V=E,+1,R, 20 = £,+20x05 E, = 240 = Fels _ 240x10x60 @ 2RN” 2Rx1500 60 = 15.2788Nm T= Kol, Tel, 0 P=Er For constant voltage supply, Pe From (i) and (i) T= P T= Kol, The value of current in series field gets halved, Hence the armature currentis to be increased in ‘order to have fixed torque ince the direction of armature current will be feversed, the nature will be cumulative. This reverse current will also change the nature of interpole flux. Hence no need to reverse the ‘connection. oPZN 60A _ 0%4x51%20%8500 ie 60x2 = 1.235 mWb = 1.2mWb 357 Compensating conductor/poie Zz 500 =— =—— x08=4 BP 70x10 * (As N= 0) | 135 B=E, ville 4 Paps 44 ae For DC shunt motor ' I, R => o=KV Also, V= 6, (As lossless mot V=KoN N= Constant, irrespectiv136 | ‘As torques constant, both armature cuent and flux remains constant, VeE,+1R, 280 = E, +40x03 £, = 228V Ae Re (As @= constant) = 1000, 998 = 152 1500 Now, 240 = 152+ 40(0.3 + R.,) Rug = 19.0 V=6,+1,R, (Atnoload/, = 0) => Fy =120V Ey = MX -o02m o, N= 50E, @ Similarly, 60 = Ey, +1,.x25 = Ey = (60-1,x25) (iy Also, Elq = Txo _ 0.5x2nxNo e 60 or, Ey,(60-E,,) = 2g, x50 Ey, = 53.455V N, = 2672.75 rpm = and wae P= ZEN = constant xy=C_ (Rectangular Hyperbola) papers: | MADE en. Previous Years Solved Atsaturation, linear characteristics are obser... 1 ry “, 74 ‘ F Ue = B00 2x 10 = 180V Rated power = 180 x 10= 1800W 1800 x 60 = = 8.598 Nm Rated torque = 57-5000 Torque at 5 A, ue am 5 8.598 = 4.299 Nm 10 » Field Control: Field control provide power drive. Since the speed is ir 1 proportional to flux/pole [v= ) field can increased; it can only be weakened. So this is suitable for speed control abov as torque is directly proportional (Tea) fora given armature current. So provides torque below base torque Armature Control: It provides constan drive. By keeping the field current a value full load torque can be obtained « armature current at all speeds. This provides speeds below base speed: across rated voltage V = 1 pu. ture current flows in both motor and S ‘of both motor and generator = R,=0.02 pu in motor =E,=V-I,P, = 1-1x0,02=098 pu al power output of the motor = Ey], = 0.98 x 1 = 0.98 pu is given to the generator and Armation jand mechanical losses are neglected. er of generator = Output power of motor .98 pu voltage of the generator V)=E,-I, = 0.98 - 1x 0.02 = 0.96 pu os ¥ ‘aim =0.960 $ machine, field is provided at stator and is provided is rotor. Because of ator and slip-rings, AC rotor winding machine, i is difficult to provide Totor because of many factor like ‘of slip rings, rating of slip ring, high Therefore, armatures provided | 137 In series motor, @ a .. Atconstant power load where, = Iw, decrease by (1/4) of its rated value, then torque will increase 4 times to maintain power ‘constant. Tak current increase 2 times so that supply voltage approximately brought down to 0.5 pu. At no load, Supply voltage Back emf at no load, Ey = Vi-lpR, 25- 15x08 238V Power developed by the motor Py = Engl = 28x15 = 367W As the motor is working at no load, power P, supplies no load losses. When the motor is on load, In = 3.5A Eq = Vendy = 25-35x08 = 222V Power developed by the motor P= Ex ly = 222x35 = 777W Power available at shaft = P,—noload losses = 777-35.7 = 42W138 | Efficiency = No. of coils = 32 Each coil has 6 turns Total no. of turns = 32 x 6 = 192 Each turn has 2 conductors So total no. of conductors = 192 x 2= 384 For wave would armature no. of parallel paths = A=2, Expression of induced emf, 4 E aay 8x384 = Foxe *0.08%250 = 384V Magnetic poles revolves around stationary coils in clockwise direction. As the motion is relative, it can be assumed that, magnetic poles are stationary and coils are rotating in counter- clockwise. The direction of magnetic flux is from N-pole to S-pole. Now consider coils C, and C, ‘Magnetic flux @/magnetic fx density 8 v ¢, The dynamically induced emfin conductor C, can be given by Flaming's right-hand rule e= |V|x|6|1=B/V sina The direction of emf VxB Therefore on C, Now consider, coils C, and C; ‘id . C, V are antiparaltel i.e Fe ! aa Easy ‘Armature control provides constant-torg,.. Inthe shuntmotor case by keeping the fig. * at maximum value full oad torque can be .,, at full load armature current at all specs. T= Constant Tia = Output Power(P,) T= Constant A = = Constant = a = Const (P), = SOKW ae er 2 rs _ bo —. S 50 _ (le > ©, 0/2 (Py)p = 25 KW (Output power delivered at halt the rate by armature contro!) Field control provides constant-p. the speedis inversely proportion: (o-3) while the torque is di to flux/pole (Ts 9) for agiven armatur Output power = Tw = (« Ju ° ° = kk Output power delivered by the m: constant ie. 50 kW As we know, (i) Armature emt, E=kow Where k, is a constant So, Edepends on @ and @ onlyes such that the axis of this winding ithe brush axis. The compensating izes the armature mmf directly gle while in the interpolar region, there e neutralization p the commutation process, the emust be neutralized by injecting ty dynamical (speed) voltage into ing coil. In order that this injection ocommutating coils, narrow interpolar ded in the interpolar region V+i,R, 200 + 20 x 0.2 = 204 E+1,R, 200-20 x 0.2 = 196 characteristics of DC motors Differential compound in the case of (a) Before plugging ee helt, Current through armature L=1-l 15-3=12A Back emf = E, = V,-1,R, = 240-12 x05 = 234V In plugging, the connection of armature winding is reversed. A strong braking torque is achieved by maintaining the supply voltage to the armature with connections reversed. So, the net voltage across the amature resistance at the time of plugging E,+V = 240+234 47a (a) Rated armature current = 124 Armature current during braking 1, = 125% 12=15A Total armature resistance including external resistance during braking R,=Ri+ Poy Exv Rea w= 474 = 4g 73168 = Ry + Rog =3160 05 + Ry, = 31.62 Roy = 3110where /, is function of torque, To develop 5 N-m it requires 3.925 A 25 aes 2) 2 3 = 1.9625 A = 186 67 + (1.9625) (3:39) = 193.3 1, Vagoted 135 [O) é-pointstarters used to control the speed of shu motor in field weakening region. i.e.; above rateg speeds Infield weakening region field current will ecducg N in -point starter holding coil unable to hold the plunger in ON position. mI Force DC machine is acting as DC motor. When the brushis shifted in the direction of rotation in DC motor, field gets magnetized. Due to armature reaction, leading tip of N-pole and S-pole gets more magnetized and trailing tip of N-pole and $-pole gets demagnetized. But increase in flux density is more than the decrease in flux density Due to magnetizing effect of armature reaction Case (i) waveform of Vip ill be as given option (a) ‘Atno load /, = 0, Ny = 1500 rpm, E, = V=200V Assuming N= E,, at N= 1400rpm Case (i): ROM Back Em, = &,= 20x HO = te6 67 E,< oN bs 6 = 099, To SX4O0X55 sone 4 and = N, eee As speed is constant If, =V-E eae - 186.67 = 99) asad 13.33 Fant oP ato ‘ 1 : Aa= gaps 79592 = Ep=189V Torque = $1, as torque is constant T= hy Olas = Solaz 9,10 = 0:96, fgAlso, at full load, Iq = 70K fay = Ny ~1y = 70-1269 A +. Induced emf at full-load, Fm = V- Ty Ry 0% Ey, = 290-69 x 0.4 = 202.4 volt ‘We know that, E~$a, @ @N (where, N= speed in rpm) oO, «Eye N (As flux, 6 = constant in shunt motor) Ea _ Ny, E, pte oN, -[=}+ eM, ene E (= 4 228.4 Therefore, full-load speed of motor = 1240.63 1p as Given, V= 250 volt, R, = 0.6.0, R= 1250 J, = 50A both for motor as well as generator action, Field current, }<1400 V _ 250 = a ean fcr aias For motor action: Ean, = V-1,R 1,=1,-1,=50-2=48A Eq, = 250-48 x 0.6 = 221.2 volt For generator action: Ey, =V+LR, 1,=1,+1,=50+2=52A Ey = 250 +52 x 0.6 = 281.2 volt Fora DC shunt machine, E, = @ 0, or, —-E, « N(speed) + Ratio of the speed as a generator to the speed of motor = 1.2171.GATE and Hysteresis loss, Pye Bil = Eee (forx = 1.6) When, Y constant, P,« V* ys and P,* 706 Ghen, Yat and b= tth 2 Foy 4) Std =121 RY -P, or, Fp “Fa 21 Poy ‘. % increase in eddy current loss Py Se |x 100 = 21% Be, Also, weal)” an ee (1. «(; ) 11 ae ts G2 F, ‘+. % increase in hysteresis loss nes, E x 100 = 10% Pn Thus, hysteresis loss increases by 10% and eddy current loss by 21% No-load speed, Ny = 1400 rpm, V= 230 volt an oy BX = Bx r400 = 148.6 rad/s Power daleea Bice so, Power, P= Torque x, mae Eola © stance drop and brush drop previous Years Solved Papers: EA | mape E, = V=230 volt eee, BB0*E = 12.551 és eas Fe oe va ‘Sol. Given, V= 300volt, No-load speed = 900 rpm, No-load current Pl 2A +, No-load induced emt, = V-IgFh = 300-2x 0.5 = 299 volt Also, full-load armature current, Ig = 15A “=: Induced emf in armature at load Ey = V-la Ra = 300-15 x 0.5 Ey = 292.5 volt Let the speed of motor during loaded conditiag be N. We know that: E,<9Nor E,«N (= cons E, NL Ea of N= No ‘ap “ay 0 (ee 900 299 N= 880.43 rpm a v= 200 V ,=200V R= 0.1. I raecs ©, ated Vog = 200Vee aes ae From eqution (4) and (6), 50[1—e¥Ae] 100 +I, = 104 te Onsoving, 1, = BA = 2, separately excited de machine R, = 0, 230 V, 5 kW, N= 1200 rpm For wave winding, _ 94x1200%2, ‘ pare Cre " For lap winding, yn 9412002; 0x4 Dividing equation (i) by equation (i), 230_ 4 (i) Vor a V=115V For power: Wave: we Total conductor in single path = 5 £ Let, resistance of (3) conductor = R Total resistance, ‘= RAID (i) Lap: (4) Total conductor in single path = = 4 Let resistance of single path = a Total resistance = x (5) 4 ¥ AR ie 4GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: 4 | MADE q, 144 | By equation (i) and (ii), Total copper losses ~S 2 = TR + 1A, P, ARI2) _ (2307, RIB _ en B aaa 7 RI? Ie = 50! (0.01) + (5) 44 » VE RIB) mn eed "= Output + losses 4 pole, lap - connected, separately excited de iput + losses motor, N= 600 rpm Bo x5 Toy = 40.8 220%45+ (1125) 355 Parallel path = 4 = no. of poles = 0:868420r 86.84% Current in each parallel path = 2 10A =. Ne 1, Tae Current in armature conductor = 10. oe 88, To Na ip 404 MOAy 10Ay 10Ay 1044 ‘ Np . ie 3 Ny Tay L os = 2 30 = Ip = 15A For series motor, Ne Speed = 600rpm N, va, 1208T 600 05 = 4 7 = 600X4 _ oo He Fr _ 905 120 En ie F,, = 220-30(0.4+0.1 Tim B pace a ine page? 7 20 core Ege 51.25V So, Eg = V-IglR, + Ro. + 51.25 = 220-15(0.4+ ‘ Ryg = 10.752 150A Given, R, = 0.12 ‘As, DC generators connected with DC ord output voltage will be constant. 0010 440 220V When generator is running at 800 “pm Generated emf, Ey = V+lyR, Stay losses = 375 Watt = 145+ 150x0.1 pone ih. -= 120-65(0.8) &, = 1148V -N, = 1200rpm takes 2 A at no load 2a —— x 1200 = 1241.811pm 8y solving, 1, = 48.750 Torque, corresponding, 60. Trey 60 T= = — 10000 2n(900) = 106.15N-m Separately excited motor, 4 Te i Fase v 18N-m, = 45.750 Fora torque rat m, =? New, 1, = 10x45.75 _ ay 16 106.15 sa. Given, sepatately initiated DC motor. Field excitation is constant, Producing a torque of 500 N-m At zero speed, ‘. N= i V-1A, }00-1,(0.05) 100 Ig = = 20004 0.05 ODP a ola DN BOA | T= I, Let, ax Poiynm Let, where, 500 N-m, 14, = 2000 A SO 2000 When motor runs on no-load given all mechanical losses neglected. No-load current is negligible and the voltage drop at no-load can be neglegibie.146 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers | mae ¥ 6, = V=150V For series motor, _ oZNP f= “BOA Already solved, ke 2(%) an\ A ZPo 1000 ~ 190° 12 7 ee N, = 824.56 rpm 2 N » B25 rpm = Om(k)- 60 PET] (1579.33) En Ra (@: No-load speed in rad/sec.) b aia ew E, 4 I, ! a= | osa Fo. k 150 Oe pos” 600 rad/sec. Es. fe ¢} From circuit diagram, At {ull load condition, ec 1BA N, = 1500rpm I, = 25A ae oe ‘= 2000~ I,-1,=24A gt = ¥—1,R, E,, = 220-24 x 0.5 = 208 Ey = V-1{R, +R) E,, = 200-10(1) = 190V N, = 1000rpm Load torque increased by 44% (T « 12) h I 2 5 Av LTE t, 10 I = 144 = [y= 12A At same voltage, 219 _ ON Eg = V—laglR, + Reo) 208 1501 Exe = 200~12(1)= 188V N, = 1579.33 1pma 25 @ 26 (0) 27 () 28 @ 29 (@ an aa . ide @ 218) 216% 217 @ 218) 2.28 (a) 2.29 (y 29 (a) 2.04 (7.466 - 6.787) kVA} 2.25 (b) ) 2.31 299 (@) 2.33 (d) 2.34 (a) 2.35 (b) ee) 289) 240 24 (b) 2.42 () 2,43 (c) 2.44 (c) BAT (C) 2.48 (0) 249 (4) 2560 (2) 2.51 (b) 2.52 (b) 2.53 (c) mee 1) 285) 259 19 269), 961 0) 26210 ee (550) 2.68 (0) 2.67 (2361) 2.68 (0) 2.69 (c) 2.71 (1.33)2.72 (a) 2.73 (1.4423) 2.74 (c) 2.75 (6) 2.76 (a) ee 12.70 (378) 2.80 (@) 2.81 (97.36%) 9 (721) 45x 11x10? eveloped emf and current carrying 10 00 ee are the functions of core area, For half of the rated current, g capabilities or the current density 495 material is fixed. As the area has times, current carrying capability has times. @ gediemt is directly proportional to core This is a case of open delta connection which ‘thas also increased ‘4' times, Gives balanced supply voltage with reduced =6I,=4E,x41,=16, 1, rating V= —=2475V 2 (cd) Transformers | the same phase group can be operated in parallel. The transformer with +30° and ~30° angle can be operated in parallel by = Blof reversing the primary and secondary phase Bere ye i. sequence of one transformer oF : as = BP « Ve In order to have same value of core flux (Vi) ratio isto be kept constant, Also ina transformer, core flux is constant detect incipient faults. of current in adjoining turns is Ve Bate of force of attraction. ‘s 2 kab : sharing of two transformer ie = = x230=115V s must be equal, = vy 50% 30 a-t. 2 as = 200285" 2 lo| GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : [EJ | MADE py, a = -19% Maximum kVA supplied : : ' = AM, - BX Raed ‘capacity of bank) % change in core losses = 7] WwW, . Best HVA 26 kVA Iii, Wy, = W, = AW, AW. _ tf aw, WoW 2lw, as Incase of bank of similar or identical transformers, each transformer generally share the loadinequal ga proportion ) Hence load shared by one transformer If we neglect the effect of saturation ang 20 of insulation (as maximum voltage is be, = mp WAS 1OKVA the voltage ratings will be three ti previous values and same will be the kVA ray... Be The practical problems like failur KVA ‘can not be incorporated as nothing is 1 510-19) =-14.55, 0.98 = ———__ WA+R +P, (i) in the question. Py. ) and 098 = O.SkVA, Ee OSKVA+P +0.25P. 401000 Primary current = ~~" < 95 a \ kVA i ‘400 WVA+2R +05P, Short circuit current = 2° ~ 250 a 10/100 From equation () and (i), P+P.=2P+05P. = 05P.=P, = P.=2P Percentage change in hysteresis loss (Ye AY . = |2/2.4] -1]x100 [ ee ea 0.707 «1 mes 0.707 x1+0.01+ > 45 0.9% 50)'_, tet = 97.248% = 97.25% aly ie The auto transformer connections can oe" Ath ~ 10% as below: ™ -_— Percentage change in eddy current loss Too 2 2 - (sh. 4) . le Ye Biv flee | asa ales] f° 7When the value of input voltage is maximum, rate Of change of core flux is minimum; as both are 80° out of phase in case of sinusoidal input. 2 2 100 (Qaslom pase = onan) (33KV)E a 20 [Sam Pave MYA IRCOSO + IX sing) pcre Prat * Za ¥Zoy = 2 5 HE =1960 Ey Ae %) Bie re (3) 502 -cos“(0.6) 20, = 25 2-cos"(0.6) Bae The two 200 turns windings are connected in additive polarity. Hence the output voltage will be 400 \V. The difference of this 400 V and the voltage induced in first windings (.e. 400 turns) 34/4+8+/6 2687 [58 ) is same Bg Output fi = — =. Bicone) = “Tot HOuna, naa Output = xScosp where, $= Rating of the machine x = % of the full load gulation = (Acos¢ + Xsino) cos@ = Power factor 08 +5 x06) = 3.8% P, = lronor core loss P., = Fullload copper loss For maximum efficiency P= sR, Efficiency = = ——*S0086_ xSc0so+P +x°Po, _ 380089 Max eciency = Ng = =ar9 OF a) = * 1xSx14+2R, P, = 0.055SJxSxt 1 Jxsx1+0056s+( ) x00sss = 87.8% As per Lenz's law, E, = ny ‘The positive direction of this emf opposes the n= 100 positive current direction. Ht, $= 6, sinat E,= NZ (ensina!) = N,$,@Cos wt E, leads the flux by 90°, Similar, E= Ne (@, sina) and E, leads the fiux by 90° So E, and E, are in phase. &_ sets ey EN, . = E, = 2E, or E, > E, e : A= Because of resistive load, J, is in phase with E,. a oN 2 = he 2 mas, J, and J, are in phase, because 1, = I, + Exciting current (/,) But /,, is very small.On the basis of above analysis, phasor diagram is E, ‘As the transformer is A-Y connected, it Mean jing toline voltage on primary side induces ling neutral for phase voltage on secondary sid, 6 to transformer. Turn ratio Maa umf ™ kv _ 13 a eo * 10° wes ~ 415 * Vag = Vy Vac * aV, and V,-= aV, When S, is closed, Band Care at same potent $0, Vgc = Va- Vo= 9 Applying KVL in, A connection Vag Vac + Vac = 9 2 Ve2—Ye Let, Vyg = 11x 10°20" Vag = 11 x 10°20 j = 11x 1092180" ; Voltage across terminals a and c. Vag = Vq~ Ve = Me Me 4g —Vocl _ 415 * 18x 108 [11%10820°— 11 x 10°10) 415 .—— Fs 11 x 10° x 2) ao = 480V Turns ratio, Ny: Np: Nis 4:2: 1 Induced emf in winding 1 = E,=V, = 40020 As we know, eee, FE, No eae = ee eel = 3 BN (£}s0020 = 20020°V dies Eek2) x(2020") =ozra aye t Jy = 1020 + 10290" =(10+ j10) A ‘loss at any load __ P,, = x2 x [Full load copper loss] =217.4A is connected as step-up Ing = I= 21734 Tg = Ing + 18.15 = 232.498 KVA rating of the auto transformer Seen = Vika = 3300 x 232.49 x 10° = 767.4 kVA Rated kVA = 100 kVA Rated primary line to line vonage V,_, = 11000V Rated primary phase voltage Vp = V,_)= 11000V Rated primary side line current am Rated kVA x 10° ed 100 10° L= =A 1” ¥8x11000 Rated primary phase current, a A. 0x10 "8 3x71000 Base phase impedance, -% 11000 __ _ 36300 Ty (100x10" 3x11000 p.u. phase impedance = 0.02 + j0.07 pu Phase impedance = Base phase impedance x (0.02 + j0.07) = 3630 x (0.02 + j0.07) 0 = (726 + j254.1)GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : [7 | mane ¢, ee) ‘Staridelta +30° connection Byusing above connection, +30° phase s can be introduced between ouput an in, voltages, ‘A major part of the total flux is confined to the aa ore as mutual flux ¢,, linking both the primary and secondary, a small amount of flux does leak through paths which jie mostly in air and link Separating the individual windings Since reactance « amount of the flux linkage Xn >> X= Xy Flux leakage 6, | Circuit model in open-circuit test: |In open-circuit test, the transformer draws only AA) exciting current. The exciting current is cry magnetizing in nature and is prop: ne sinusoidal flux and in phase with it represented by J, lagging the induced e However the presence of eddy- hysteresis, both demand the flow of a a oe) Be) intothe system and as a consequence the eng Current /, has another component J th E,. Thus the exciting current lags the ir by an angle slightly less than 90° making pov factor very low. Bae The currents carried by two transforr Proportional to their ratings if their impedances on their own ratings are « Z,(p.u.) = Z,(p.u) = 0.05 puion is possible for leading So zero voltage reguiati power factor. Intwo winding transformer V, = 500; V,=250V 50x 10° = AES 0n h= 500 50x10° and. = —=20A 250 ___ xS00s6 (i) N= 7Sc0s¢ + losses Fullload, x = 1, upf, cos = 1, $= 50 006s 1x 50x14 1x50x1+losses Losses = 2.63 Losses = Iron loss + Copper loss When two winding transformer is connected as step up autotransformer c 7 1 fio A AY, V, = 750V V, = 500V | 100A ' =1(Roos 6 + Xsin¢) 8 ____(Forlagging power factor) I, = 200 1=1(Reos ¢- Xsin ¢) V, = 750 (For leading power factor) Va rating of auto transformer (cos $- Xsin ¢) =0 Soto = Yelp 7 = 750 x 200 = 150KVAGATE Previous Years Solved Papers | MADE Eng 164 | As current through windings and voltage across windings are equal in two-windiing transformer and autotransformer. Losses remain same at full load efficiency at upf and full load Hn = ——t Sato 2080 109 ¥Syyq 6086+ losses = —1*150*1 109 1x 150x 14 2.63 = 98.276% Phasor diagram of primary and secondary voltage AAA) ag b,() 3 ‘Secondary Itis observed from the phasor diagram that phase ato neutral voltage (equivalent star basis) on the delta side lags by ~30° to the phase to neutral voltage on the star side. This connection is known as ~-30° connection or Yd1 connection. Open-circuit Test: In open-circuit test, no-load current Jy is very small (it is usually 2-6% of the rated current). No-load current J, lags Eby slightly less than 90°, ‘so power factor is very low. Therefore, wattmeter W, is suitable for the open- circuit test. Short-circuit Test: In short-circuit test, V,. needed to circulate the full-load current is very low. Under these conditions, J, is only about 0.1 to 0.5% of full load current. As /y is highly lagging butitis very small as compared to full load current, e power factor is high. $0, wattmeter W, is suitable for the short o,, > test. “ Mutual inductance is where the flux of tw coils are linked so that voltage is induced in ong coil proportional to the rate of change of in another. The mutual inductance that exists ben two coils can be greatly increased by posit themon a common soft iron core or by inc the number of turns of either coil Consider: The changing flux in coil 1 is prop changing current in coil 2 Oo, dlp ne = My,“ at at > My = N22 Ip Similarly time rate of change of m: in coil 2 is proportional to time rate of current in coil 1 oy dl, Neotel = M2 ? at Mest => My, = Also, My = Ms, =M We can observe that none of the para changes due to placing of coils on horiz hence mutual inductance will remain unc w As S, is open, third harmonic current can in delta winding. S, is open, neutral get therefore no third harmonic current in star Since third harmonic current cannot flow side, the magnetizing current /, sinusoidal.curve, the core, the core flux soidal it is a fla'-topped be verified by assuming a n, third-harmonic current can not flow ‘but, S, is closed, therefore delta rovides path for third harmonic current = X, and X;, are neglected. is lossless = R,, Fy’ and A, are = magnetizing inductances = (i) (iii) i with During 0 < ts 5ms, 0) increases linearly time ay = t= 2000 5x10 = 7 Hilo Ye= 4 (20001) 2 10,492 a yy 7 During Sms << 15 ms i(t) = ~2000t+ 20 - at Va = 400, 19-3 x 4 (-2000t+ 20) r a =-—V During 15 ms < t< 25 ms i = 2000 1-40 ditt) Vet ee, ha= Ly 400 = 409,107 x (200040) 6 at eB * v toms |E20ms E} ams Therefore, peak voltage across Aand B = 82y t When sis closed the equivalent circuit, A fo 0@ yo ug vA“je =309 Load current referred to primary side, = Joly g(t) pol, +f x(t) Load voltage referred to primary side, Ve = & (DR; : Ri = Vit) = fe axa) 80, secondary om across Aand 8 VA = m4 AU) V,{0 = oe oe ~ lola Ay YAO pesto Given, {f) = 10.cos100nt + Frequency, @= 100% 100 x 4% 10° x30 Vo = ——2 x 10sint00xt 30+ /100R x @ 10° = V,,COs(100nt+ 4) Peak value of secondary voltage, A an c Colt Coll? Bi 1D No. of turns N, = 4000 and N, = 6000 = 600V The two coils are connected to ob: autotransformer Refer to circuit-diagram c 400V. 1000V in previous solution, load connected = 10A Current through coil 2 te loc =h= Input eurrent of autotranstorme My ~ = 25A UsingKCl, J, = I = B= 10+!, Current through coil 1 Ee ‘Secondary current b= 12a = lasRated primary current (phase) 8 $s * By, ~ 100 Base impedance ‘are neglected, magnetizing __ fated phase E pete voltatge [be in phase with flux (6). Therefore rated cu jemt by 90° _ 10048 _ 108 snows = toad impedance reffered to primary side Z, = base impedance (primary side) x PU impedance = 107, 48 2414) 5 200° Oe Ee The transformer is fed from sinusoidal supply, S° 40 flux (6) set up in the transformer is also sinusoidal. As the transformer is air-cored, there will be no 40 saturation and hysteresis effect in transformer. $0 B-H curve is linear, due to which magnetizing current is also sinusoidal. Sinusoidal toneutral voltage i 3 3 2 5 eon secondary side Ew ; 4s Biacct Weknow, E = Van MO, 1p Nand iprimary side and secondary side as Nand fare constant, Suicctay.. 1 je on primary side Bae 2 re = 25m andalso, q, = HAHA voltage on primary side a = Yor la Aide _ Vlg _ 1 tea te 2ie a Bin The vanetonmer induced em equation Ve = V2 nfom N . le* Wank =07A om v, = vant By AN Core loss = volume of core, ven, ¥ constant # Pas te ie fux ne (to avoid over fluxing) = 2V2x55 = 155.6W For 90% current, P,, = (0.9P Py, 81 Pas ™ Gg OM P, a = ffm - | -08=80% FP igs Vi be Reluctance will be increased by two times. By considering flux density as constant flux should be reduced to 25% as area is reduced to 25% For given current, number of turns should be reduced by halt. Given, at 230 V, 50 Hz, core loss = 1050 W and at 138 V, 30 Hz, core loss = 500 W Let, V, = 230-volt, , = 50Hz, Eddy current loss = P,,, Hysteresis loss = V, = 138 volt, f, = 30 Hz, Eddy current loss = Pe,, Hysteresis loss = Fh, We know that, eddy current loss, Ps Be, and hysteresis loss, P, = Bry f= BrP f (Typical value of x = 1.6) Eddy current oss, P= and hysteresis loss, P, = 5 2 a 4) ‘ Pe v, oF, PR, = 036R, (i) Thy fh) Aso, 2 -(#) (4) 138)'° 50)" (5) (3) 1 2 18 —— = = (0.6)!°x Tape =08 A, = 06F, ti Given, at 230 V, 50 Hz, Core loss = Py +P = 1050W i at 138 V, 30 Hz, Coreloss = Ps, +A = 500W of, 0.36 R, +0.6F, = 500 W (vy Solving equations (iii) and (iv), we get A, = 508 Wand F, = 542 W Therefore, hysteresis and eddy currer 230 V, 50 Hz are 508 W and 542 W re: Sol. Method-I: Given, 50 kVA, 1000 V/100 V, 2-winding transton S004 1100 ‘ 50x10" _ sol 1000 Current in HV side (winding) =500A, tude 'of the currents in HV ding to the dot potarity ig ngof the autotransformer = 550 kVA 50 mH) | 169 te Py = AP, Ai) Also, P, af ee Pe 2A, All) Now, at f, = 25Hz, PtP, = 3125 (ili) and at f, = S0Hz Pa + Ph = 750W or, or, 2P,+P, = 375W liv) (Using equation (i) and (ii)) Solving equations (ii) and (iv), we get F, = 62.5 Watt and P, = 250 Watt Thus, at 25 Hz, hysteresis loss = 250 Wand eddy Current loss = 62.5 W. ETH sol. Method-1: As transformed is ideal, induced emfin secondary winding = load voltage ie. E, = V>=110Volt Load current'secondary winding current, (=i 5) = 4086 4 1100.89 Transformation ratio, a (Equivalent circuit offered to primary) Given, cos@ = 0.89 or, @ = 27.12° Secondary current referred to primary, 1 = 2220438 a Ty = 20432-2712 A, E, = 8652x110 = 220 volt Now, I= +h170 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers : [Za Mave Since, input pf required is unity and the load is For unity pf horizontal component of (7 ) rol i ie lagging), therefore, xmustbe capactive be cancelled with (,) 4 ; So, 20.43sin(27.13°) = = : hat = eel ees i : 4 = (2) +20 ABZ ~ 27.12") a : eu- ; 4 a = 6.18- j93t) . ‘Sal ay, = Ai) a allt 1, =48 mH, L, = 30mH, M= 20 mH ce 9.31 a=2(220/110V) = tar] L,-aM = 45-2 20=5mH ele AG #ly- aM = 22x 30-2 x 20 = 80 mH aM = 2x 20=40mH Equating angle of equation (i) on both sides, we get FET Sol. ieee 1000cos | 2 931 Si (1 7)+(08+ 748) F tan”) “| = we |o? = 04/9) 1000200s"(0.8) (1.8+ /10.8) 220 = 0.5520 x 100cos"* (0.8) = pape eS = 555.55236.89° 2 X= 23.632 Sol. Method-Il: 20 sof =a an | a | ea 6 3 1 12x—=1.33 x5 a Bae Self inductance of primary coil Sel inductance of secondary coil is 600 Mutual inductance is 480 mH ; 800mH = & 8 2lan Wing equation () ang ae Se (ii), (Pore = At= 60x52 = 3120Watt (Pooiy = BF =08 x (52)? = 2163.2Watt Pp, (sore _ 3120 (eote ~ Bisa = 14428 Ba 22kvA, 2200 V/220 V, 50 He Distribution \ranstormer is to be connected as on ufo transformer to getan output voltage of 2420 V, VA acm 28 an auto transformer =? &S voltage rating = is 2420 ie, (2000 + 220)V Additive polarity, UKVA ato = (Qounng + 1) VAs riieg Where, aeindog = ay 10 220 (KVA) ayo = (10 + 1) x 22-= 242 Es. 2 KVA, 100/200 V transformer. 200 “oweceg = 599 =2 UUHVA), lax = (By rieg* 1) (KVA) vecsng = (2+1)x2=6 By ALTTKV, oad is 8 MW, 0.8 py. lagging a. Nae Vale ~ Ua > Wa = Usp lO Von)s (ody 113 Vay 7 tig = BIOS Atport 1 .¢. high voltage side impedance will be high and current will be low, So r?L.Load on 6.6 KV winding = 900 kVA @ 0 8 pt lag : 900x107 if Pa aesexne * Transformation Ratio # he fs araac-26.86°A Load on 400 V winding = 300 kVA at 0.6 p.f 300% 10? ¥3x400 aS = 433.0252 -53.13°A Transformation ratio = 11° 1000 2 4.76 8 433,025 476 = 90972-5319 Solline vaiue of current = ¥3x90.972-53.13° = 157.562-53.13°A ‘Current drawn by 1.1 KV winding will be = h+h = 472,42-36.86 + 157. 56.2-53.13° = 377.96 ~ 283.37 + 94.53 - /126.04 = 472.49 -j409.41 = 625.192-40°A 25 kVA 33 ee 5:1 33K From turn ratio, V, = 381 Viphase Veing = 381 VBVblp = 25000 25000 i= = = 37.88 2 YBx381 2 Percent voltage regulation es % VAL = V,cose, (where, '+' lag p.1. and ~’ lead p At ull load Given, V, = 3% Impedance drop, V, = 5% ., Reluctance drop, V, = ¥5°-3? =4 Voltage regulation at full oad at 0.8 p | jag VR. = 30.8) + 4(06) 24424 = 48% 900 KVA, A/Y, 3-phase transforme ia . 1 - % a 72) ; i Given R, = 0.3Wiph R, = 0.02Wiph Iron loss = 10kW Primary line current, fae 220%1000 _ 7, aso Primary phase current, Ign, = 100A Secondary line current, 900 1000 ty = ——__ = 300A BS WBx1732 Secondary phase current, Tom = 300A Culloss of H.V. side = 3x17 R, =3(100) = 9000 Watts Cu loss of LV. side = 3x IER, = (300) (0.08) = 5400 WattsFor a 12 kW, 0.6 pf lagging load, P= 12kW Q- 2 xsin(cos'0.6) = 16kVAR Transformer rating, S = 25kVA Let us assume load that can be added is P kW then, SF = (PHAP + 26? = (P+ 12)? + 167 P= 7.21kW‘of the supply voltage at the rated ction Machines 3.6 (4) 3.7 (0433) 38 (0) 3.16 (b) 3.17 (a) 3.19 (d) 3.26 (b) 3.27 (d) 3.28 (b) 3.35 (c) 3.36 (b) 3.37 (c) 3.44 (a) 3.45 (d) 3.46 (b) (7.01) 3.53 (b) 3.54 (a) 3.55 (c) 3.61 (c) 3.62 (c) Induction Machines will occur but the motor will with reduced capacity. =1000rpm _ 120x50 6 > N, is Mode or working as an @ fixed value of air gap-flux, the be kept constant. places) when it is connected to a [VN N\"" 10 Hz, three-phase AC source IS - {got 9 : 2 Marks] 3.10 (c,d) 3.11 (a) 3.13 (9) 3.21 () 3.22 (c) 3.23 (@) ) 3.30 (0) 3.31 (a) 3.32 (b) 3.38 (c) 3.39 (b) 3.40 (d) 3.41 () 3.47 (d) 3.48 (b) 3.49 (3.33)3.50 (c) 3.56 (b) 3.57 (1.2) 3.58 (401.64) 3.63 (70.05) 3.64 (d) 3.9 (c) 3.20 (b) 3.29 (a) ak. V = Kf Itis directly proportional to the frequency. Sol. N, > N 120%50 (For stable 6 running) > 1250 120x 50 1250 P< 48 The value of Pwill always be an integer nearest to this range the value is ‘4’.ys 182 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: [Za | MADE a a al Es. Bow Tyg = (0.5) *1,, Except this method, all other methods 1 the value of current. In this method . Ig = gle voltage as well as starting curre Bae Jy - T= (05) x3 =0.433 sc Number of phases on rotor = Ew Any unbalance in supply system, will cause ER) Negative sequence component. Air gap power = 40 kW ~ 1 kW ho | 39 KW mi Synchronous speed = Slip = eee Gross power = Decreases by 19% ERD <<) lf air gap increases, leakage flux increases. This increased leakage flux will cause the motor current more lagging in nature and hence pf. gets deteriorated. Also as breakdown torque is inversely proportional to leakage reactance, it will T= 4 also reduce. As the motor is drai Ea supply When the connections delta (,), = J3(tp), When the connection is star (/,)y = (Ip)y Also, Tay (ly? 2 or, aa | = Gar _[Mo) a ads [V3Ip Hence as frequency increases, Sol. > (Ty)y= 2x120Nm = 401Nm oi 3 Induction motor will not work in this Ess. D's a-T.o-R,c-P Power input at no-load (P,) pro Hal as the shaft output is zer: Efficiency of rotor can not be determined without rei F;(lrondcore loss) and F, knowing actually about fixed losses. hyaton tose)3 VRIs_ 3 SVP ~ a Ish FE As the load torque is constant Teh SVP _8Net (OF ~ (oF 2 eT as the square of voltage. (oh v, Not increase significantly, the 2 a ra 2 Y loss remains almost constant = tonhl2.( #5) versus Vis extrapolated to V= 0 i ne frais, =25, Difference between synchronous speed and actual speed ©,-0,= 50, (0),-(o), = 54), = (25) x s = 5(@5)y Therefore, the difference between synchronous ‘speed and actual speed remains same. Stator current. i W2y(_f li,\ = CIB) »=(2)Gi3)ne0 ae fl as RyIs>> xs fotor stanstill reactance referred In| = sv l= V, (; lil = oft ; lle of Wtgl = 2s) x= lig) = ligt Therefore, stator current remains same. Ee Ng, = 3000 rpm (synchronous speed at 50 Hz) N, = 2850rpm (motor speed at 50 Hz) 3000 - 2860 = amo 7° (rated slip at 50 Hz)184 | Where, by (V/A control, Ege Ng = 2000 $$) ~2400"m Tone (synchronous speed at 40 Hz) 'N, = New running speed of motor 0.05 Neal 1-5.) = 2400] 1-288) 2 2 esa! rt 4 nen me ee | en, In braking mode, the motor runs in To reverse the direction of rotation, phase direction to rotating field ie. N, (rotor a sequence of the supply has to be reversed. For jeu d ~(N,)_No+N clockwise direction, the phase sequence was ‘A-B-C for counter-clockwise direction, the phase sequence has to be A-C-B. Eg I Let, P, = Airgap power are P,,, = Rotor copper loss = sP. se yy. = 120f _ 120x50 P,,= Gross power output Sie 8 power - Rotor copper loss = 7501pm P,, = Py-SP,=Pi1~ 8) mmf wave contain space harmonics e.g. ith and ries Wn seventh harmonics which correspond to poles five P, and seven times that of the fundamental Siveelineapsbe-phase different botwaen ESRB Let no-load current = /, Equivalent-circuit model of induction mot load is drawn fundamental poles of the winding phase is (0°, 120°, 240°), this difference is (0°, 240°, 120°) for fifth harmonic poles and (0°, 120°, 240°) for the seventh. Hence the fifth harmonic poles rotate bea | backwards with synchronous speed N/S and the ‘camel seventh harmonic poles rotate forward at Vie = a re a = 107.14 pm : —! [32+ a Fo +iX, W, (syn. speed) = 22%! h=V Hf voltage is reduced, no-load current (/ Es 120x 50 = 15001pm Slip is extremely law (of the order 0.001 4 load, even if voltage is reduced, there is "eo change in the speed P Torque developed = T= w,(1—s) 15x 10° x60 = eae eT Nn Sos Teenie) o,°? 8 Torque in induction motor is given by.Edi N, = 1204 . 120%50 pee meee 1600 rpm Na =Na 1500-1440 _ 94 1500 Vv bad re Constant ft 30 2 Vv, v2) =400%22 =240V (*) tS Torque ¢ ie aad Torque developed init oe javold saturation in stator and que developed in induction me ould cause sharp increase in re 3 VFI the flux f, must be kept 0, lef +X" in stable region, slip is very low, $0 Vv this, 7 ratio must be kept ial voltage al frequency I rotor standstill reactance rthen at any frequency /, ency f, i 2() <() as load torque is constant, T, ht 8 9 ast ¥ny Np = Rotor speed, No = Ng (1- ident of f = 900 (1 -0.067)~840 rpm