Chapter 5 Introduction to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion Fluid Rotation about all three coordinate ate A Tluid particle moving in a general three-dimensional flow field may 10 axes. Thus particle rotation is a vector quantity and, in general. ib loo, + iy + he soit rotation about here a, isthe rotation about the canis, a isthe rotation about the yas an axis. The positive sense of ration is given by the Fight-snd HE. Consider the xy plane We tow see how we ean extriet the mtation component of the a given by the (wo perpendicular view of the partiete at time ‘The lett ane! lower ssies of the particle wneral, after an inter- Aine segments oa and of of lengths J ant dy, respectively, shown In Val Jf the particle will have translated to some new position, and @ ; A posible instantaneous orientation of the lines at ime (AF is shown OY Ey syle, counter- We need to be careful here with our signs for angles. Following interclockwise through angle clockwise nation is positive, and we have shown side om rolaling. VEE are obviously 3a, but be aware that we have shown edge ob rotating at a clockwise angle ‘ se seeing, ef, let A= 6° arbitrary, but it will help visualize the discussion if we assign values {0 and x . 4 is that we take How do we extract rom Ae and A/a measure ofthe particle's rotation? The anoets an average of the rotations Ag and 4, so that the particle’s i ‘erclockwise rotation {(Aa— Ag). as shown in Fig. 5.7c. The minus sign is needed because we 6-4") =1°. (Given of ob —AB. Using the assigned values, the rotation of the particle is then > eatin becanse the two rotations, taking the average is the only way we can measure the Parlc's © TOA, any other approach would favor one side's rotation over the other, which doesn’ make SS.) | Now we can determine from Aq and Af a measure ofthe particle's angular deformation, & 8 07 in Fig. 5.7d. To obtain the deformation of side oa in Fig. 5.7d, we use Fig. 5.7b and 5.7c: If we sublet the particle rotation }(Aa—A¥), in Fig. 5.7e, from the actual rotation of oa, Aa, in Fig. 5.76, wi remains must be pire deTortiation [Aa~ 5 \(Aa+ Ap), in Fig. 5.7d}. Using the assigned values. the deformation of side oa is 6°! (6° -4") =5°. By a similar process, for side ob we end with AB—3 (Aad) = total deformation of the particle is the sum of the deformations of the sides, or (Aa + 4) (with our ‘example values, 10°). We verify that this leaves us with the correct value for the particle’s deformation: Recall that in Section 2.4 we saw that deformation is measured by the change in a 90° angle. In Fig. 5.7a we see this is angle aob, and in Fig. 5.7d we see the total change of this angle is indeed $(Aa+ Af) + j(Aa+ Af)=(Aa+ 9), inn We need to convert these angular measures fo quantities obtainable from the flow field. To do this, ‘we recognize that (for small angles) Aa= An/Ax, and Ap = A¢/Ay. But Aé arises because, if in interval Ar point o moves horizontally distance wAv, then point b will have moved distance (u + {du/dy]Ay)At (using a Taylor series expansion). Likewise, 4 arises because, if in interval At point o moves vertically distance vt, then point a will have moved distance (v + [@v/dx]Ax)Ar. Hence, Co x ig. 5.7a. In ge dito have rouated and deformed 5.1. \(Aa+Af), or a clockwise deformation }(Aa+ A), as shown in Fig. 5.7d. The age (ut y) rua Sava Yala Ap) Vela + ap) vt aed ay oe oe (2) Ongial particle (0) Parte ater time Ar (c) Rotational component (4) Angular deforr Fig. 5.7 Rotation and angular deformation of perpendicular line segments in a two~, ‘mation component ‘dimensional flow,