IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS IN SPM CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS

DETERMINING MELTING POINT OF NAPHTHALENE DETERMINING FREEZING POINT OF NAPHTHALENE

water bath
naphthalene conical flask
molten naphthalene

E MP IR I C A L F O R M U L A O F R E AC T I V E M E TA L EM PI R I C A L F O R M U L A O F U N R EA C T I VE M ET A L

Mg + O2 ⎯→ 2 MgO CuO + H2 ⎯→ Cu + H2O

R EA C TI O N O F A LK A LI M ET A L S W I T H W A T E R REACTI O N O F ALKALI M E T ALS W I T H O X Y G E N

2Na + 2H2O ⎯→ 2NaOH + H2 2Na + Cl2 ⎯→ 2NaCl // 4Na + O2 ⎯→ 2Na2O

R EA C TI O N O F C H LO R IN E W I T H I R ON R EA C TI O N O F C H LO R IN E W I T H W A TE R

2Fe + 3Cl2 ⎯→ 2FeCl3

Cl2 + H2O ⎯→ HCl + HOCl
E LE CT R O L Y S IS O F M O L T E N L E AD ( I I ) B R O M I D E E LE CT R O L Y S IS O F C OPP E R ( II) S U L P H A T E
S OL U T I ON (P O S I T I O N O F IONS IN ECS )

Carbon
copper(II) rods
sulphate
solution

Cat. (-): Pb2+ + 2e ⎯→ Pb An. (+): 4OH ⎯→ 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cat. (-): Cu2+ + 2e ⎯→ Cu
-
An. (+): 2Br - ⎯→ Br2 + 2e

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 E LE CT R O L Y S IS O F S OD I U M C H L O RI D E E LE CT R O L Y S IS O F POTASSIUM IODIDE
S O L UTI O N (CONCENTRATION OF IONS ) SOLUTION (C O N C E N T R A T I O N O F I O N S )

carbon concentrated carbon

dilute sodium rods potassium rods
chloride iodide solution
solution

An. (+): 4OH - ⎯→ 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cat. (-): 2H+ + 2e ⎯→ H2 An. (+): 2I - ⎯→ I2 + 2e Cat. (-): 2H+ + 2e ⎯→ H2
E LE CT R O L Y S IS O F C O P P E R( I I ) S UL P HA T E E XT R A C T I O N O F M E T A L S
S OL U T I O N ( T Y P E O F E LE CT R O D ES USED )

dilute
copper(II) copper
sulphate plates
solution

An. (+): Cu ⎯→ Cu2+ + 2e Cat. (-): 2H+ + 2e ⎯→ H2 An. (+): 2O2- ⎯→ O2 + 4e Cat. (-): Al3+ + 3e ⎯→ Al
E LE CT R O P LA T I N G O F M E TA L S P UR I F I C A T I O N O F M E T A L S

An. (+): Cu ⎯→ Cu2+ + 2e Cat. (-): Cu2+ + 2e ⎯→ Cu An. (+): Cu ⎯→ Cu2+ + 2e Cat. (-): Cu2+ + 2e ⎯→ Cu
S I M P LE VO L TA IC C EL L D A NI E LL C E LL

An. (-): Zn ⎯→ Zn2+ + 2e Cat. (+): Pb2+ + 2e ⎯→ Pb

An. (-): Zn ⎯→ Zn2+ + 2e Cat. (+): Cu2+ + 2e ⎯→ Cu

TITRA TIO N – N EU TR A LI S A TI O N : P RE P AR A T I O N O F S O L U B L E O F
P R E P A R A T I ON O F ASo P S A L Ts N O N -A S oP S AL T S
Metal / metal oxide / metal carbonate
powder

Acid solution

Zn + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2 // ZnO + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O

HCl + NaOH ⎯→ NaCl + H2O // ZnCO3 + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 +CO2 + H2O
2
P RE P AR A T I O N O F I N SOL U B L E S AL T S THR O U G H R EA C TI O N O F C A R B ON A TE S A LT S WIT H A C ID S /
P R E C I P I TATIO N R E A C TIO N C H EM I C A L T E S T : C AR B ON D IO X I DE G AS

(yellow precipitate formed; PbI2 resent) (turns chalky)

E FF E CT O F H E AT O N N I T R A T E S AL T S E FF E CT O F H E AT O N C A R B ON A TE S AL T S
/ C H E M I C A L T E S T : CA R B ON D IO X I D E G AS, CO2

(turns red : NO2 is acidic; relights : O2 resent) (turns chalky)

C HEM I C AL T E S T : O X Y G E N G AS, H2 C H EM I C AL T E S T : H YD R OG E N G A S, H2

Lighted wooden
splinter
*(at the mouth of
test tube)

*(into the test tube) Sulphuric acid

+ Zinc powder

(relights : O2 resent) (pop sound heard)

C H EM I C AL T E S T : S U LP H U R D IO X I D E G A S , S O 2 C H EM I C A L T E S T : C HLO R IN E G A S, Cl2

(purple solution turns into colourless) (turns red : acidic gas)

C H EM I C A L T E S T : A MM O N IA G A S, NH3 C H EM I C AL T E S T : N I TR O G E N D I OX I DE G AS, NO2

(turns blue : alkaline gas) (turns red : acidic gas)

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 M AN U F A C T U R E O F S U L P H U R I C A C I D; C OM P A RIS O N O F T H E C OR R OS I O N
CONTACT PROCESS R A TE S O F A LL O Y A ND P U R E M E T A L

(dark blue
S + O2 → SO2 → SO3 + H2O → H2S2O7 → H2SO4 spots formed)
M AN U F A C T U R E O F A M M ON I A; HABER PROCESS HA R D N ES S O F P U R E M E T A L A N D A LL O Y

N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3
E FF E CT O F T O T A L SUR F A C E A R E A O N E FF E CT O F C ONC EN TR A TI O N
T H E R A T E O F R EAC TI O N T H E R A TE O F R EA C TI O N

Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2 + S

E FF E CT O F T E MP E RA T U R E O N E FF E CT O F ‘ P R E S E N C E ’ O F C A T A L Y S T
T H E R A T E O F REA C TI O N O N T H E R A T E O F R EAC TI O N

2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
E FF E CT O F T H E ‘ A M O U N T’ O F C A T A L Y S T O N
T H E R A TE O F R EAC TI O N

2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2

4
 O XI D A T I O N O F E T H A N O L D EH YD R A TI O N O F E T H A N O L

porcelain chips
H2O
ethene gas
Glass wool
soaked with
Ethanol + acidified
H2O ethanol
potassium
manganite(VII) Ethanoic
solution acid

C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O

E S TE RI F I C A T I O N E LA S TI C I T Y O F VULC A N I Z E D A N D
U N VU LC A N IZ E D R UBB ER

+ ⎯→ + H2O
ethyl ethanoate
TRA N S F ER A T A D I S TAN C E R U ST I N G O F I RON

- hot jelly solution

- acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution
- phenolphthalein
[] : Br2 + 2e → 2Br - [O] : Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e [] : O2 + H2O + 4e → 4OH- [O] : Fe → Fe2+ + 2e
CH A N GE O F F e 2+ T O F e3+ CH A N GE O F F e 3+ T O F e2+

ethyl methanoate Iron(III) sulphate solution

Reactive metal (Mg)

[] : Br2 + 2e → 2Br - [O] : Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e [] : Fe3+ + e → Fe2+ [O] : Mg → Mg2+ + 2e
D IS P L A CEM E N T O F M E T A L F R OM D IS P L A CEM E N T O F HA LO G E N F ROM I T S
I T S S A LT S OL U T I O N H A LI D E S O L U TI O N

[] : Cu2+ + 2e → Cu [O] : Zn → Zn2+ + 2e [] : Br2 + 2e → 2Br - [O] : 2I- → I2 + 2e

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 R U ST I N G O F I R ON ( F O R MA TI O N O F R U ST ) P O S I TIO N O F M E TA L S I N R E AC TI VI TY S E R I ES

P O S I TIO N O F C A RB ON I N R E AC TI VI TY S E RI E S E XT R A C T I O N O F M E TA L S

2Mg + CO2 → 2MgO + C

HE A T O F PR E CI P I TA TI O N HE A T O F ME TA L DI S PL A C E ME NT

zinc powder

sodium carbonate solution

calcium nitrate solution copper(II) sulphate

solution

Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaNO3 CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4

HE A T O F N E U TR A LI SA TI O N HE A T O F C O M B US TI ON

wind shield

hydrochloric acid copper can

containing water

sodium hydroxide solution spirit lamp containing

ethanol
HCl + NaOH → NaOH + H2O C2H5OH + 3½ O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

+ + +
Preparation of Soluble salts of Na K NH 4 . – AsoP salts

cooling

titration Repeat accurately without evaporating

phenolphthalein

drying filtration

6
 +
Preparation of Soluble salts other than Na+ K+ NH
4 4 (Soluble of non ASoP salts)

cooling

Adding powder until Filtration to eliminate excess evaporating

no longer dissolved powder

drying filtration

Preparation of Insoluble salts

CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC MODEL