SCC A Differentiation DERIVATIVE AT A GIVEN POINT The concept of the derivative of a real valued function at a o Point is intimately connected with that of the slope of the tangent to the curve (graph of the function) at the given point onit. Let y = f(x) be a function which is defined in some S-neighbourhood of ¢ where 8 is a small positive real number and f is continuous at x = ¢ ie. at the point PG, fle). Let Q (¢ +h, f(c + M) be any other point on the graph of f (shown in fig. 11.1) where c + It lies in the a neighbourhood of ¢ i. I is very small, h# 0, it may be positive or negative. In fig, 11.1, we have shown the case when hi> 0. We +A. fle my Pee fo) Slope of the line PQ = ses Ae fo, fer fo | Now, if we hold the point P fixed and let Q approach P closer and closer, the value of the slope varies. The line PQ rotates about the point P till it reaches its limiting position when Q ultimately coincides with P. In this position, the line PQ becomes a tangent to the curve (graph of f) at P. The limiting value ofthe slope when Q—> Pie. ,Lt, A<*!= £0 (it exists) is called the derivative of fat the point x = it is denoted by f*(c) (read as flash ¢) ‘The indicated limit may exist at some points and may fail to exist at some other points, Moreover, we can approach P either from left or from right. This leads to the following definitions of the derivative at a given point: A function fis said to have a left derivative atx = iff fis defined in some (undeleted) left neighbourhood ofcand Lp AEAD=LO exists ginitey ho" ‘The value of this limit is called the left derivative at x = cand is denoted by f'(c) or Lf(c) ie. Z fle+ m= fo) = fern fe FO" Ey A function f is said to have a right derivative at x = c iff fis defined in some (undeleted) right font exists (finitely) jbourhood of cand Lt hot 246 @ Applied Mathematics-XI a. 11). 11) eeOPA aT aa es ue of this limit is called the right derivative at x = c and is denoted by f{(c) or RFC) be: ng u Le ti=fe FOO Ey A function fis said to have a derivative at x = iff fis defined in some (undeleted) neighbourhood of ¢ end bp DAKO exists Ginitely The value of this limit is called the derivative at x = c and is denoted by f'(c) i. flc+W- flo "(c)= Lt ro ho h From the above definitions, it follows that the derivative of a function f at x = c exists iff both the left and right derivatives exist separately at that point and are equal. Geometrically (slope of tangent) The left derivative (if it exists) at x = c represents the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(c, f(c)) from the left side and the right derivative (if it exists) at x = c represents the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(c, f(c)) from the right side; and the derivative (if it exists) at x = c represents the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point P(c, f(¢)). Therefore, the derivative of the function fat x = c will exist iff the tangent to the curve y=/(x) exists con both sides of the point P(c, f(Q) in its immediate neighbourhood as well as at x =c itself and the tangent from the left and right coincide and this common tangent is not parallel to y-axis. Hence, the derivative of a function f at the point x = c will exist iff there is one and only one tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (c, f(c)) and is not parallel to y-axis. ‘The derivative of a function f at x = c is also called differential coefficient of fat x = ¢. A function fis said to be differentiable at a point c iff the derivative of fat c exists. The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation. Derivative at any point A function f is said to have a derivative at any point x if it is defined in some (undeleted) neighbourhood of the point xand Lt, fe fer exists (finitely). The value of this limit is called the derivative of fat any point x and is denoted by f (x) i. vex) = Lp Lot = fo) a) Other notations There are different notations for the derivative of a function. Sometimes it is denoted by 4 (fe) df orby £. If the function fis written as y = f(x), then its derivative is written as # (ory). Thedervatveats=eisdenotedty “ycap/eor(%) or( 2). By differentiation from first principles or ab-initio, we mean differentiation by using definition. Differentiation m 347DERIVATIVE AS INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE Let y = f (x) be a function of x and let independent variable x changes from x to x + 8x the, consequently dependent variable y changes from y to y + dy. So, y + By =f (x + 6x) => by=f(x+8x)- f(x) By _ fx bx) ~ fe) bx bx > Average rate of change of y per unit change in x = = ‘As 8x 0, the limiting value of 8 becomes instantaneous (actual) rate of change of y wart. x. a by Thus, Lt 2 alt, pe = Instantaneous rate of change of y wart. x = ou Me py feteo- se aro 8x aro by _ dy) d (x+8x)-f 0) _ our % 24] 2 et EO oreo arose” 2) Hence, physically & represents the instantaneous (actual) rate of change of y w.r-t.x. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. If f (x) = f (3) =2f'@) = Sx + 7, find (3) and f (2) from definition. Hence, shone that Solution. Given f(x) = By def./"@)= Lt, = by Bee a) h -5x347) Lt no Also r(Z)- (by det) x27] . | Wah oe = Ma Aah t+ 2) = 2 2x1 22/9) 48 @ Applied Mathematics-XI eRam, Example 2, Find the derioatives of the following functions from first principles (9 ax+b,a40,b40 (i) (x-1)(x-2) (iii) x8 - 27. Solution. (i) Let f(x) =ax + b. by dete) =, EAM =I. yy re neo the Lt ana (ii) Let f(x) = (@=1) (= 2) = 2-34 +2, = up Leth= fo) By det, f(x) = Lt, 220 + WP 3¢r + hy +2)? - = pp We tWP=30r4 Wy +2] fe? 3-42 130 i 1H? & 2xh = 3h = Lt Mt 2aho 3h . oh oe =042x-3=2r-3, (iii) Let f(x) = x3 -27. = f(x) + hp - 27] - (x" th + 3a + 1B Lp NE Bal + = 3x2 + 3x x 0+ 02 = 3x2 Example 3. Find the derivatives ofthe following functions from first principles By def., (a) = ya, eee ep Sectet WP py teen © po h(x the? — ho h(x hee Le Ssh n2eo0 de iy GemPet GOR at 2 ~Brre0. (i) Letf@) x1, note that fis not defined atx =0 1 eee = Lt S@t+N- fe. ( aH) ( Oe ee eee ee Differentiation m 349he x 7 Sule aa] 1 1s =1 ve, roe tye" Example 4, Fira the derivwtites of the following functions from first principles By det. (0) = Lt fers h)= fa) © ho ry Le a 2Ar + 3+ 2h) - 2+ hy(2x + 3) ato h(x eh 2x2) Ly 222k WRe+3) 7h iby h(x+h=2x-2) itty (@+h-2e-2 er arth (i) Let f(x) = 7 Tote that fis not defined at x = ateeneb weed By def. f(a) = 1p ened ered nao ix +b + ah) (cx +d) (Cr+ d + ch) (ax +d) noo hex ++ ci) (ex +d) ah(ex+a)~ch(ax+) yy a~be nso h(extd+chy(cx+d) — ko(ex+d+ch)(ex+d) ade _ ad —be a erat O rd exvae ** Example 5. Find the derivative of Jax + 6 from first principle Solution. Let f(x) = Vax +6 By def, f(x) = Le L2+4- fe) m0 an ernst ~ Vax = 50 pCRUEC eau fax +b | flax +b)+ ah + Jaxr+b = So fax +b) + ah + Jax+b 350 m Applied Mathematics-XILe LB ah lar 4) atta nidlare yeah + Jar hy 7 me sto ni dlae Bye at ean eh) Lt “ slo are iva dave) Varvb Jarvh are RCISE 11.1 1. Using definition, find the derivatives of the following, functions at the indicated points (9 fla) =3vatx=2 (ii) f(x) = 2 4 Be Fated -4xtatr=1 (a fe 2. For the function f, given by f(x) = 2x3 - 922 + 12x +9, show that f‘(1) = f'(2). Find the derivatives of the following functions from first principles: () 3x-5 (i) (x3)? (ii) (iv) (xy! © i) a (vif) x (viity x64 Answers L @3 (8 (ii) -8 3 3 (i) 2x3) iti) 3x2 (io) ™ -§ i) 23 -5 (vif) 1 (ii) Some standard results on derivatives 1. The derivative of a constant function is zero. Proof. Let f(x) = c, for all x € R where c is a fixed real number. ay = Lp Let MLO) _ 14 ere By dt fn = EL ° eee che HoH (eo) 0. ie. 2 (6) =0, forall xe R. ae 2. The derivative of x is 1. Proof. Let f(x) = x rex) = 1p LEFM= FO) yy OME Ne eye By dt fom yy Fetal yy EAE be tat 4 Sw =2 je Ee Sad Differentiation m 351jive integer. 3. The derivative of x is ml, where m is any p Proof. Let fQ) = we N, By det PO) = Lr LOMA FO) yy Has nto moh Ly @tlotaat (sh 2reh yy whey (HMw using Lt Saco nx xa te RO) = ment, This result is known as power formula. Remark The above result ie. (e") = nt is true forall rational powers of x ie, 1 ean be any rations number. However, we will not prove it here. 4. The derivative of (ax + b)" is n(ax + b)"1 a, where m is any positive integer and a, b are fixed real numbers. Proof. Let f(x) = (ax + bY", ne N. By def, P(x) = Le LEFM=S) _ py (ale +h) + (ars roo i nso h = Lt g eet beaiy" (ax +6" noo ah =a (ees b aly” CxO" 5 50 = ax tb + ah > ar +b) | axtbeai—vareb (ax-+b-+ all) = (ax +b) (using Lt Bae" nant} = a.n(ax + byt es te. 2 (ax + by") = wax + Dye Moreover, the above result is true for all rational values of 1. 5. Algebra of derivatives We state some results (without proof) which enable us to evaluate the derivatives in many problems. © If f is a differentiable function at x and g is the function defined by g(x) = cf(x), then (2) = cf'(2), where ¢ is a fixed real number 4 a ie F(fle)) =e. 2a). Thus, the derivative of a scalar multiple of the function is the scalar multiple of the derivative of the function. (i If f and g are differentiable functions at x and if h is the function defined by I(x) = f(x) + g(x), then h(x) = f(x) + 9’) a oa a ie FO) + 0) =F (FG) + & OD. Thus, the derivative of the sum of two functions is the sum of their derivatives, 352 m Applied Mathematics-XI scene epenenee ns efNEENNNNRRcan if fand g ave differentiable functions at x and h is the function defined by (x) = fl) ~ (2), then W(x) = (x) = g'(a) ie £0) ~ 60) = goo - Aigo. Thus, the derivative of the difference of tro functions is the difference of their derivatives. (iv) If f and g are differentiable functions at x and if h is the function defined by n(x) = FX) gl), them W(x) = fl) g(x) + g(x) f°) ie (forgo =f). wan +g. Yen. Thus, the derivative of the product of two differentiable functions = first function x derivative of second function + second function « derivative of first function. ‘This is known as product rule or Leibnitz’s rule. Extension of the product rule If f, ¢ and h are three differentiable functions at x, then a a d dig FODSCIHE) = FO) gla) Tho) + fori) 1 (ge) + godHG) 7 (FE. In fact, this rule can be extended to any finite number of derivable functions. (®) If f and g are differentiable functions at x and h is the function defined by = 1) = SOLE) — fl) 0) ‘gay? 80) % O then Wx) = at a a 0 = feo. “(ges «(ae _ SOD FeO) ~ fl1-F (gO) ree de\ g(x) (gi? ‘ Thus, the derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions dtono, x derivation of num. ~ num. x derivative of deno. (denominator? ° This is known as quotient rule. 6. If f is a differentiable function at x, then 4 ((F(a))") = n(fo)"1.f'@), where n is any positive integer. 7. Derivative of polynomials Let f(a) ayn" + axl + ax"? +... + dy. 1x + dy be a polynomial function, where dy, ay, Myr «+ 4,, are fixed real numbers and 1 is a positive integer. Then the derivative of the polynomial f(x) is given by FG) = nage) + (= Daya”? + (m2) B+ + yy [Proof of this result is just the application of the above results 1, 2, 3 and 5(i), (ii).] ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find the derivatives of the following functions: (i) 3x7~5x249 (i E48 (iii) (ax? + bP. Differentiation m 353Solution. (i) Let f(x) = 3x7 -5x2 + 9, diff. want. x, we get ad a FQ) = EGx? 5x2 +9)= Lox + 4 (-5x%)+ £0) f(x) 463). 4 (42) 40 =3.7x5-5.281 Ee OMHCD.A (2) 4023.726-5.24 = 21x6~ 10x. _ diff, wrt. x, we get 20a) 2145.1). (iii) Let f(x) = (22 +b)? = ast + 2abx? + B2, diff. want. x, we get at atx) + £2 FQ) = Fx) + F Rabx?) + F (0%) eat, 4a t a. (x4) + 2ab, 2 (02) + 2 (P) =a? 4x3 + 2ab.2x! +0 = da2x3 + dabx = 4ax(ax2 + b). Example 2. Find the derivative of x" + ax"-1-+ a2x"-2 +... +a"™Lx + a", where a is some fixed real mumbo and n is any positive integer. Solution. Let f(x) =x" +ax"~14a2x"-24... +a"-l x +a", diff. wrt. x, we get FO) = Lame at leat 24 $a Ta eal) = 4 mga Lyn) 4 24 and) na 4am = Lear na Lorry a2 Zoro gat Zaye Zany = mx"1 4 a.(n—Dxt-2 4 a2. (n—2)a"-3 +. ea" 40 = nat-1 4 (n= Dant-2 + (1 22a 3 4 a, Example 3. Find the derivatives of the following functions : @ 46-409) (x ty Solution. (i) Let f(x) = 14 (3 - 4x5) = 3x4 — ar, diff. w.nt. x, we get PR) =3 x CAS 4 x (9px 10 == 12x + 36x10 = -12r5 (1-35). 3 (ii) Let fx) (x+3) 2845 s3rx1(x+4) 23429 43x +31, diff. wnt. x, we get f(a) = 3x2 + (3x44 31431)? 3 3 +3-3. 354 m Applied Mathematics-XIJe +L, prove that 2x48 + y = 20x example df= VE + prove that 2x + y= 2x solution. Given y= Vx + k = xV/2 4 91/2, diff, want. x, we get re ara ye = avi += (de-f)+(Je+ ge) = oxi +y= We Example 5. fy = |? £ fy P ¥v Ee ‘prove that 2xy 4. 7 7 va Beg i -3) = he ae 2 EEE EE + 8(EDUE 8 Example 6. Ify = Fe(t-2), prove tat (24-y) 422-30. 1 3 : Sf 3 a eel 7 2(24-y) +2-35 x2 [-- 2 43x? -(: 2-x ‘)Jees af ft + +(x 2ux ; +22-3=3-x24x?-3=0. Example 7. Find the derivatives of the following functions : ar+d @ 2+D(x-2 Ooms Solution. (i) Let f (x) = (x2 + 1) (x-2) = 3 - 2x? + x2, diff. wart. x, we get f(x) = 3x2 -2. 2x} + 1-0 = 3x? =e +1 Differentiation m 355 pteREE EE SI re Alternatively F(X) = (7 +1) (x= 2), diff. want x, we get fo (2 +1) Aa-a+e-2. Lore) (Product ny (x? +1) (1-0) + (x-2) 2x +0) a4 14 2x2 4y = 3x44] G Let fo) = A, ditt. wat. x, we get area Gx? = 7149) 2x2 4)-Gx+ NEGF -72+9 (x) = (quotient ny . Ge 72+ F (Sx = 72+ 9F = Sx? = 74 +9) ~ (x4 410-7) Gi -7r+9F Le 6 27 = (0x? + 198 (Bx? 71 9 Example 8. Find the derivatives of the following functions ro (quotient nie " areb (i) Let fQ) = — 2, ditt. wrt x, we get peeger (px? cantar +by- (ax +b) Lips? os grory FQ) (quotent mae (pe + gree = x + gx + rMa.1 + 0) —(ars bp 2r +g. 140) ee ae = pe + grt) (ar + DNQpE +g) _ ape + Bhpe shy ar) ext + gre ee 386 @ Applicd Mathematics-XIpvample 9. Find the derivatives af the following functions ave b) ext? Gi) (ax + by" (cx dy, 1, mE N, solution. (?) Let f(a) = (x + 6) (cx +d), diff. wart. x, we get P(x) =(av+b). 4 (ex + dy?) 4 (ex +d? 4 (ax +b) (product rule) = (ax +).2(ex + d)e+ (cx + d)2,(a.140) (+ Zax + by) = max + bY a, result 4) (ax + b) (cx + d) + a(cx +d)? (2c(ax + b) + a(ex + d)) (cx +d) Bacx + 2be + ad) (cx + d). (id) Let fla) = (ax +b)" (cx +d)", n, me N. Differentiating wart x, we get PQ) =(ar+ by" a (cx +d") + (cr dyn, 4 ((ax +6)" (product rule) = (ax + by" m(ex+ dl c+ (cx + d".n(ax + bya (using result 4) (ax + by" (cx + dy" (me (ax +b) + na(cx + d)) (ax + BY (ex + dy" (ac(mn + n) x + (rnbe + nad)).. EXERCISE 11.2 Find the derivatives of the following (1 to 5) functions wrt. x: L @ 542 (i) 4x -2 (ii) aS+b24ex4+d — (iv) 2t+x r 2 2 2 (2044) (i (+4) : 3. () x35 + 3x) (i) 8 B-6r%). 4 () Qx+3)G2-7x+1) (i) 2x7? Gx +5) 2- £0 e+ Mie-2) we5108 » 6. For the function f, given by f(x) = 2x? -3x + 7, show that f"(2) = 5f"(I). 7. If for the function of f defined by f(x) = kx? ~ 5x + 4, f"(3) = 37, find the value of k 8. Ify=x+ 1, prove that oe xy +2=0. Find the derivatives ofthe following (9 to 11) functions : - ay axt+b (2x + 1)(3x~1) " 1 9. @ 28 i) wes Oe pet ager a2 +bx te a Deere 8 ora Answers 1 @ 1-3 i) t (iii) 3ax2+2bx +0 (iv) 8x41 2@ ax- 3 @ 1-4 3. (i) -15x-4—6x3 (ii) 15x4 + 2x5 Differentiation m 3574. (9 30x? + 2v-19 (i) Qx—7) Gx +5? GOx- 43) 3 +1045 a 5. pe (ii) 4x +104 rs 7.7 ad ~be 6(2410K+1) oars 9.0 op () Brat 0.0 Get Oat teg ni, ¢ BE 2p + ar (iy, Crates + Bear = poe + br = eg (ex +by (px? + qx +r DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS Theorem. If u = g(x) is differentiable at x and y = fw) is differentiable at u, then y is differentia, . atx and ty _ dy du dy du de Another form. The above theorem can also be stated as: If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x), then the composite functg, I(x) = fg) és differentiable at x and h’G) = f(g). 00. : Chain Rule. The above rule is called the chain rule of differentiation, since determinis, the derivative of y = f(g(x)) at x involves the following chain of steps: ” (i First, find the derivative of the outer function f at g(x) (ii) Second, find the derivative of the inner function g at x. (iid) The product of these two derivatives gives the required derivative of the composite furcix) {fog at x. ‘The chain rule is a very important and useful tool in differentiation. The reader is advis:) to have sufficient practice in the use of this rule. The chain rule works perfectly well to more than two functions. Corollary 1. If h(x) = (f(2))" and f is differentiable at x, then WO) = nf. f’@). (We accept it without pre Proof. Let f(x) = «and g(u) = u", then h(x) = w= g(u) = g(/@)), differentiate using chain rule HQ) = ¢(FO) FO (since u = f(x) and g’(u) es) = gi(u). fa) = mu! fa) = n(f@a))" £2). a dea # Corollary 2, “ provided < ‘corollary 2. provided “* #0. BIRB IS This result is very useful in dealing with parametric functions. dy 1 ided Corollary 3. SE = ey provided &* + 0, ay This result is very useful in dealing with inverse functions, Corollary 4, “Y , a A ae ay 358. m Applied Mathematics-XI> OT ee ee eee pevivatine of abv vahus fre thon se ye tate LL , SiMlontioiny wa. 1, 18 ek y dooyh tf La. 4% ONE ON @ py 708 wo 7 ” ae vy Tae, dale ao ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Differentiate the following fm fions wot w llr bre NO na IY - )) y poolution. (i) Let flr) = S21 4 = x 2)'17, SiMbenwnrtintiniy wad 7, 0s et 4 a fey = ar WF ay 4) 5x 3512, 5 x= 9) =f er- POI P27? z Me=9 "2 (uy Lt y = Gr? 4 a on 4 I, AMeresinting, wid 7, we opt = 10H 51 4 If EO ox 49) = HOt 57 4 IP BP 5949) = 1x8 $4 4 IP (on = 9) Examnphe 2. Wifferentiate the following function wad. x Gataa x dksinn Jax WPat-x Utat-n Sytay Solution, Let y= A or Ut Isa Dl 43 tat —20l¥ OP adn? 7 DV Del 4), Sibhererdiating, wk 2, we yes Y ersy-2)1 3? 4379 204 bi? 34.4) 2 oF 361-2) na OT | whe? vated PT yp ay trample 3. If y= + Vil 4a! ), prove that Z «- soition. oven y= calito yt iltiecerntiny, Wh 1, We YA Y nya (had) Leste) a ised oar ao : enue deeg pt [poh aatyi7 an) Dita © IMEET EF 4 oa (i) (Qx-7) Gx +5)? Gox-43) apt : 5. OME ae (i) axe e 7.7 ref} 9% () “= ‘iy 24 = be 62 +10K +) Gin Dare oF WO Grae 0 ae ieee 11, (i) P+ 2p + bg — a (iy (@4= bp) + Bar - pores br =e (ar +b Gera DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE. FUNCTIONS Theorem. If u = g(x) is differen We Hiable at x and y = flu) is differentiable at u, then y is differentiable atx an dy _ dy du eat te (We accept it without proof) Another form. The above theorem can also be stated as If § is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at (x), then the composite function HG) = (go) is differentiable at x and h’() = f (gtx).g/ 0. Chain Rule. The above rule is called the chain rule of differentiation, since determining the derivative of y = f(¢(x)) at x involves the following chain of steps (i) First, find the derivative of the outer function f at g(x) (ii) Second, find the derivative of the mner function ¢ at x (ili) The product of these two derivatives gives the required derteattoe of the composite function fog at x ‘The chain rule is a very important and useful tool in differentiation. The reader is advised to have sufficient practice in the use of this rule ‘The chain rule works perfectly well to more than two functions. Corollary 1. If h(x) = (f(2))" and fis differentiable at +, then Way = nay! fo) Proof. Let f(x) = wand g(u) =u, then Nx) = w= stu) = g(f(2)), differentiate using chain rule Wey = sO) fe) (since u = f(x) and (u) exists) gu). f(a) = nu! Fx) n(fayt fe ty dys dt ided Corollary 2. SE = Yb prov ided “#0. a This result is very useful in dealing with parametric functions, ae #0 Corollary 3. Sf = ge» provided [7 ay This result is very useful in dealing with inverse functions. dy de Corollary 4. 388. m Applied Mathematics-XINEMEEEEE EATS =e Int = Vx, differentiating wert. x, we get let oy eo a ae 7 2) OO" orapyy so Ths, £(lel) = yee # WLLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Differentiate the following functions wart. x + (ii) (3x2 = Sx + 17. Solution. ()) Let f(x) = V2¥—3 = @x- 3)!, differentiating wrt. x, we get ro) = $@x-312, Sex-3) Qx- 3-172 2.1-0)= Fed (2) Let y = (Gx? - 5x + 1), differentiating w.rt. x, we get & 2 7.@2-5x 41). 4£62-5x+1) ar rs 7x2 - 5x + 18 (3.2x1 - 5.1 + 0) 7(3x2 - 5x + 1)6 (6x - 5). x? +1-x Example 2. Differentiate the following function wrt. x: *2—* fe S 8 e+ 14+x Ve yi ex Vier, VP ei-e Veviex Jeritx SP ti-x y+ x? -2eVx2 41 _ 2x? + 1- 2eVx? 41 (+D-2 1 Solution. Let y= 2 = 2x2 +1 2x Vx? +1, differentiating want. x, we get 4 =22r+0-2[x set aie vi} 2 2+ o2+0 2241 =4x-2 ea] 4x2, 2400s a 28 Fs iP Be Example 3. If y = (x + Vx? +02)", prove that toh x Vea Solution. Given y = (x + Vx? +a?)" 0) Differentiating w.rt. x, we get 4 en (x+ Vx 4a2y At +02) ix ie en (x4 veal [rede + aay | Differentiation 4(ard ny Viva Vtea (es iy Example 4. If y = (x + Vx? - 1)", prove that (x2 - 1) (z Solution. Given y = (x + Vx? -1)" 4 6 Differentiating w.rt. x, we get , emcee [rede ay as] = 2 =m tN omy . = ES (using ( ‘On squaring both sides, we get dy P my? ay (dv _ nn (2) Fhe Zp ore, Example 5. Differentiate |x? - 51 wrt, x. Solution. Let y = |x? - 51, differentiating wart. x, we get dy pai = fa wl*) Ta'**9} x2-5 2x(x? ~ 5) = 223 ox ye xeaS faa OF Taras * EXERCISE 11.3 1) Ifa) = V4—x? , xe (-2, 2), find fx). (ii) Uefa) = VA? , xe (0,1), find f(a. Differentiate the following (2 to 4) wrt. x 2. () V2e-1 (i) (Bx? - 9 + 5), 1 ” fa? ~ x? 3. (i) V3x+2+ (ii) . ) ware a@+x? iy rie (ii) fe+1—V-1 5. Find the derivative of |2x7~3] with respect to x. Answers OTe 1 gt ORD 900 @ Applied Mathematics-XI (i) 2722-3) Gx2 9x 4 582a 0 aoae sap 4x (2x? ~ 3) IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Ifybe a function of x defined by an equation such as y = 7d -534 14 V2x-3 (a y is said to be defined explicitly in terms of x and we write y = f(x) where f@) = 74-53 4 2+ V2x-3. However, if x and y are connected by an equation of the form ly — 3x3y5 + 793 - 8:2 + 9 = 0 sli ie. f(x, y) = 0, then y cannot be expressed explicitly in terms of x. But, still the value of y depends upon that of x and there may exist one or more functions ‘f* connecting y with x so as to satisfy equation (ii) or there may not exist any of the functions satisfying equation (i). For example : Consider the equations 2+ P-25 =0 i) and P4425 = 0 eiv) In equation (iii), y may be expressed explicitly in terms of x, but y is not a function of x. Here, we have two functions of x (or two functions of y if y were considered to be independent variable) f, and fy defined by f(x) = 25-32 and fa(x) = -V25- x? which satisfy equation (iii). In equation (jv), there are no real values of x that can satisfy it. In cases (ii), (iii) and (iv), we say that y is an implicit function of x (or x is an implicit function of y) and in all such cases, we find the derivative of y with regard to x (or the derivative of x with regard to y) by the process called implicit differentiation. Of course, wherever we differentiate implicitly an equation that defines one variable as an implicit function of another variable, we shall assume that the function is differentiable. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Find hen x2 + xy + y? = 100 Solution. Given x? + xy +? = 100. Regarding y as a function of x, differentiating both sides wart. x, we get eee +(x dy - are (xheya) +a & 2e-y ay. dey ax x4 2y Example 2. If 22 + 2 = 02, find Solution. Given x2/3 + 2/3 = @2/3 (i) Differentiating both sides of (i) w.rt. x, regarding y as a function of x, we get 2 ee ee 1 1 dy © dy ls Soe eo Uhm lUmLehU Differentiation m 361ae EXERCISE 11.4 Find 4 in the following (1 10 4) : 1. @x-yon 3 Vet ly = ve 4. (02+ PP = xy (i) Pa yras, SW 2/09, find at (1) 2 ()xy=2 (ii) B+ ty + xy? + = BL. | (0 5+ cam Answers. L@t i) -% a o-(f (iy 32a x? + Dey + 3y? a8 yy? ope wet ay rays z 2-7 wey? 7% ed 4% (i) - 20-5 ay Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions ()) Derivative of e* is e%, for all x © R, Proof. Let f(x) = et, for all xe R. By def, Gy = Le Leth fl). 1, eth hoo h ho sigh = SED, "0 nso aed =e, Thus, 4 (6%) = 6%, for all ve R. ix (ii) Derivative of log x is 4, where x > 0. Proof. Let f(x) = log x, x > 0. xth fe log log (x + H)- log x By def,, f"(x) = Ly Pat = lop a 362 m Applied Mathematics-XI 02440)It ( . 1 q ws, “(log x) = 2, where x > 0, some important deductions 1. Derivative of a*,a>0,a #1. (2 at = et 6 a) 4 ty = A (ertoge z (a) ax | ) = etlons, 4 ( og a) = et loge 4 e108 TU log a) = e816. Jog a 4 (a) = a¥ log a.1 = a¥ loga. de Thus, ger log a,a>0,a#41. 2. Derivative of log, x, x>0,a>0,a41. 4 = 4 (log x ay 08a = ed (Base changing formula) 1 eet = 14 Gogxy = 112 ioga ax (°8*)~ Togas" Toga’ a 1 i Ths, F862) eye X> 00> 0021 i 3. Derivative of log|x|, x #0. f 4. Derivative of log, |x|, x#0,a>0,a#1. da d (log|x Mogal x1) = osu) (Base changing formula) oe =/1ij,_1 ~ joga a (08 1* = (G52 = zloga Thus, A dogalxl) = Taga #047 0041 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Differentiate the following functions: ( 5* + log x wo §. Solution. (i) Let y = 5* + log x, differentiating wart. x, we get a 1 1 Gt = 5* log 5+ © = St log5+ =. Differentiation m 363(i) Let y= & a differentiating mrt. x, we get SlogE—9 8 (tops -8). X85 log8-8'8x7 _ y78t(vlog8- 8) Example 2. Find the derivatives of the following functions, ( bg («4+ Paw) (ip log (SES ft) feet—vx-1 Solution. (}) Let y = log (x + Vx? —a2), differentiating w-rt. x, we get Loree) iD +36? - ay 2x] VPr@+x 1 Vea Ui) Let y= log ( FERTAE i=! _( Set iE) Vest ~ vert} > "8 fest - dant deeds Jet tog (2D er De BEAT (-0-D = log (x + Vi? = 1), differentiating w.rt. x, we get _ ES [r+doe-p 2s| reve Example 3. If y = e3!s +2, prove that # = x22 (2x + 3), Solution. Given y = ¢3!o8 + +21 = log. | ¢2r = x x>0) Differentiating wert. x, we get dy dy 24 e% 3x? = xe Ax + 3). Example 4. If y = 9%)", show that # = 2k Solution. Given y = 9!983* = (32)/083* = 32logax = glogs? (det 2) 4, prove that MY = C= Example 5. (i) Ife + er =D (ii) If & +e = e+ Y, prove that # =e * 364 m Applied Mathematics-XI ee~~ solution. (7) Given ef + ef = erty Differentiating both sides of (i) w.rk. x, regarding y as a function of x, we Bet oreo) lst dy 4 se eH cory s cry Y 5 ey erry YL an ax ae 7 OWN eye dy dy __ ete = -#(e-)# sewe- 4 nF -e@-n= 2--9o). (i Given ct + e¥ = e+ ¥, dividing both sides by e+ ¥, we get Ys et = 1, diff, wat x +er(-osey Example 6. If y = © (0) a ar Example 7. If y = tog( + w. ax 2y-(e+1) xe 2x(x+l) 2x)" Example 8. If y V2 +1 = log (Vx? +1 x), prove that (22 + ne +ay+1= Solution. Given y Vx? +1 = log (Vx? +1-x) Differentiating both sides of (i) wert. x, regarding y as a function of x, we get 1 1 - |e male > fhe Vt 41 Jen tha Tears dead = wets nH <1 st+n 2 sxyei=0. Saasaew al ee (i) Ai) (using () Differentiation = 365_ 4 Example 9 ify = log x Vlog x + flog x tm » prove that x(2y Ty = en y= Jlogx+ flog x + flog x +. S y= Jlogrry (using ( => Pelgxty, Solution, Differentiating wint. x, we get ay 1, dy dy 1 yi a1 xt gy 2 OV-DE =, ax y- DE EXERCISE 11.5 Differentiate the following (1 to 3) functions wart. x = 1 © 8+ Ler 2 bog x i) ze (i Ve®, x>0. 3. (i) log (log x), x > 1 (ii) logy (log x), x > 1. 4. (If f(1) = 4 and f'(1) = 2, find the value of the derivative of log fle*) wat. x at x=0. (ii) If f(x) = e* g(x), g(0) = 2 and g'(0) = 1, then find f'(0). Differentiate the following (5 to 6) functions wart. x : 5 teh tte 6 be EEE = (i) xViex? + log (x + Vx? +1) ; (r+ VF 41) ty ye 7. 7 prove that (2 + 1)54 + xy = (ii) If y = 2108 * + 3%, prove that & = x(2 + 3x) &, 8. Find & when Oxy + xe-¥ + yer a ry o-¥ = tog(2). y 9. If y log x = x ~y, prove that # log x iv + og x ty log x= x — ‘1 fe = it ylogr=x-y=> y(1+logsax y=. nn Answers a (0) 10" log 10+ Zot 2 (i) -e* of 2 @ axe a — 30—) \— lee logs © FogTogs 40 ; 3 366 @ Applied Mathematics-XI = a