Michael Vince Miacmillan Advanced with key i MACMILLAN Fo 8 g E¢Michael Vince Wiacmillan sanglish ‘@irammar In Context AdvancedMacmillan education exwaon Towns Road, Oxford OX 370 ‘avon of Macmillan Vublshers Limited ‘Companies and represenatives throughout the wor IN 978-1-4080-7052-2 (vith key ition) IRBN O78.1-4050.7147-§ (without bey edition) ‘Text © Michael Vinew 2008 Design and ilustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2008 fest published 2008 All ights reserved; no part ofthis pualleation may be reproduced, stored in 3 sisevalxystem, tramemite in any orm: ary ary meane, sertenne,mirchaniesl, photneapyIng, recording, artherwike without the palos writen rpermucon af the pollivhes ae me Devignee by Gilet Davier gutted by Fad Blunt; Chee Ede; Andy Hammond; Jonans Kors Daven Lingard Joke Motedale; Sarsh Naylor {Cover design by Katie Stephens Cover photographs hy Alanty/Raley-Cooper Photography, Image Source, Photedse, Stockbyte I would keto thank Cl Rahineon, Amanda Dnlmheon:and Sora Cans oethete suppor! aad help role. 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Holly Harry 1S, lubon Archive pp 18108, 19, Relsled Collection p 851, AFP 14th, Kazumi. Nagacaves 157, Altrende images) 207, Frank Whitney p 211; Hadden Davie 9 103; Image 10 p 108; Image Source! pp 160, 280, 213, 214; Jopler Mlle! Fainil/ Photenwoustap p63, Many Evans Pture Ubaiey/ pp 113, 16): Photodise/ p $9, 67, 187, 191, 212; Rex Features / pp SE, 98; lence Plcture Libranyf NASA p 168, Ed Young p 186, ST Pietures/ Willa Carupbell p38; Stockbye/ pp 9, 22,98, 13%; Superstock pp 48,852, 103, ‘ranted anc boundn thaiand 2012 2011 2010 2000 2008 Moa7GS4IaIIntroduction ‘This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of Council of Europe Framework (CEF) C1 and C2. It assumes that the basic points have been covered. These can he practised in Macmillan English Grammar In Context Essential and Macmillan English Grammar In Coatext Intermediate. The practice material includes a wide range of topics to reflect botl everyday language uuse and the kinds of subjects learners might be studying in schools or colleges. Many learners are likely to use English to learn another subject during their education and the choice of text tries to reflect this fact, Some texts contain information which learners should find Interesting or challenging. The intention in general is that language should have a familiar context and that leamers should have something to use language for. Within cach unit, excrcises range in difficulty. This allows learners to build up their confidence with the simpler, more familiar tasks before moving onto the more challenging ones later in the unit. The longer, topic-based texts include highlighted words whose definitions can he found on the accompanying CD-ROM. This is a good opportunity for learners to widen thetr vocabulary and see grammar used In realistic contexts ‘The Review section at the back of the book offers more activities for students who have finished the other exercises. It is also for students who tee! that they haven't fully grasped the grammar point and need some further practice, In addition, it can be used a8. means of testing or revising previous study, either in class or at home. The CD-ROM ‘This includes two lurther exercises tor each unit in this book, and a test section. Plus, where you see highlighted words like this, you will find the definitions in the glossary section. Just follow the link from the homepage. To the student Macmilloi English Grammar In Context has been written to make grammar more \exesting than other books on the market, We hope you find it enjoyable as well as usetul. If you are studying at home, the units can be covered in any order but the ‘exercises within cach unit have been graded. If you find some exercises difficult, read the presentation page again. The extension setivities and Review offer the opportunity of further practice. To the teacher Unlike many other grauminat books, Mucinillun English Gauunar In Coutext pats ‘grammar into context. The aim is to encourage students to see grammar used more realistically and in move interesting ways. The topics covered in the exercises can be used as a starting point for a lesson, as @ subject for discussion, and asa means of helping to bulld students’ vocabulary In useful areas, ‘There Is opportunity for individual study, group work and homework, plus testing, in the different sections of the book.we anouewn = 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 8 present simple, present continuous (1) present simple, present continuous (2) past time 4 as present perfect future time | - tense contrasts passive hearsay reporting have and get something done, other uses of get conditional and if-sentences (1) conditional and if-sentences (2) unreal past tense as m modals (1): obligation, modals (2): possibility, certainty modals (3): other uses ecommendation, ability would indirect speech report verbs questions. articles (1) articles (2) number and quantity nouns pronouns, so, it, there 92 100 104 110 4Unit Topic 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 at a2 43 4 adjectives adjectives with infinitive or -ing adverbs making comparisons place and movement, prepositional phrases time words - verb and preposition prepositions with adjectives and nouns verbs followed by -ing or infinitive relative and non-finite clauses adverbial clauses adverbial participle clauses phrasal verbs (1) . phrasal verbs (2) phrasal verbs (3) organizing text (1) ‘organizing text (2) organizing text (3) inversion and fronting emphasis Review Wordlist Grammar index Answer key Page 8 128 128 132 136 142 146 150 154 158 162 166 170 174 178 184 188 _ 192 198 208 208 220 224 225present simple, present continuous (1) basic uses of present simple and present continuous ‘© Use present simple for facts, or things that always happen. Water freezes at 22 degrees fahrenhelt and O degrees Ceti. ‘Sea water contains an average 2.7% salt by weight. ‘© Use present simple for routines and habits. The birds return tothe isand every spring, Fidalererabs turn red when they become angry ‘© Use present continuous for actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished. Sorry tm busy at the moment. I'm doing my homewort. 12 Prosent continuous is also used for actions happening generally around the time of speaking, rather than exactly at the same time. I'm reading a realy interesting book state and action verbs ‘Some verbs have meanings which refer to states or conditions, and others have meaninas viich refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form, or have a different meaning when used In continuous form. state verbs normally in present simple © belong, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, matier, ow, possess, resemble ‘Does this belong to you? Fresh frat contains 2 range of vitamins «believe, imagine, know. prefer realize, understand, mesn ‘Some people sil believe that the Earth is fat. © seem This seems to be vilat we're looking foc «© costs sometimes used in continuous to describe a process that is still going on, We're having 3 house buit, and it's costing a fortune! © realize, regret, understand These are normally used with state meanings in present simple, but can be used In continuous to show 3 changing situation, usually with an adverbial which shows that change s happening. Some people don't realize how dengerous cars can be. People are slowly realizing te cost of giobal warming. Do you understand ths point? We're understanding more and more about the universe. verbs with state and action meanings state action © do What do you do? (= what's your job) What are you doing? (= explain your actions) © be, have This house is over 100 years old. He Is being very ily! Do you have 2 car? Ym having a great time here. © Imagine, suppose, think, expect | suppose this is Jim, ‘You're supposing he i gully. (= make an assumption) imagine you fee! the same. Ghosts! No, you're imagining things! What do you think? (= have an opinion) — What arc you thinking? {Fm thinking of changing jobs. (= considering) I don’t expect him to understand ‘Are you expecting someone?© hope, wonder Thope you haven't been waiting long. We're hoping to continue the talks ext week, (less definite) © enjoy, like, love Normally state verbs, but uften used in continuous for actions going on at the inoment enjoy /love going fur long walks ‘Are you enjoying the party? Imm loving every minute of my new job! © appear Your vie appears to be wut of date, Torts appearing is Hernlet ai Ure Giavid © look ‘With the state meaning of ‘seem, /ook can be used in present simple only. This buok looks inierestiry. In descriptions of appearance, look can be used in both simple and continuous. Jira tooks i. Helen is looking well © see. hear 1 s00/ hear youve had your haircut. Jancis eing Harz: (= spending time with) 1 didn’t hear any noises. ‘You ve hearing things! (= imagining) © feel, see, smel, teste The room smetls avvful! 1r'm smelling the flowers! (an active choice) © ache, feel, hurt ‘Verbs that describe how the body feels can use elther simple or continuous forms with ttle change in meaning, My foo burs, My foot ts hurting. I eet sick I'm feeling sick © weigh, measure This bag welghs more than 25 kilos. I'm welghing the parcel before | post it Iimsmolling the cheese, Itsmells off to me. What are you doing? Note that what is said here about present simple and present continuous is generally true for simple and continuous use in other tenses. © present simple, present continuous (1)1 Underline the correct form. a Some kinds of fish courtain /are coutaining high levels of dangerous metals. b Scientists nowadays slowly begin to mnuersiand /are slowly heginmring fo understand more about how the brain works. € What do your think /ure you thinking of Kate's new hairstyle? 1's unusual, isnt i? Lyudl music can be really annoying, Some people dort realize / arent realtzing what a nnulsance it can be. © You cant really have seen a UFO! You imagine /are innagining things! {Technicians report that they have /are having ditticulty installing the new computer system. 9. Nowine for me! take /Pm taking antibiotics for an ear infectior h Iu career terms, having a good degree appears / is appearing to make little difference. |The Nattonal Theatre considers /s considering putting on a new production of Uncle Vanya. joes this wallet belong /1s this wallet helonsiug to you 2. Underline the present simple / continuous verb e1rors in the lext, Write a correction at the end of the line where necessary. 'S Tiptree et Worwiek veg TAL. Fridays 15th Coober Hi everyone L have problems getting a new phone connection have, so instead a Pm having OF sCreting Cais 05 usuly Z'm actualy sitting down to write a b letter. ‘Tim imoqining you'll be surprised Yo get this as I've never been c rmuch of a lettey-writer. E'm putting tke return actress in 6) letters at $e top, because: 40 tell you the 4th I'm beginning to feel quite lovey hee. Welly peviaps I'm not meaning that exactly. There are ploniyy of people For me to tax to. Zn fact Z settle in to the student life quite wel but I don't really know anjon’ yet. I'VE got a room in 0 house 4 Jong wy Free college, and I'm seeming to spend @ tong time on He bus. A lot of Studtnts hire eutl’y So L'm trying to Find 6 chap bike, and £ also thirk of moving néarér to college when I can ind Somewhere. Sorry = an interruption, someone knocks at the door. More later. Lefer. One of #2 girts dowmstairs bas @ party, aref Z'm invited. Ard He plone line tas been Pixel, so Tm expecting iou'll 4 an &= rmait Brom me very Soon! Tn £068 I Considcr tearing up this IC¢¢Cr, $0 ust ignore everything EVE said e233EP TSC ry 3 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. European traffic accident rates fail to meet targets Althenigh the number of deaths ¢8USed in traffic accidents in the EU a (go down) /$ qoing down experts b (sti tey) to find ways of reducing the number throughout the EU to around 25,000 fatelives per year by 2040. Traffic safety c (improve) but uxpurts d (believe) that ‘aéhifeving the 2010 coal wil prove aiicur., REGENt statistics e (show) that in 2005 in the EU 41.600 people were killed In road accidents, Although progicss Nas boon mad. most experts: F (agree) thot this tigure will have fallen 10 any arnundt 332,000 hy 2010, which 9 (means) that the EU tatget will be missed by atout 7,000. On the other hand, as the amount of traffic (inerease), itis possibie WBiRUEUIBL ure situation is not realy as vad as it i look) « Honever one j (interpret) the etatietica, it (remain) ‘rue that as time goes on. it | (become) harder and harder to reduce tha ngures, especialy since accidentreduction schemes m (cnst) ‘let of maney. Mary countries have tied and failed to reduce the number of accidents, and in the EU as a whele, only Sweden 1 (pursue) (we goal uf zero accidents. Accident reduction is more dificult for newer EU members who o (currently face) very rapie growth in watt and p (nave) alificuty in building new roads and in Introducing safety migasures ata fast enough rate. To complicate matiers,. most rev members 4 (havo) \ery ite experionee in dealing with the demands ef heavy traffic. Exports + (suggest) thal any satety programme must alsa sel about changing the way drivers 5 (behave) «Despite whet people often t (say) itu (seem) to be the younger sonoration that v (cause) most secidarts, Eni i thls rescaren, many countries w (introduce) OUehOr driving tests. and x ‘eoncentrate) 07 the man causes of accents: speed, reckleSs|OvertAKiNg, alcohol, ond exereannIgGnee, ae Cees Write four sentences about yourself using these verbs: enjoy hope regret. think (of +ing) Use a dictionary and write an example for each of these verbs, using present simple. belong consist of contain cost depend on deserve matter own possess resemble © present simple, present continuous (1)present simple, present continuous (2) ‘more uses of present simple Present simple is also used © in informal spoken instructions, with you. You open this part of the camera here. Then you take out the battery :perative form. Formal written instructions such 2¢ recipes use th Take 3009 of fowe Add three eggs © in newspaper headlines to descrite events. There are other conventions for waiting headlines, such as leaving aut articles, using active verbs, and preferring short words. Three die in plane crash. MPs say no to green laws. ae _— © forperformative verbsaccept, apologize, dare, deny, understand, see (with a meaning of inderstand!) ete These are verbs which, when used in present simple, describe an action as the word isspoken, agree with you. accept your offer understand — Isee Thank you, accept your after. © for verbs reporting news: gather, hear, see, tell, say, understand, Thear you've gata new jab. People tell me she's dificult to wore with, We understand that the house is now for sak (See Unit 19, reporting verbs) © in here comes, there goes, here ts. ‘These expressions include Inversion of verb and subject Here comes trouble! There gacta brave man! ‘Here lies John Smit, (weltten on atom) colloquial narrative and commentary Although narrative generally uses past tenses, there are uses of present simple and present continuous In everyday speech. © In jokes, present simple can be used instead of past simple for narrative events, and present continuous instead of past continuous. ‘Aman goes to see his psychitist. he says he Is having problems becouse he imagines he's a pair of curains. The psychiatrist tells him to pull himsell together © In sports commentaries, present simple is often used to describe events happening as the ‘commentator speaks. ‘And raw Rooney erosses te hi vay line and passes to Giggs. Present continuous is also used in commentaries for continueus and changing events. ‘And ther Italians are moving up in the outside lane.'» Plot summaries in films and books are generally ir present simple. Tom and Daisy are an old couple vio five a dull ie in a suberb of Birmingham. But everthing changes when their granddaughter Karon comes t0 say. summary of meaning in the continuous © verbs that describe activities which continue for some time, eq play, rain, read, work, write etc It raining. Thetildien are playing upstairs. Note that the activity may not be going on at the exact moment of speaking. I'm reading Hasty Potter and the Goblet of Fire, (I haven't finished it yet, but I'm not reading, at this moment) verbs that describe a changing situation, eg change, get + adjective, grow, increase tc Its getting dark. Computers are changing ail the time. repeated actions with continually etc Jn everyday speech we can use present continuous with an adverb such as continually, forever, constantly, always to witicize actions that we foal are irritating or annoying, or which we with to exeggerate, The adver) is usually stressed in speech, You are continually intervuptiv! He's forever getting into trouble! Is that my jacket? Give it back, you're always wearing my clothes! simple or continuous? In some cases, the choice between simple and continuous is part of the attitude of the writer or speaker, especialy in explanations und descriptions of situations. Professor Thome expains that some patients eat {00 much because Whey grows up in famies with poor eating habits. Professor Thome explains that some patients are eating too much because they are growing up in foles wth poor eating habits The first exarnple (present simple) describes something that js generally We, the second (present continuous) describes something more Lemporary or something not always the case. © present simple, present continuous (2)‘These exercises include material from Unit One, Underline the correct verb form. Tick the sentence if both forms are possible. Lean’ walk any more, My kaee i realy nuiting /reully Inet. v b This cheese is smelling / simelis terrible! © Thanks for your e-mail. /m hoping /J hope to get back to you very soon. What are you doing /do you doy “Yn a musician.” © We're having our house completely redecorated. It’s costing /Itcosts a lot. § In this country, more than a million people are living /live in poverty. 9 h Cats you stop thie car? I'm feeling / 1 feel a Vit sick. “What's the answer?! “Walt a moment, Pa thinklng / think, |. [think we're beginning / we begin to understand this problem. Nice to see you again! You're looking / You look really great! Put the verb in brackets into present simple or present continuous. a Somebody (knock) iS knocking at the door. Can you see who it is? bb First you (cook) the onionsin a littic oil until they are golden brown. © Carlos (forever lose). bis tempor with people! He must learn to calm down, Here (comey the bus! You'd better hurry! © ‘Where's Jack? “He (read) the paper in the kitchen.’ # Whenever! put ip my hand, Harry (kick) me tinder the desk. 4g. I'm sorry, but | (not understand) _ you. hy Maria (leave) now, so could you get her cout? i Come and eat your dinner. It (get) cold. J 1¢heary ‘you dit really well in your exams. Well done! ‘Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. @ (youds) Are you doing. auything at dre moment? Laneed some lnelp with the computer. bb This product (contain) no added chemicals of any kind. © Nobody (visit) Rome without going to see the ruins of the Homan Forum. Sarah (begin) to regret not taking the job is Fraiice she was: offered. © Martin (ce) “Tina at the moment. They've been going out together for the past month, f I'm sony, but I(not know) where George is at the moment. gs Helen ready yet?" ‘She (take) hr time, but she says she'll be ready soon.” bh The larger of the twa roams (measure) Ambyam i What (happeny the street now? Lean’t seen anything from here. J There's nobody else 10 do the job, 90 | (supposed Fave wo do tt,Complete the two texts with the present simple or present continuous form of the vert in brackets. If both forms are possible, write both. Doctors express concern over heavy school bags Fvery year thousands of children aga). gO tothe doctor because of back pain, andin fact, this kind of problem b (rapidly become) one of the snest eununon childhood complaints, And what exacily ¢feause) this outbreak of back strain annd muscle fatigue? [td (seem) = thateven quite young children e (take) more and more to school — not just books, but | Berea epee eee ot patie - much. ‘Some kids g (carry) more than 25% of their bodyweight in a bag 5 thor has utes cartoon ceracteron dhe baw, but which f aciually give) . themserlous backache. reported Dr Blaine Sachs, a GP In North London, ‘Most parents F(simply not realize) shat j happen) to thie calrr Investigators to report on train crash | Aceldent investigators k (still examine) the wreckage of the hish speed train which left the rails and avertuned in carthwest Frgland last week. According ta reports, they + not believe) the accident m (involve) river error. “We n (expect) lo publish a inquiry into this accident quite soon,!a | spokesman announced yesterday. "Engineers 0 (work) round the clock to replace | the track, and we p ¢hope) to restore a normal service within two weeks. We |g reatiey that people + (depend) on the BPsiay ance’ Casbestana) os rich eosione nc pert cad op accident. However, we & (check) Uhousands of sections of track al overt © country to make sure that nothing ike this can ever hapoen aya’ “Seen . — Rewrite the sentence so that it contains a word from the list and has same meaning. belong contain cost look matter see scom smell think weigh # Isthiscar yours, sir? Does. this ear belong +0 you, sir? b This perfume has a nice smell. ¢ Think there’s a mistake, ¢ Idon't understand what you mean, f What's your opinion? At birth a baby elephant is about 90 kg in weight. g Isthe price important? ... mci h What's the price of this model? | ‘This book could be interesting. J Whar’s in the nox? © present simple, present continuous (2)© Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing a form of the word in capitals. 2 Apparently, Harry i a very good card player. say They Say Harry iS a very good card player. b This maths problem Is Incomprehien UNDERSTAND cc Thave the same opinion as you, - AGREE ‘Where's Anna?! ‘At work in the garden work © Stop shouting, the teacher's in the couidor, - COME f Somebody is at the door. i KNOCK 9 According to some people, UFOs have landed on Farth BELIEVE by Ws hotter all he ine ere, — oer 1 Skiing is my favounite sport. LOVE, j_ Peter keeps losing his homework! ALWAYS, 7 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets, d= —b BHA S £ Big Brother’s watching you! Aburglar a (try) tries _ to break into @ big house in the country. He b (walk) very quietly across the garden when he ¢ (hear) avoice: “Big Brother d (watch) you!" He e (turn) around, but he + {not see) anything. So he g (rep) nearer to the house, ‘Suddenly he h (hear) the voice again and he i (see) a 8 RE hhanging from a tree. A parr (sit) in the cage. The burglar k (ask) the parrot, ‘Did you say that stuff about Big Brother?” The parrot | answer) "Yes | did.’ ‘Is that your name then?’ The parrot m (say) ‘No, my name's Montmorency.' The burglar n (latigh) “What kind of stupid idiot would name his parrot Montmorency?’ The parrot o (reply) ‘The same stupid idiot who named his Rottweiler ‘Big Brother’ that’s the guard dog that p (stand) tight behind you! a Ti“ 8 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. Where both are possiole, write both. Students now taking longer to finish studies Inthe USA some universiy sindents nowadays a (spend) are Spending more and more lime in University before graduating. In American universities arany students b (pay) their own Fees, and this (mean). ‘more (ime working aiid less studying, Alan Chester is 2-25-yeat-uld joumnaisn student from Ohio whe el (take) sin years to complete his ‘undergtadtunte degree. In order to pay tuition fees and other expenses he o (work) four days a week in the university kitehen, while in the nniversity holidays he (0) a filetine job."1g (fing) it aificut at the moment to study and pay my bills at the saime time he b (adi) ‘Buti (uy) com ty Dest aed | i manage tu keep the wolf fiom the door! Alan's parents k (understand) his decslon to take longer to graduate, They 1 now) what I m (go) through, and they 1 (help) me as much as they can. It's hard, but Io (learn) sa to look after myself, and 1 p (experience) “Stuff that might be useful une day when I'm a joumolist! He q (paint out) that some students r (take) amore time 10 graduate because they s (not really knows) what they # (want) to study. ‘New courses of study 1 (develop) all the time, new subjects ¥ (appear) ‘on the curriculum. Some students ww (spend) time experimenting with different courses before choosing their major. So it’s nat all about money. 1 (think) — ‘universities y (go) through 2 pesiod of change like everything else, and students have to adapt to this changing situation! Bee a ELS oLad ‘A Use these verbs in present simple or present continuous to make more interview questions like these below: do own believe in have like weigh. Use the questions to interview a partner, What do you +hink of ... 2 (name a film book etc) What are, you ceading at the, moment? Look these words u jonary and find example sentences which use the present simple form: gather, hear, see, tell, understand © present simple, present continuous (2)past time past simple basic use Use past simple © for finished events in the past which have a definite time, In 1969 the first men Inaded on the Moon © in narrative, {he cone opened anc two hays eame into the mom © for past habits and routines, ustilly with 2 time expression. eur pecple m Victonan times took a bath every day Many common verbs have icregular past forms which have to be learnt, Alwayscheck in a dictionary if you are not sure of the past form, other uses of past simple © Past simple can also be used for very recent events. without @ time exoress What happened to you? Someone hit mot © Past simple is also used in conditional sentences and with it's time (see Units 12, 13, 14). 1s time we left ast continuous basic use Use past continuous @ to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past. ooked out ofthe window and saw that It was raining. Whenever Ivisited him, he was working in his garden. © for. continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past ection. Wife we were getting reacy 10 go out, the an suddenly stopped. Wile was getting ready for bed. the doorbell rang. © for activities as background description. olen tooked down ino the busy street. Crowds of poeple were pushing afong the pavement, ond cars were hooting. © for two continuing events happering at the seme time. While Jim was painting the outside of the house. Sarah was decorating the bedrooms. other uses of past continuous Past continuous can also be used © to emphasize that an action was still continuing, ‘They started producing the car in 1946 and were sti! producing it shir years later. © 10 descilbe a changing situation (ee Unit2). Iwas becoming more and more dificult to find work. Her performances were getting beter and better © with forever continually, always etc (see Unit 2) to criticize actions we feel are annoying. of which ‘we wish to exaggerate. AL School, he was always getting into woudl. ‘She vas forever falling ia love with the wrong kind of man, ‘We do not generally use past continuous to describe habitual actions in the past. Thot summer we were going swimming naarly every day ‘That summer we went swinyning nearly every doy.past perfect simple and continuous ‘© are used to refer to events in the past which happened before other events in the past, usually wher there is no time expression to make this clear. Past perfect simple refers to finished events and past perfect continuous to unfinished, recently completed or continuing events, 8y the ime we gut tu the citena, dhe fit had started, He'd been working Ircail nur ane! be ell realy tre In both exemples, the past perfect happens before the past simple. '¢ are common after verbs such as realize, remember, know understand etc. When I got on the bus, Irealized had left my watet at hare. ‘© are commen in reported speech (see Unit 17), «are not used to emphasize that an event happened 2 long time ago. Compare the use of past simple and past continuous with past perfect tenses. While we were watching a fm, the fie alarm went off. (past events) | remembered the events of ihe day before. At | 1.00 while we had been watching 2 film, the fre alarm had gone off. (past seen from the past) Only use past perfect tenses when absolutely necessary to show that one event in the past happened before another event in the past, Often the meaning is clear without using past perfect. When we scribe a series of short actions, we usually use past simple. ibe habits and states itt the past, expecially when we make contras's with the present, Any time reference tends (o be general. the pronunciation ts just tw J used to play chess quite often, but | haven't played for ages. In those days peopl used to wash al thei clothes by hand. used to like tennis, but | don't play much nove ‘+ Used to refers only to the past. There are ne other terse forms in modern English, though they can be found inolderliterery texts. ‘2 The question is normally Did you use to? Did you use to play hiderard-veek wine you were a cid? The negative is normally dldit use to. in those days, people didn’t use to travel abroad so much. ‘© Past simple is. ako used to describe past habits, with other details added to mate a contrast between pastand present. When I was younger played chess quite often, but ! haven't played for ages. ‘¢ Beused 10 something has ne connection with be used to, and means be accustomed to something. Toin this case Is 3 preposition, so It followed by a noun or -ing. lan't cat any more. I'm not used to such big meas. She can't climb sil these stops! She's not used to taking so much exercise! would 1 conbe used to describe a person's habitual activity. It cannot be used with state verbs, Every suminer we would stay ina sna vilage in the rnuuitei, It's not possible to say Aru terwtis-bet tte penetrate © Would's more common in more literary texts, reminiscences etc past tenses used as polite forms ‘¢. Past simple and past continuous are often used when the speaker is being more polite orless direct. The time reference 's to present time. Did you want to see ine abvut enything? J was wondering wal you wanted. © past timeComplete the sentence using the verb in brackets and would or used to. If both are possible, write both. 2 Every day the young prince (go) Would qo / used +o go hunting in the forest b Wild animals (sometinnes come) into the garden at night. © | (enjoy) computer games, but I’ve grown tired of them. ¢ Brian (speuk) ~ lalian quite well, but he’ forgotten it all, @ Every day Anna (wake up) ss at 4,00 am and go to work at the bakery. £ My mother (often play) the piano and sing alter dinner. © | (own) 2 racing bike but I sold it and bought a scooter. Tony (betive) that one day he would be famous, | When I was student | (usually go) to bed about 1.00 am. j Helen (live) in an ald boat on the eanal 2 Complete the two texts about World War 1 with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous, Only use a past perfect form If it is necessary to make the meaning cleat The condition of Britain in 1917 Site grmtmrrencale ninecd) Seeded Gr enssre thar ihn wim bel Unser the Defere< of tre Real Act it was able 1 take aver land and turn ft aver to food provlucton. In Febeuaty 1917 i b(setup) the Women’s Land Asmy to weruit women us farm worker. By then, however, the food Supply in Britain ¢ became) desperate, German Ueats d(onky ‘one n every four British merthatit chips and Britain had only six weeks’ supply (of wheat let, As food supplies @ (rn) short, so prices (se) Woges gdtally tse) dating the war because people were mostly prepared 1o siete beter pay wo suppore she war efor bur prices were now alot double what they h (be) in 1914, Poorer people could not even afford basic supplies such as bread. Shops (close) carly cach afternoon as they j (run out) of goods to seGerman reactions to the Treaty of Versailles 1919 “The oxerall reaction of Germans was horror and outeage. They certainly k (nor believe) = they Very) the eae They m (uot even thine) they n (lose) the war In 1919 many Germans o (not really understand) howbsd Germany's military situation p (be) atthe end of the war in 1928, They believed that the German goveramient ‘(simply agree) toa ebatelire, and thar therefore Germany shonid have heen at the Paris Peace Conference to negotiate peace. They were angry that their government wasnot represented at the talks aad Usa he Als ree) them wo eeept ash treaty without any choice oreven a comment. At fist, the new governments (refuse) ~ 10 ign the treaty and at one point it (00%) asthough war might break out again. However, Ebert. the new German leader, was nan impossible postion. elictanely: he agired to secept the termsof the treaty and it was digned on 2s June 1919 3 Underline the correct form. Only use the past perfect form when other forms are not possible a When Doea wert / hu gone to pay for the petrol she wus putting / kad put in ber car, she reulized / was realizing UUhat she fost / utd lost hes credit card, b White 1 was wattieg /liad watted for my meal to arrive, I saw / was ime into the restaurant were staring / ad been staring at me from 2 nearby table. ¢ When | heard / wus hearing the noise at the window, | knew /Inid known that someone tried / wis tring to break Into the house. Maria didn't remember / waste remembering any been driving too fast and in fact had almost stopped / was alenost stopping before she teached the crossroads, © By the time the fire engines arrived / was arriving at the cottage, Tom and his neighbours already put out /Ihad already put ont the fire andl were carrying / had been carrying furtiture out of the blackened building f "What did you do were you doing in the High Street at that time of night, and why did you run aveay / nad you nm away when the officer told / was telling you tu stop?” asked Uhe lawyer o While Sally paitned /was painting the ceiling, she fell off / was falling off the ladder but luckily she didn't break / waar breaking any bones. h Our taxi to the airport didn’t tuna up / wasa’t turning up on time, and so by the time we got /were getting t0 the checkin desk, the flight alteuly closed / lat ulreaty closed. | Marlowe walked slowly Into the room, He dla’ forget / hadn't forgotten hls last visit to the house, whe Miss LaPorte had fired / was fring two shots at him, so he had taken / was taking no chances this thme. J. Alice could sce that the tall hoy find / was having difficulty making himself understood, but she decided /was ileciding not to help him. Aiter all, nobody had helped / wats helping her ducing her first days in this country! ng that the two men who had followed about the accident, except that slue wilu't drive / Jud nut Baraca aiad Choose a novel or story, and select one or two pages. Make a list of the past tenses used ‘on these pages. Are these the only tenses possible, or are others also acceptable? Translate some of the sentences in Exercise 2 into your language. Does your language havea similar set of tenses, oF is it different? © past timepresent perfect present perfect simple Use present perfect simple © to refer to events connected to the present, without e del Someone has stolen my bike! I've just had an ide, © to refer to indefinite events that happened at an unknown time in the past. This time is often recent, and is often used in news iterns when the information is ‘current’. Archacclogists have discovered an Anglo Saxcr valace in London, Police have vecaptured (wo esceped prboness. The time can also be all tinte up to the present. ‘No-one has (ever) proved that alens exis © torefer to indefinite events with a result in the present. My car has broken down. (That's why Iwant a lift from you) '® to describe what has been done or how many things completed in 2 period of time. The building has been completed on time. United have scored three goal, and there’ stil half an hour Wet, te past time, often with just. © to describe e living person's experiences, what he or she has done in life so far. ‘She has painted soxne of dhe Les! portraits of recent years, © to describe a state that lasts up to the present, with state verbs. ve worked in this departinent for the past sie months, © Lo refer to 3 repeated action in a period of time up to the present. ve cooked dinner every night for ten years! ‘© with some time expressions. ve worked here since 2002. This isthe fist time I've eaten squid! Viole already seen this film Note that most tine expressions can be used with various tences. Ive lived he for ten yee, (present perfect spl: a ail here) ‘Tived tev for Urse year. (pas simple: Fn not there now) present perfect simple or past simple © Use present perfect simple for unfinished time and past simple for finished time. She has painted some of the best portraits of recent years She painted some of the best povtrets of recent years. In the first sentence the action has happened in a period up to the present, and may well continue, In the second sentence the action is finished. The artist may be dead. The events are in a period of, time not connected to the present. © Use to show speaker attitude. Speakers mey decide whether they see an event as connected to the present (present perfect simple) or not (past simple). This may be a matter of time or place. Tense use ishere a matter of choice, rather than ot grammatical 'right” or ‘wrong! I've left ny books ot home. (The speaker feels the eventis recent ori till near home.) {ett my books at home (The speaker teels the event Is distant in time and place) © Use with different time expressions. haven't been to the cinema for ages /3 fora time. Present perfect refers to an action over a peried of time and for describes how long the period is. Its ages J 3 long time since I went to the cinema, Its ages describes a period of time since on event and past simple describes when thet event happened,