GOVERNMRNT POLYTECHNIC SOLAPUR MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI (2020-2021) PROJECT TITAL:- Collect information of flow measuring device SUBMITTED BY :- 1) Abhijeet Gajanan Chavan (EN :- 2000150700) DSYRO3 2) Samarth Gajanan Ingale (EN: - 2000150704) DSYR10 3) Onkar Shivanand Swami (EN: - 2000150701) DSYR23 4) Rohit Shankar Sagar —_(EN: - 2000150688) DSYR21 IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE MICRO PROJECTS DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY NAME OF THE BRANCH :- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (REGULAR) UNDER GUIDANCE BY PROF :-Sandeep Metkari SirCERTIFICATE GOVERNMRNT POLYTECHNIC SOLAPUR MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI (2020-2021) This certified to the: - Abhijeet Gajanan Chavan. Samarth Gajanan Ingale. Onkar Shivanand Swami. Rohit Shankar Sagar. Micro Project Of DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (REGULAR) Of institude GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SOLAPUR (CODE-1571) has Completed The Micro Project PROF: - Sandeep Metkari Sir ROF: -C.B.Shete Sir PROF: - .K Hunsimarad Sir (MENTOR PROJECT) (0D) (PRINCIPAL)DECLARATION 1) ABHIEET GAJANAN CHAVAN 2) SAMARTH GAJANAN INGALE 3) ONKAR SHIVANAND SWAMI 4) ROHIT SHANKAR SAGAR OF GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SOLAPUR HERE BY THAT THIS PROJECT REPORT ENTITLED. Collect information of flow measuring device |s written and submitted by me under the guidance of PROF: - MR. Sandeep Metkari SIR for this valuable guidance in my Original work the finding in this project are based on the data collected by during the course of the project. Finally, | am very thankful to PROF SANDEEP METKARI SIR for this valuable guidance in my project work.FLOW MEASURING DEVICES : - Flow Measurement Introduction:- Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be measured in a variety of ways. The common types of flowmeters with industrial applicat ions are listed below: + a) Obst ruct ion type (differential pressure or variable area) + b) Inferential (turbine type) + c) Elect romagnetic + d) Positive-displacement flowmeters, which accumulate a fixed volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure flow. e) Fluid dynamic (vortex shedding) + f) Anemomet er + g) Ultrasonic h) Mass flowmeter (Coriolis force). Flow measurement met hods other than posit ive-displacement flowmeters rely on forces produced by the flowing stream asit overcomes a known constrict ion, to indirectly calculate flow. Flow may be measured by measuring the velocity of fluid over a known area. For very large flows, tracer methods may be used to deduce the flow rate from the change in concentration of a dye or radioisotope. Kinds and units of measurement Both gas and liquid flow can be measured in physical quantities of kind volumet ric or mass flow rates, with units such as liters per second or kilograms per second, respect ively. These measurements are related by the material's density. The density of aliquid is almost independent of condit ions. This is not the case for gases, the densities of which depend greatly upon pressure, ‘temperature and toa lesser extent, composition, ‘When gases or liquids are transferred for their energy content, as in the sale of nat ural gas, the flow rate may also be expressed in terms of energy flow, such as gigajoule per hour or BTU per day. The energy flow rate is the volumet ric flow rate mult iplied by the energy content per unit volume or mass flow rate mult iplied by the energy content per unit mass. Energy flow rate is usually derived from mass or volumetric flow rate by the use of a flow computer.In engineering contexts, the volumetric flow rate is usually given the symbol Q, and the mass flow rate, the symbol Th. For a fluid having density p, mass and volumetric flow rates may be related by rh= pa Gas Gases are compressible and change volume when placed under pressure, are heated or are cooled. A volume of gas under one set of pressure and temperature conditions is not equivalent to the same gas under different condit ions. References will be made to "actual" flow rate through a meter and "st andard” or "base" flow rate through a meter wit h units such as acm/h (act, ual cubic meters per hour), sm?/sec (st andard cubic meters per second), kscm/h (thousand st andard cubic meters per hour), LFM (linear feet per minute), or MMSCFO (million standard cubic feet per day). Gas mass flow rate can be direct ly measured, independent of pressure and temperature effects, with thermal mass flowmeters, Coriolis mass flowmeters, or mass flow cont rollers. Liquid For liquids, various units are used depending upon the application and industry, but might include gallons (U.S. or imperial) per minute, liters per second, bushels per minute or, when describing river flows, cumecs (cubic meters per second) or acre-feet per day. In oceanography a common unit to measure volume transport (volume of water transported by a current for example) is a sverdrup (Sv) equivalent to 10°m?/s. Primary flow element Aprimary flow element is a device inserted into the flowing fluid that produces a physical property that can be accurately related to flow. For example, an orifice plate produces aFlow MeasuringDevices High Low tow The height of a liquid column or At vm i ifference of height of two columns is used to measured the pressure: AUtube Manometer_|) | sWetiRewoeinwenete]| | P= PO + pg” D)ncined Manometer Venturi Tube Due to simplicity and dependability, the Venturi tube flowmeter is often used in applications where it's necessary with higher Tum down rates, or lower pressure drops, than the orifice plate can provide. In the Venturi Tube the fluid flowrate is measured by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path, generating a pressure difference. After the constricted area, the fluid is passes through a pressure recovery exit section, where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the constricted area, is recovered. Venturi TubeRotameter The rotameter consists of a vertically oriented glass (or plastic) tube with a larger end at the top, and a metering float which is free to move within the tube. Fluid flow causes the float to rise in the tube as the upward pressure differential and buoyancy of the fluid overcome the effect of gravity. The float rises until the annular area between the float and tube increases sufficiently to allow a state of dyna mic equilibrium between the upward differential pressure and buoyancy factors, and downward gravity fa ctors. The height of the float is an indication of the flow rate. The tube can be calibrated and graduated in appropriate flow units. \z ‘The rotameter meter typically have a TurnDown Ratio up to 1: good as 1% of full scale rating. Rotameter Rotameter 1. The accuracy may be as Magnetic floats can be used for alarm and signal transmission functions. Pitot Tube The pitot tube are one the most used (and cheapest) ways to measure fluid flow, especially in air applications like ventilation and HVAC systems, even used in airplanes for speed measurent. ‘The pitot tube measures the fluid flow velocity by co nverting the kinetic energy of the flow into potential energy.The use of the pitot tube is restricted to point measuring. With the "annubar’, or multi- orifice pitot pro be, the dynamic pressure can be measured across the velocity profile, and the annubar obtains an averaging effect. Pitot Tube Venturi Tube With proper instrumentation and flow calibrating, the Venturi Tube flowrate can be reduced to about 10% of its full scale range with proper accuracy. This provides a turndown rate 10:1. Orifice, nozzle and Ventury meter. Venturi Meter From Bernoulli Equation: Bal, (40) Upstream pressure tap wl dj, Downsteampressueap intial velo B.act cv takes into account Flow Lonnszeam pressure tap reduction Flow muss given by \a lil=CpABVB1 Venturi tube Pe Substituting with know values we have: 0.962 gil JRotameter ~Pressure difference is constant in the rotameter -Peripheral velocity is constant -To maintain a constant velocity, the cross sectional area must vary -This variation of cross sectional area occurs as the float moves up and down the rotameter. Orifice Meter Th=CcC.PArr, From Bernoulli Equation: in theoretical velocity: Superior Products, tne. Flow mass is given by: sew oiiceplates com Cc takes into account the area contraction: CD takes into account reduction Ci with know values we have: th 1.398 coh "= Orifice Plate cq Substituting Orifice Plate With an orifice plate, the fluid flow is measured through the difference in pressure from the upstream side to the downstream side of a partially obstructed pipe. The plate obstructing the flow offers a precisely measured obstruction that narrows the pipe and forces the flowing fluid to constrict. The orifice plates are simple, cheap and can be delivered for almost any application in any material Orifice PlateOrifice Plate An orifice plate is a device used for measuring the volumetric flow rate. It uses the same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which states that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa. pressure drop that is a funct ion of the square of the volume rate of flow through the orifice. A vortex meter primary flow element produces a series of oscillations of pressure. Generally, the physical property generated by the primary flow element is more convenient to measure than the flow itself. The properties of the primary flow element, and the fidelity of the practical installat ion to the assumptions made in calibrat ion, are crit ical factors in the accuracy of the flow measurement. Mechanical flowmeters Aposit ive displacement meter may be compared to a bucket and a stopwatch. The stopwatch is started when the flow starts and stopped when the bucket reaches its limit. The volume by the t ime gives the flow rate. For cont inuous measurements, we need a system of continually filling and emptying buckets to divide the flow wit hout letting it out of the pipe. These cont inuously forming and collapsing volumetric displacements may take the form of pistons reciprocating in cylinders, gear teeth mat ing against the internal wall of a ‘meter or through a progressive cavity created by rotat ing oval gears or a helical screw. Piston meter/rotary piston Because they are used for domestic water measurement, piston meters, also known as rotary piston or semi- posit ive displacement meters, are the most common flow measurement devices in the UK and are used for almost all meter sizes up to and including 40 mm (1 ?/2 in). The piston meter operates on the principle of a piston rotating within a chamber of known volume. For each rotation, an amount of water passes through the piston chamben ‘Through a gear mechanism and, somet imes, a magnet ic drive, a needle dial and odometer type display are advanced.A positive displacement flowmeter of the ova/ gear type. Fluid forces the meshed gears to rotate; each rotation corresponds to a fixed volume of fluid. Counting the revolutions totalizes volume, and the rate is proportional to flow ‘An oval gear meter is a positive displacement met er that uses two or more oblong gears configured to rotate at right angles to one another, forming aT shape. Such a meter has two sides, which can be called A and B. No fluid passes through the center of the meter, where the teeth of the two gears always mesh. On one side of the meter (A), the teet h of the gears close off the fluid flow because the elongated gear on side A is protruding into the measurement chamber, while on the other side of the meter (B), a cavity holds a fixed volume of fluid in a measurement chamber. As the fluid pushes the gears, it rotates them, allowing the fluid in the measurement chamber on side B to be released into the outlet port. Meanwhile, fluid entering the inlet port will be driven into the measurement chamber of side A, which is now open. The teeth on side B will now close off the fluid from entering side B. This cycle continues as the gears rotate and fluid is metered through alternat ing measurement chambers. Permanent magnets in the rotat ing gears can transmit a signal to an electric reed switch or current transducer for flow measurement. Though claims for high performance are made, they are generally not as precise as the sliding vane design. Gear meter Gear meters differ from oval gear met ers in that the measurement chambers are made up of the gaps between the teeth of the gears. These openings divide up the fluid stream and as the gears rotate away from the inlet port, the meter's inner wall closes off the chamber to hold the fixed amount of fluid. The outlet port is located in the area where the gears are coming back together. The fluid is forced out of the meter as the gear teeth mesh and reduce the available pockets to nearly zero volume. Helical gear Helical gear flowmeters get their name from the shape of their gears or rotors. These rotors resemble the shape of a helix, which is a spiral-shaped struct ure. As the fluid flows through the meter, it enters the compart ments in the rotors, causing the rotors to rotate. The length of the rotor is sufficient that the inlet and outlet are always separated from each other thus blocking a free flow of liquid. The mat ing helical rotors create a progressive cavity which opens toadmit fluid, seals itself offand then opens up to the downstream side to release the fluid. This happens in a cont inuous fashion and the flowrate is calculated from the speed of rotation. Nutating disk meter This isthe most commonly used measurement system for measuring water supply in houses. ‘The fluid, most commonly water, enters in one side of the meter and strikes the nutat ing isk, which is eccentrically mounted. The disk must then "wobble" or nutate about the vert ical axis, since the bottom and the top of the disk remain in cont act with the mount ing chamber. A partition separates the inlet and outlet chambers. As the disk nutates,it gives direct indicat jon of the volume of the liquid that has passed through the meter as volumetric flow is Indicated by a gearing and register arrangement, which is connected to the disk. It is reliable for low measurements within 1 percent. Turbine flowmeter The turbine flowmeter (better described as an axial turbine) translates the mechanical action Nutating disk meter This is the most commonly used measurement system for measuring water supply in houses. The fluid, most commonly water, enters in one side of the meter and st rikes the nutat ing disk, which is eccentrically mounted. The disk must then "wobble" or nutate about the vert ical axis, since the bottom and the top of the disk remain in cont act with the mount ing chamber. A partition separates the inlet and outlet chambers. As the disk nutates, it gives direct indicat ion of the volume of the liquid that has passed through the meter as volumetric flow is indicated by a gearing and register arrangement, which is connected to the disk. Its reliable for flow measurements within 1 percent. the turbine rotating in the liquid flow around an axis into a user-readable rate of flow (gpm, Ipm, etc.). The turbine tends to have all the flow traveling around it. ‘The turbine wheel is set in the path of a fluid stream. The flowing fluid impinges on the turbine blades, impart ing a force to the blade surface and setting the rotor in mot ion. When a steady rotation speed has been reached, the speed is proportional to fluid velocity. Turbine flowmeters are used for the measurement of natural gas and liquid flow.[*] Turbine meters are less accurate than displacement and jet meters at low flow rates, but the measuring element does not occupy or severely restrict the ent ire path of flow. The flow direct ion is generally straight through the meter, allowing for higher flow rates and less pressure loss than displacement- type met ers. They are the meter of choice for large commercial users, fire protect ion, and as master met ers for the water dist ribut ion syst em. St rainers are generally required to be installed in front of the meter to protect the measuring. element from gravel or other debris that could enter the water distribut ion system. Turbine met ers are generally available for 4 to 30 cm (1 *4—12 in) or higher pipe sizes. Turbine meter bodies are commonly made of bronze, cast Iron, or ductile iron. Internal turbine elements can be plastic or non-corrosive metal alloys. They are accurate in normal working condit ions but are greatly affected by the flow profile and fluid condit ions. Fire meters are a specialized type of turbine meter with approvals for the high flow rates required in fire protect ion syst ems. They are often approved by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or Factory Mutual (FM) or similar aut horit ies for use in fire protect ion, Portable turbine meters may be temporarily installed to measure water used from a fire hydrant. The meters are normally made of aluminum to be lightweight, and are usually 7.5 cm (3 in) capacity. Water utilit ies often require them for measurement of water used in const ruct ion, pool filling, or where a permanent meter is not yet installed. A propeller-type current meter as used for hydroelectric turbine testing Flow through a large penstock such as used at a hydroelectric power plant can be measured by averaging the flow velocity over the entire area. Propeller- type current meters (similar to the purely mechanical Ekman current meter, but now with elect ronic data acquisition) can be traversed over the area of the penstock and velocities averaged to calculate total flow. This may be on the order of hundreds of cubic meters per second, The flow must be kept steady during the traverse of the current meters. Met hods for test ing hydroelectric turbines are given in IEC st andard 41 . Such flow measurements are oft en commercially important when test ing the efficiency of large turbines. Pressure-based meters There are several types of flowmeter that rely on Bernoulli's principle. The pressure is measured either by using laminar plates, an orifice, a nozzle, or a Vent uri tube to create an art ificial constriction and then measure the pressure loss of fluids as they pass that constriction, or by measuring static ‘and stagnation pressures to derive the dynamic pressure. Venturi meter A Vent uri meter const ricts the flow in some fashion, and pressure sensors measure the differential pressure before and wit hin the const rict ion. Thismet hod is widely used to measure flow rate in the transmission of gas through, pipelines, and has been used since Roman Empire times. The coefficient of discharge of Vent uri meter ranges from 0.93 to 0.97. The first large- scale Vent uri meters to measure liquid flows were developed by Clemens Herschel, who used them to measure small and large flows of water and wastewater beginning at the very end of the 19th century. Orifice plate An orifice plate is a plate with a hole through it, placed perpendicular to the flow; it constricts the flow, and measuring the pressure differential across the const riction gives t he flow rate. It is basically a crude form of Venturi meter, but with higher energy losses. There are three type of orifice: concentric, eccent ric, andseame Dall tube The Dall tube is a shortened version of a Venturi meter, with a lower pressure drop than an orifice plate. As with these flowmeters the flow rate in a Dall tube is det ermined by measuring the pressure drop caused by restriction in the conduit, The pressure differential is typically measured using diaphragm pressure transducers with digital readout. Since these meters have significant ly lower permanent pressure losses than orifice meters, Dall tubes are widely used for measuring the flow rate of large pipeworks. Differential pressure produced by a Dall tube is higher t han Vent uri tube and nozzle, all of them having same throat diamet ers. Pitot-tube ‘APitot-tube is used to measure fluid flow velocity. The tube is pointed into the flow and the difference between the stagnat ion pressure at the tip of the probe and the static pressure at its side is measured, yielding the dynamic pressure from which the fluid velocity is calculated using Bernoulli's equation A volumetric rate of flow may be determined by measuring the velocity at different points in the flow and generating the velocity profile. Multi-hole pressure probe Multi-hole pressure probes (also called impact probes) extend the theory of Pitot tube to more than one dimension. A typical impact probe consists of three or more holes (depending on the type of probe) on the measuring tip arranged in a specific pattern. More holes allow the inst rument to measure the direction of the flow velocity in addition to its magnitude (after appropriate calibration). Three holes arranged in a line allow the pressureprobes to measure the velocity vector in two dimensions. Introduct ion of more holes, e.g. five holes arranged in a "plus" format ion, allow measurement of the three-dimensional velocity vector. Cone meters Cone meters are a newer different ial pressure metering device first launched in 1985 by McCrometer in Hemet, CA. The cone meter is a generic yet robust differential pressure (DP) meter that has shown to be resistant to effects of asymmetric and swirling flow. While working with the same basic principles as Vent uri and orifice type DP meters, cone meters don't require the same upstream and downstream piping. [1 2] The cone acts as a conditioning device as well as a differential pressure producer. Upst ream requirements are between 0—S5 diameters compared to up to 44 diameters for an orifice plate or 22 diameters for a Venturi. Because cone meters are generally of welded construct ion, it is recommended they are always calibrated prior to servic Inevitably heat effects of welding cause distortions and ot her effects that prevent tabular data on discharge coefficients with respect to line size, beta ratio and operating Reynolds numbers from being collected and published. Calibrated cone meters have an uncert ainty up to #0.5%. Un-calibrated cone meters have an uncertainty of 350% Linear resistance meters Linear resist ance meters, also called laminar flowmet ers, measure very low flows at which the measured differential pressure is linearly proport ional to t he flow and to the fluid viscosity. Such flow is called viscous drag flow or laminar flow, as opposed to the t urbulent flow measured by orifice plates, Vent uris and ot her meters ment ioned in this sect ion, and is characterized by Reynolds numbers below 2000. The primary flow element may consist of a single long capillary tube, a bundle of such tubes, or a long porous plug; such low flows create small pressure differentials but longer flow elements create higher, more easily measured differentials. These flowmeters are part icularly sensit ive to temperat ure changes affect ing the fluid viscosity and thediameter of the flow element, as can be seen in the governing Hagen- Poiseuille equat ion, Variable-area flowmeters ‘rent ca¢-2s00 Fotameter "variable area meter" measures fluid flow by allowing the cross sect ional area of the device to vary in response to the flow, causing some measurable effect that indicates the rate. A rotameter is an example of a variable area meter, where a weighted "float" rises in a tapered tube as the flow rate increases; the float stops rising when area between float and tube is large enough that the weight of the float is balanced by the drag of fluid flow. A kind of rotameter used for medical gases is the Thorpe tube flowmeter. Floats are made in many different shapes, with spheres and spherical ellipses being the most common. Some are designed to spin visibly in the fluid st ream to aid the User in determining whet her the float is stuck or not. Rotamet ers are available for a wide range of liquids but are most commonly used with water or air. They can be made to reliably measure flow down to 1% accuracy. ‘Anot her type is a variable area orifice, where a spring-loaded tapered plunger is deflected by flow through an orifice. The displacement can be related to the flow rate.fi5] Optical flowmeters Opt ical flowmeters use light to det ermine flow rate. Small part icles which accompany natural and indust rial gases pass through two laser beams focused a short distance apart in the flow path in a pipe by illuminat ing opt ics. Laser light is scattered when a part icle crosses the first beam. The detect ing optics collects scattered light on a photodetector, which then generates a pulse signal.‘As the same particle crosses the second beam, the detect ing opt ics collect scattered light on a second photodetector, which converts the incoming light, into a second electrical pulse. By measuring the time interval bet ween these pulses, the gas Modern innovat ions in the measurement of flow rate incorporate electronic devices that can correct for varying pressure and temperature (i.e. density) condit ions, non-linearit ies, and for the characteristics of the fluid. Magnetic flowmeters Magnetic flowmeters, often called "mag meter"s or “elect romag"s, use 2 magnetic field applied to the metering tube, which results in a potent ial difference proport ional to the flow velocity perpendicular to the flux lines. The potent ial difference is sensed by elect rodes aligned perpendicular to the flow and the applied magnet ic field. The physical principle at work is Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The magnetic flowmeter requires a conduct ing fluid and a nonconduct ing pipe liner. The elect rodes must not corrode in contact with the process fluid; some magnet ic flowmet ers have auxiliary t ransducers inst alled to clean the electrodes in place. The applied magnet ic field is pulsed, which allows the flowmeterto cancel out the effect of stray voltage in the piping system. Non-contact electromagnetic flowmeters A Lorentz force velocimetry system is called Lorentz force fiowmeter (LFF). An LFF measures the integrated or bulk Lorentz force result ing from the interaction between a liquid metal in motion and an applied magnet ic field. In this case, the characterist ic length of the magnet ic field is of the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of the channel. It must be addressed that in the case where localized magnetic fields are used, it is possible to perform local velocity measurements and thus the term Lorentz force velocimeter is. used. Ultrasonic flowmeters (Doppler, transit time) There are two main types of ultrasonic flowmeters: Doppler and transit time. While they both utilize ult rasound to make measurements and can be non- invasive (measure flow from out side the tube, pipe or vessel), they measure flow by very different methods.« References :- en.wikipedia.org/wiki