Math Logic/symbolic Logic

- Is a branch of mathematics with close

connections to computer science.
-It includes both the mathematical study of
logic and the applications of formal logic to
other areas of mathematics.
-It includes the study of the deductive formal
proofs system and expressive formal system.
PROPOSITIONS

A proposition (or
statement) is a declarative
statement which is true or
false, but not both.
PROPOSITIONS
EXAMPLES:
The following are propositions:
–SPCBA is in San Pedro, Laguna.
– The door is open.
– Manny Pacquiao is a boxer.
-Davao is in Luzon.
whereas the following are not:
– are you going out somewhere?
– 2+3
 Which of the following are
propositions?
proposition a. 144 is an even number
Not a
proposition
b. Did you cheat in the exam?
Not a
proposition
c. This statement is false
proposition d. All birds can fly
proposition e. Quezon city is our nation’s capital
proposition f. Doctors have bad handwritings.
proposition
g. 3+2=5
Which of the following are
propositions?
Manila is the capital of the
Philippines.
What da is it?
Help me, please.
He is handsome.
“Manila is the capital of the
Philippines” is true, therefore it is
a proposition.
“What day is it?” It is a question;
it cannot be considered either true
or false therefore is it is not a
proposition.
“Help me, please”. It cannot be
categorized as true or false and
therefore it is not proposition.
“He is handsome.” The sentence
is neither true nor false because
“he” is not specified and thus it is
not a proposition.
 PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
a branch of symbolic logic dealing with 
propositions as units and with their 
combinations
and the connectives that relate them

Example:
p = “Magsaysay was the president.”
q = “The list of Philippine presidents
includes Magsaysay.”
r = “Aura likes Cardo.”
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC

Propositional logic is the study

of how simple propositions can
come together to make more
complicated propositions.
Simple proposition
A proposition is simple if it
contains only one idea.

Compound proposition
A proposition is compound if its
is composed of at least two
simple propositions joined
together by logical connectives
Compound Proposition
Is a proposition composed of two or
more simple propositions connected
by logical connectives “and”, “or”,
“if then”. “not”, “if and only if”, and
“exclusive-or”.
Propositional Variable

Is a variable which is used to

represent a proposition.
It is written using propositional
logic notation, p, q, and r are
used to represent propositions.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
In Propositional Logic, we assume a
collection of atomic propositions are
given:
p, q, r, s, t, …

Then we form compound

propositions by using logical
connectives (logical operators) to
form propositional “molecules”.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Logical Connectives
Operator Symbol Usage
Negation ~ not
Conjunction ∧ and
Disjunction ∨ or
Conditional → if, then
Biconditional ↔ If and
only if
(iff)
 Truth Table
A truth table is a mathematical table used in
logic to compute the functional values of logical
expressions on each of their functional arguments,
that is, on each combination of values taken by
their logical variables

Example*:
p q p ∧q
T T T
p ~p T F F
F T F T F
T F F F F

*some examples only; other truth table will be presented later

 Operations on Propositions
A. Negation:
This just turns a false proposition into
true and the opposite for a true
proposition.
Example:
p : 23 = 15 +7

p happens to be false, so ~p is true.

So ~p has the truth value true whenever

evaluated.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

Negation – truth table

Logical operators are defined by truth
tables –tables which give the output of
the operator in the right-most column.
Here is the truth table for negation:
p ~p
F T
T F
Negation
Example: e represents an irrational number.

Let e represents an irrational number.

The following statements are some of the
different ways ~e may be expressed:

1. e does not represent an irrational number.

2. It is not the case that e represents an
irrational number.
3. It is false that e represents an irrational
number.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Example
State the negation of the
following propositions
p: f(x) = 2x + 1 is a polynomial
function
q: 2 is an odd number
r: Everyone in Visayas speaks
Cebuano
B. Conjunction – The conjunction of
p and q is the compound proposition
“p and q” symbolically p ∧ q

Property 1. If p is true and q is also

true, then p ∧ q is true;
otherwise p ∧ q is false.
 Examples. Determine the truth value of
the following conjunctions.

1. 2 + 6 = 9 and man is a mammal.

2. Manny Pacquiao is a boxing
champion and Corazon Aquino
was the first female Philippine
president.
3. San Pedro is the second city in
Laguna geographically and Biñan
is the third one.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Conjunction:
Conjunction is a binary operator in that
it operates on two propositions when
creating compound proposition.
On the other hand, negation is a unary
operator (the only non-trivial one
possible).
Other words that can be used in place of
the connective “and” are:
“but”,”also”,”moreover”,”while”
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

Conjunction – truth table

p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
 
 Operations on Propositions

C. Disjunction – The disjunction p

and q is the compound proposition
“p or q”. Symbolically p ∨ q.

Property 2. If p is true or q is
true, or both true, then p ∨ q;
otherwise p ∨ q is false
 Examples. Determine the truth value of
the following disconjunctions.

1. 2 + 6 = 9 or man is a mammal.
2. Manny Pacquiao is a chess
champion and Corazon Aquino
was the second female Philippine
president.
3. San Pedro is the third city in
Laguna geographically and Biñan
is the second one.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Disjunction – truth table
Disjunction is true when at least one of
the components is true:
p q p ∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Words: “or”, “unless”
 
 Exercises
1. Let p be “It is cold” and let q be
“It is raining”. Give a simple verbal
sentence which describes each of the
following statements:
a. ~p
b. p ∧ q
c. p ∨ q
d. q ∧ ~p
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Conditional (Implication):
This one is probably the least intuitive.
It’s only partly akin to the English usage
of “if,then” or “implies”.

DEF: p → q is true if q is true, or if p is

false. In the final case (p is true while q
is false) p → q is false.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Conditional synonyms:
There are many ways to express the
conditional statement p → q :
1. If p then q.
2. p implies q.
3. If p, q.
4. q only if p.
5. p is sufficient for q.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Conditional (Implication):
In P → Q, we refer to P as antecedent
and Q the consequent.
Example:
Let P : I saved some money.
Q : I will invest in stock market
Express as P→Q
1. If I saved some money, then I will
invest in stock market.
2. I will invest in stock market only if I
saved some money.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Conditional -- truth table

p q p →q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Consider the conditional proposition
P→Q. Its converse, inverse and
contrapositive are defined, respectively,
as follows:

i. Q→P converse
ii. ~P→~Q inverse
iii. ~Q→~P contrapositive
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Given the conditional proposition below, state its
converse, inverse, and contrapositive in sentence
form:

“If you are honest, then you deserve a reward.”

COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Bi-Conditional -- truth table :
If P↔Q is true, you say that P and Q are
logically equivalent. That is, they will be true
under exactly the same circumstances.
For P↔Q to be true, p and q must have the
same truth value. Else, p ↔ q is false:
p q p ↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
The following examples illustrate different
ways a biconditional can be expressed in
sentence form.

1. The function f is even if and only if f(x) = f(-x)

1. f(x) = f(-x) is a necessary and sufficient

condition for the function f to be even.
 COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
Exercises
Let:
p = “Cruise ships only go on big rivers.”
q = “Cruise ships go on the Hudson.”
r = “The Hudson is a big river.”

Write as English sentence:

1. ~r
2. p∧q
3. p∧q →r
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

~r = “The Hudson is not a big river.”

p∧q = “Cruise ships only go on big rivers and go
on the Hudson.”
p∧q →r = “If cruise ships only go on big rivers
and go on the Hudson, then the Hudson is a big
river.”
Seatwork
I. Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q, r and
s are defined as follows.
p: Neil is a big eater.
q: Len has a big voice.
r: Jeric likes to travel
s: Lemy likes violet
 
1. While Len has a big voice, Neil is not a big eater.
2. Jeric likes to travel or he does not.
3. It is not true that Neil is a big eater and Lemy does not like violet.
4. It may or may not be the case that Lemy likes violet.
5. Either Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, yet Lemy likes
violet.
6. If Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy likes violet.
7. Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice if and only if Lemy likes
violet and Jeric likes to travel.
 II. Translate the following statements in
symbolic form. Use indicated letters to
represent each component proposition..
 
1. During a Public Storm Warning Signal No. 1
(S), banana trees maybe tilted (T) or
uprooted (U).
2. The Philippines ranked as 76th freest
economy (F) and one of the top ten most
improved economies in the world in the
2015 Index of Economic Freedom (E).
3. If a patient come (P), a nurse (N) and a
doctor should attend to the patient (D).
4. If p is prime (P), then either p is 2 (T) or p
is odd (O).
Table of Value of Compound
Propositions
 
Table of Value of Compound
Propositions