Republic of Iraq ‫جمهورية العراق‬

Ministry of Higher Education ‫وزارة التعليم العالي‬

and Scientific Research ‫و البحث العلمي‬

University of Kirkuk
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
( TORSION TEST )

BY : Mohammed Abdulsalam Zabar

The supervision : Marwa Khaleel

2021-2020

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 TORSION TEST

Introduction:
Torsion occurs when the twisting moments are applied to the bar.
Torsion is induced by two pairs of forces. These two forces act in
two different planes perpendicular to the axis of the bar. Moments
of these two forces are called twisting moments. If the bar is
loaded by two pairs of forces of equally magnitudes moments but
opposite directions in two planes which are perpendicular to the
axis then we obtained the state of strain and stress called pure
torsion – fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Models of pure torsion

Considering a simplified model of the bar. And then, assuming a
three-dimensional grid and subjecting to a pure torsion, it can be

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seen that (Fig. 2):
 the axis of the bar does not change its form and after
deformation still remains straight line
 the circles remain wheels, and the cross-sectional ends are
flat
 the horizontal lines of the grid will change its initial shape.
This means that these lines are deflected from their initial
position by an angle γ
 the surfaces of the front and end of the bar will rotate relative
to each other by an angle of twist ϕ

Fig. 2. Deformation of the twisted bar of circular/square cross-

section

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Objective:
 Learn the basics of torsion theory
 Learn and practices the principle of torsion testing,
 Find the maximum shear strain, shear stress and modulus of
rigidity
 Establish the relationship degree of rotation and torque
applied for the material under observation
 Understand the differences between material properties of
different material
 Able to select material for different engineering components
which are under torsion

Apparatus:
1.Torsion Testing Rig, Apparatus above.
2.The device will apply a torque to the shaft fixed between two
holding clamps. Torque is developed by applying a force of F via
load handle above the system thru a distance spindle arm.
3.The shaft should be securely tightened between the end holding
clamps as much as possible.
4.The measuring dial will measure the displacement of an arm
handle at a fixed distance.
5. This displacement is proportionally related to the angle of twist
of the rod.

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Theory:

As the two aforementioned names imply, the test specimen will

encounter shearing stresses as a result of the twisting of the specimen
and the specimen which is more rigid, or more resistant to twisting,
will have a higher modulus of rigidity. Again, the modulus of rigidity
is a material property and, under non-extreme environmental
conditions, is a constant value for each material. In this experiment
two or three specimens will be tested. These specimens will possess
identical geometric measurements and differ only in material type.
The various materials tested may include brass, aluminum and steel.
The experimental determination of the modulus of rigidity is similar to
the experimental determination of the modulus of elasticity. However,
the modulus of elasticity was determined by the application of an axial
load and the test specimen was not plastically deformed. The modulus
of elasticity was calculated by determining the slope of the axial stress
versus axial strain curve. The modulus of rigidity will be determined
by twisting the test specimen and calculating the slope of the shear
stress versus shear strain curve. In addition, the torsion test specimen
will be twisted to failure in order to determine the shear stress at the
limit of proportionality. The shear stress at the limit of proportionality
is the largest value of the shear stress for which the material will
behave elastically. Throughout this discussion the plot of the shear
stress versus shear strain has been mentioned. The actual values
recorded experimentally, as the specimens are being twisted, are the
angle of twist applied to the specimen and the corresponding value of
torque at a particular angle of twist. The instructor should indicate
location of the 6 degree and 360 degree Vernier scale and the torque
scale. Equations are provided within the student manual to convert the
twist and torque values to the corresponding shear stress and shear
strain values.

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Shear stress :
𝑇∗𝑟
Ԏ=
𝐽

J = (π/32) * d4
d = 2*r

Shear strain :
(𝑟∗𝜃)
Ɣ=
𝐿

theta
Torque theta J
(degree) Ԏ = T.r/J Ɣ= r.θ/L
(N.m) (rad) =(π/32)*d4
0 0 0 127.2345 0 0
1 0.75 0.017444 127.2345 0.000177 0.000689
2 2.02 0.034888 127.2345 0.000477 0.001377
3 3.74 0.052332 127.2345 0.000882 0.002066
4 5.54 0.069776 127.2345 0.001069 0.002754
5 7.46 0.08722 127.2345 0.001759 0.003443
6 9.46 0.104664 127.2345 0.002231 0.004131
7 11.46 0.122108 127.2345 0.002703 0.00482
8 13.49 0.139552 127.2345 0.003182 0.005509
9 15.5 0.156996 127.2345 0.003656 0.006197
10 17.48 0.17444 127.2345 0.004123 0.006886
11 19.4 0.191884 127.2345 0.004576 0.007574
12 20.3 0.209328 127.2345 0.004788 0.008263
13 20.4 0.226772 127.2345 0.004812 0.008952
14 20.35 0.244216 127.2345 0.0048 0.00964
15 20.35 0.26166 127.2345 0.0048 0.010329
16 20.38 0.279104 127.2345 0.004807 0.011017
17 20.3 0.296548 127.2345 0.004788 0.011706
18 20.4 0.313992 127.2345 0.004812 0.012394
19 20.4 0.331436 127.2345 0.004812 0.013083
20 20.4 0.34888 127.2345 0.004812 0.013772

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