5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 163 ‘, by combining all these ee) arMotion 164 Chapter 5 Introduction to Differential Analysis of lu# ‘The circulation is ref 7 [20s (i) s I Ie ven by F=20A, where A is the area enclosey onstant, the circulation about any closed contour contour. Thus for rigid-body motion (a forced vortex) the rotation area enclosed by the contour. () For irrotational flow, «= + 2rVp=0. Integrating, we find c Wo =constant or Vo=f()= 7 ng the origin i For this low, the origin isa singular point where Vp—+ 00. Te circulation for any contour enclosing the origin i 2. refi fi ©, d9=2xC ls or Tc tums out that the circulation around any contour ot enclosing the singular point at the origin 1s 2 eames for the two vortex flows are shown below, along with the location and orientation at different instants of a cross marked in the fluid that was initially at the 12 o'clock position. For the rigid-body motion (which —-— ‘occurs. for example, a the eye of a tomado, creating the “dead” region at the very center), the cross rotates as it moves in a circular motion; | also, the streamlines are closer together as we move away from the ori- gin, For the irrotational motion (which occurs, for example, ouside the eye ofa tomado—in such a large region viscous effects are negli the cross does not rotate as it moves in a circular motion; also, the streamlines are farther apart as we move away from the origin. | Rigid-body motion Irrotational motion ‘When might we expect to have a flow in which the particles rotate as they move (0)? One ps sibility is that we star outwith a flow in which (for whatever reason) the particles already have rotation On the other hand, if we assumed the particles are not initially rotating, particles will only begin to route if they experience a torque caused by surface shear stresses; the particle body forces and normal (pes sure) forces may accelerate and deform the particle, but cannot generate a torque. We can conclude tht rotation of fluid particles will always occur for flows in which we have shear stresses. We have already Jeamed in Chapter 2 that shear stresses are present whenever we have a viscous fluid that is experiencing angular deformation (shearing). Hence we conelude that rotation of Muid particles only occurs in viscous flows (unless the particles are initially rotating, as in Example 3.10). Flows for which no particle rotation occurs are called irrotarional flows. Although no real flows twuly irrtational (al fluids have viscosity), it tums out that many flows can be successfully studied by assuming they are inviscid and irrotationa, because viscous effects are often negligible. As we discussed in Chapter 1, and will gain in Chapter 6, much of aerodynamics theory assumes inviseid flow. We need to be aware that in any flow there will always be regions e.g. the boundary layer fr flow ove 2 ‘wing) in which viscous effects cannot be ignored. * ensary ves fon The factor of} canbe eliminated from Eq. 5.14 by defining the vortciy, €, to be twice the rotation, C2W=0xv (513) “A rigorous proof sing ihe complete eqn of motion fr a aici gnc aL and Lam, p.12-126n+ Qtay Velocity components on the boundaries of afd element. is a measure of the rotation of a fluid element as it moves in the flow field. In cylindrical the vorticity is Dae, (1 Me _ Ve) |, (av, ave) |, (1 arVy_1 av, xv a(t ae +e6(% Ft eS) (5.16) T (which we will revisit in Example 6.12), is defined as the line integral of the ‘component about any closed curve fixed in the flow, ref i (6.17) ‘vector tangent to the curve and having length ds ofthe element of arc; a positive counterclockwise path of integration around the curve. We can develop a rela- and vorticity by considering the rectangular circuit shown in Fig. 5.8, where sumed to be (4,0), andthe velocities along segments be and ac can be 5-3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)