16 (ce) 5.17 (6) 5.18 (A) 519 (0) 5:20 @) 5.21 (b) 5.22 (b) 5.23 (@) 5.24 (a) 5.25 (0) 5.26 (c) 5.27 (a) 528(2) 8.29 (c) 5.30 (c) 5.31 (6) 5.32 (c) 5.33 (15393) 5.34 (b) 5.35 (d) 536 () 5.37 (0.84) 5.38 (1.07)5.39 (4) 5.40 (50) 5.41 (2.286) 5.42 (6) 5.43 (0.1) 544(7) 5.45 (a) 5.46 (73.52) 5.47 (c) 5.48 (100) 5.49 (1.8) Fault Analysis om Em False. Bo Unbalanced fault» Negative sequence dominate. Ground fault + Zero sequence dominates. He pe 8 TO 015 0.05 | (1 og I Xq B02 1h = gn +hy +a) | 1 Lio} = glib O)=0 Xoq = 0.2] 0.2 = (=O - 19 =19 =0 = 0.1 pu a"ta = 1D +1 +1 =0 = ®-8 Waly = Mens? = O+ 071} sai 1,5 (@-a)tf} = 32-901 ojo fa = Yl, 3 100 8 - l= At bus (1), 04(03+X) 1" (04+03+X) 7 = Spu (given) Now at bus (3) (0.2+0.2+03)x0.1_ 07x04 ter” (02+02+03+09 08 tpu__08 = 114 07 7114285 pu GaTE Previous Years Selved Papers: EIQ. | eg oa * According to questions, bgt he 36, _f Kak eX t8X, ~ X, 2K, = X ++ 3K, A{G.1) = 0.1 +005 + 3x, X, = 00167 pu Pinu. : sore (Base MvA Pas 20° p.u. 8 Ej = 120+ .2(0820) 1.012908 pu(0.15 0.05 0.08)[1,, vy, | =]0.05 0:18 0.051, bag 0.05 0.05 0.15], Mey 7 (0.04 0.04 oo4)[y,, +]0.04 004 004}, 0.04 0.08 094] , eV or ave m ® caja |= aly 1 | (Zallal] 18 vs i is swe 0 av) = A" Zatalf ae ‘a ave a 10) fm +(ATIZQItAl] 12 1 roy (0) z{o 4 Offs oo of 0 00. ( ‘0 025 0 0)|/ [ ° ol 0 0 O.1f) a 1) ty @ © . 925 +01240 AV? = 02519) +0.1219 3 Jy =0.28, 2-012 Smita, Zyy = O12, Zizy = 0.25 Zon Zoe] [0.28 0.12 Ze; Zieo| ~ {0.12 0.25, Wo For alternator Zg=0.1 pu Equivalent Sequence impedances; gt Zy =P +01 2pu. ag? Zy= fil + 01 2ou 4g + Dy BZ, 04 +3 +3005 49pu For single tine to ground fault Vela 10 -B.3708 ou t. ground 8.3708 x (2.05 = 0.16854 p.u Per phase base volage = ae Since both sides are grounded, we can take it as 3independent circuit260 care previous Yer solved Papert: FAL | gg i a — = X= BAB pu i = Vl a7) een = 1952-90 + 3.33 2{-180 + 120) 0.05 pu +252(240+30)} = 135290 + 3.33.2-60 + 2.5 2270) = 3510281°A 10 SER = 70.15+)0.15+ J0.18+ /0.15+ (0.05, The generator opecing ano ae ated = 2857200" pu voltage =31,)=3% 8 eee Fault current = 31,, =3% 2857 = 57, Initial symmetrical current (a) é. 7 2 ss Fault level (in MVA) = V8 x prefauiy i 5.28 2-90" pu (kv) x fault current (in kA) nail sai Pre-fault line voltage = Vesey = 220 1 Base current = Swe “Sai 3-9 fault v Wx ace -pfaultlevel = 4000 MVA |i] = 5.26 x Base current ee 26x10 VB Vytaut fy = 4000MVA = 5.26x KA = 30.37 kA VBx11 4000%10" i. es Bx220%10 °°" 2 Let positive sequence driving point rea re % ] and 1,=0A ‘ aa ~ 12120° 4 Positive sequence current component in line ‘a’ a a =1210 Un bale +e] lr0cor + (12120% x(102180")+(12240")x0] Ta, = 8.77 £-30°A (@ For single-tine to ground faut, ee Since, the generator is operating at no-load and rated voltage E,= 120pu. (b) Letnegative sequence reactanct Assuming, x, = X, and zero sequence reactance = X In single-line to ground fault, Fault level (MVA) = 5000 MVA Faultevel Fault current © ¥3x220x10 In SLG fault Positive sequence current 1, = Ilys heaugs 1, = Vertau(Per phase be X, +X +X 437 = ie 2X, +X X = 4842|, Power Systems & sisson in ran qvnceimedance, ae Xo 4-01 =032km Seinposins, ort +2, = 04+02=062km g" sve (negative) Sequence component of ine ge is ¥ times of postive (negative) .e component of phase voltage and leads tags) by 30 in actual values But in pu, on Wpectve vase values they are equa uf = X20,-30" V2 = Y20,+ 90° po" 1 o + , 1 > X, 537 Ean Voltage at bus B after 3-phase fault at A= 0.8 p.u. Sol. Va = Veena) ~ 212) 08 = 10-2,.x 10 Z, = 002 pu, Va = Viptaay~ Za Fey Vax 181002 x8) 84 pu. Base current, 30x 10° ~ 125.109 A V3x138 4270 4270 = 20 3a fou 7255.10 ° O40? 4 i. = saxo (0.6 0.25 1 KOI) a BEK2 «jo. where, X= %,+3(Z,+Z) i X= 82, +0.35 3.= 1035x025 _ _— ji2 3.402 = — os JO2 OATS j 0.15 © 9.164 0:18xGZn# 0:58) | ore" “a 0.15+3Z, +0.35 joo By solving the equation, 07 p.u. a 3 Ovfoars Teas ins" tg ‘According to negative sequence phasors. joorss oo0375 j9 (0.375+ j0.125+1 i0.125 -! 70075 21.1430 pu pe 11.9430 _ 2 = 2.206 RX JOS pg” a 1) 03 =6pu. 0240154015 Z=02 Z=02 4=04 Vn = I= 375 Vy 242,42, +82, 3x1 3752 ——_3x1_ i 02+02+0.1+3z, Z,= 01 pu. Z=(1+;10)0 i (1477) The imaginary part of Z, is 7.00 Bg For L faut Without Z,Eas. GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: FI | mage (100) For LG fault, 3.Vin 42424392, c 3x1 © 0.4+005+001+3(009 = 15.789 pu. =P 125x108 me VEY, 3x15 5x10 4656.05 rp “ease = 15.789 x 4656.05 = 73516.638 =73.52kA @ Ifthe switchis closed at t= Din series AL circu ‘Then the circuit current if) expression is i= {e vin sin(o- sje [FP + x? + te sinot- % e+ xe The first term of expression indicates DC otfset current For maximum value of DC offset curent, the angle should be 90° {ote}: 377 «10x10 } B77 (9-45°) @ ae ™ AAOE ba, Net reactance of parallel connection x2 93-0050. 5 H be" x" O08 SCMVA = 205 00 MVA =20pu ce) X= 005pu Tee = Ih Mou Mou KAR FX +X.) % 7 xt © (025+018+ 005. 1 025 dis 1 Wa5+5x) 0 = %=01pu Xy= 01 XZ 30° = ond =180(2018 : 1 Mark] os Power System Stability (21) 6.3 (a) 6.2 6.4 (b) 65 (b) aoe 611) 612 (6) 613) 6.14 T(acoalerating Torque) = 7 160 in. = 1.018 MN-m 157 ae Power transter capacity V° ia RoW Induced emf of the generator = | f,| =1 p.u, Terminal voltage = | Pu Reactance of transformer = X,=0.12p.u. ‘When double-circuit line is connected x Reactance of ine = X| [X= > a12s* ae X= 0.08 pu When one of the double circuit is tripled, steady state stability power limit Before fault Electrical power delivered by the generator = P,= 10 pu, Mechanical input to the generator = P., At steady state, P. During fault Initial rotor angle = 8 = 30° Internal voltage of the generator = | E, = 1.1 py. Voltage of the bus = |V| = 1 pv. Equivalent transfer admittance = 0.8 1 1.0 pu. Transfer react = ransfer reactance == T= 1.25 (PJ, = Electrical power delivered by the generator \esliMl duringfautt = F2U ing ttt P. sin80° = 0.44 pu (Pa = 55 °. Mechanical input do not change during fauit So, (Pp) = 1P.U. Accelerating power = P= 1-044 0.56 p.u, (Pely (Pa) aoe Inertia constant (in MJ-sielec deg) GH = M= sergare Previous Years 5 : 276 where G = Machine rating = 100MVA HH Inertia constantin MUMVA = 5 MJIMVA ye GH. 5x100 © qa0f~ 180x50 = 0.056 MJ-s/elec deg H 5 For such faults M, of 180% 50 jiven by {mous = 7g0F 180% 50 8,,'8 01M ‘ : a= Acceleration in elect deglsee §, = 008" "Iln-28,) sin Ma =P, P, = Accelerating power = X and t= oxtical cleaning time ee _ (2B. 8)" = iy ~ (6/180x50) °|- a7, = 1800 Xelec deg/sec Case 1 mae When only one generator is connected The curve P,, and P.. represents power before Mechanicalinputto the generator (P,, the tripping of line and after the trippin ae OD ayer delveredby he generator (2) > Pp, = Py = 1PU Case 2: When two generator connected in paral Electrical power delivered by each ger (Pp) = 05 pu Mechanical input to each generator (Fn) = Ry P. %=014X Py = Po =O0.5p.u.=—> > 2 for max value of X system will not loose A 5 fe synchronization, itat 3, pat eae P= Py 89, = 80) = 50 So, 8,, will also be same in both cases equation (i), EV = Heng =F, Gr onde Py (3,.H anda, ae txt Ei sn ta = 1 % = 077 = X= 0.67 « Here, change in frequency) w.. o power 5 (jg) x98=1.16% lop = app x 0-28 Af = 0583 Vm 50 - 0.583 = 49.417 Hz x 0.28 = 0.396 secPe | Power Systems or 08 ee eras eee, 120f _120x50 2 SE = 30010 sivatic energy ofthe rotor Jjg? =! > pul = 5x27 5x10 x(314. 167 KE. = 1957M 500 _ 500 = Machine rating = 200 _ 500 pf og 585.55 MViA Inet constant KE _ 1357 IM Pe ayo 15x41 (+05) A= snt(05) with only « MM My p Ys A p a mae = {| 550" With Lossy Tr Line \MiMs Av3| pe} Meloni 8) -|— |cos(B - a) ! Zz v : “ 18MM \WiMe With Lossy Line Pra, < Ee »s X=025+02+0.4/l04 0.45 +02=065pu Pm Vig. I, C030 08= 1x, <08 1, = VpuCS Switch Gear and Protection 74 (b) 7.3 (5kQ)7.4 () 76 @) 7.7 7.12 (b) 7.13 (c) 7.14 (co) 7.15 (b) 7.16 (a) 7.21 (a) 7.22 (c) 7.23 (d) 7.24 (a) 7.25 (a) 7.30 (0.226) 7.31 (a) 7.32 (d) Switch Gear and Protection o \f a fault occurs in between relay 1 and 2, the direction of current in relay ‘2’ changes. Similarly if a fault occurs in between relay 3 and 4 the direction of current in relay ‘3' changes Hence these relays ‘2’ and ‘3’ must be directional in nature. 72 Es The distance relay with inherent directional property is known as mho relay. 7.17 (b) 7.26 (c) 7.33 (100) 7.34 (500) (2) 7.9 (b) 7.10 (A) 7.115 7.18 (c) 7.19 (a) 7.20 (a 7.27 (c) 7.28 (d) 7.29 (a Sol. - —_— n= tee} jee} 2VC 2 V0.01x10" | =5kQ (b) Upto 345 kV, insulation level is deci on lightning over voltages and above 5 insulation level is decided based on swic "9 over voltage.| Power Systems \ wa4cvoe g" _ ___ Fault current 2000/80 *05x5 PSM ) percentage protected winding A), oe (1- 2071001 -(-F} ” 1113 « 1000 J (22) = 88.19% @ primary current = 0.2 x5 = 1A, Tiss phase current, Line-o-line current = 1x 3 = oe Zone 2time of Fi, R, are same, 6) ee When a fault occurs in the protected circuit, therelay connected to the CT actuates and closes ’scontact. Current flows from the battery in the tip circuit. As the trip coll of the breaker is ‘mergizedithe circuit breaker operating mechanism isaouated We Note: * Sechol Relay is used to protect transformers ‘choperates when the oilleven the conservator BPE of a transformer is lowered by the mulation of gas caused by a poor connection qo atincibient eakcown of insulation (slowly ‘loping taut). ccletental relay isa suitably connected over ("Say operating onthe diference of curents * WO ends of a protected element 7324 ay a - 285 (by cs MHO relay has lrectiongy 2° ME Property of being inherenty Note: C= KV Nhe 4 05 (0-9) EK LVI? For relay operation Q>0 ‘IVI Ud cose T--K) IVP >0 M [7] = <= coste- 2 “ The right had side of ‘equation (i) is a circle with center located ON the line determined by the Parameter tand passing through, the origin. {os —-R Be The impulse curentof 10 KA (peak) willbe equally Givided in both directions since there is equal distribution on both sides. ‘Then, magnitude of transient over voltage 10000 A x 250 S00kV (Assumed ideal impulse) Impulse available for zero time a The arc time constant is the least (@ few us) in vaccum circuit breakers as compared to other breaker types. The rapid building up of dielectric Strength after final arc extinction (20 kVius) is Unique feature of VCBs. These arc, therefore ideally sited tor capacitor switching [+ Protected element —w OsWhere oN ber operating magnitude of the the name percentage atferential relay sy |v a WG ql 4 »(6y Ct sos OT Taw Taking V, as the reference V, = 20020" kV a.=0 Prase aitterence V, and ¥, is 0 $0 v, = 40020°V V, leads V, by 30° Vy = 152-30" KV 20, = 0 V, lags V, by 30: 20, = £0,- 30° 20, = 20, + 30° -30° + 30° = 0 Phase difference between V, and V, is @ 2-2, =0-0= So, option (a) is correct ae It the relays are co-ordinated correctly, due to fault ina particular section, relay in that section must operate first, then relays in near by section if first fails, itis back up protection. Thus, the sequence is [5.6,7,3, 1.2] + Gave Previous Years Solved Papers: ET | ROG gag He 1 4 the ground distance relay s cated at pedance measured by th Bus voltage V impedance ae Impedance Relay pedance relay is a voltage restianies current relay Tek AV Reactance Relay Reactance relays is an Over-CUrTENt fi directional restraint AP KVP SINO mho Relay mho relay is a voltage restrained direction ly T= k,VIcos (0-1) kV mno relay is inherently directional 7.26 TG) Rated MVA of circut breaker = 200 MYA Yi (Viney, x Symmetrical breaking ura = Rated MVA of CB ‘Symmetrical breaking current = Current through operating coi = [y-1,=3.125-275 = 0.375y |, Power Systems, aa Bi emission of Bulk power of very long i 1a" righ voltage (400 kV) is used. i i te rafiabllty, double circuits used oi sol p rum andmaximum fault currents are me 2 500A, Iya, ~ 2000 A ‘TMS = 0.1, plug setting = 5.4 Ih PSM = Ty X CT. ratio he gor 18 Be Full load current _ 100 CTratio = iF 5 agrelay Fee 500 vith Iran PSM: = 69 a With pax PSM2 = = =20 05 6 Operating time with TMS = 0.1, znd trom IDMT characteristics L = 50mH, C= 0.05 uF alee [s0x107 2VC 2\0.05x10° = 5002Generating Power Station, 8.1, Which matenalis used in controling chain reaction mn anuclear reactor? (a) Thonur (b) Heavy water (c) Boron (a) Berytium [1996 : 2 Marks) 8.2 Inathermal power plant. the feed water coming to the economizer is heated using (@) HP. steam ) LP steam (¢) Directheat in the furnace (@) Flue gases [2000 : 1 Mark] 8.3. in thermal power plants, the pressure in the working fluid cycle is developed by (@) condenser (©) super heater (©) feed water pump (2) turbine [2004 : 1 Mark] 8.4 For hamessing low variable waterheads, the suitable hydraulic turbine with high percentage of reaction and runner adjustable vanes is EEEIEIEN cenerating Power Stations 81 (©) 82 83 (0) 84 (a) 85 siden Generating Power Stations ome Boron and cadmium rods are used as control rods, Co Note: ‘Condenser: The functions of condenser are (i) Toprovide vaccum at outlet of steam turbine. (i) To condense the steam and pass on the condensate to boiler feed, Super-heater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into dry steam used for power generation process. (a) Kaplan (b) Francis (c) Pelton (d) Impetier €2006 4, 8.5 Outof the following plant categoric () Nuclear (ii). Bun-of-river (ii) Pump Storage (iv) Diesel the base load power plants are @ Wand(i) —(b)_(iand ny © Gatland) (4) ().(ii)and yy [2009 : + y, 8.6 Base load power plants are ~ — P. wind farms Q. run-of-river plants R. nuclear power plants 'S. diesel power plants (@) P.QandSonly (b) P.Rand So (c) P.QandRonly (d) Qand Ro; [2015 : 1 Mark, sau 8.6 (d) Cae Kaplan is used for run-of-iver and pov stations with heads of upto 70 m type has an axial-flow rotor with varabled blades. ao Pumped storage plants and diesel stationss Power-during peak loads. Note: Base load-plant (i) Low operating cost (i) Capability of working continuous