EROSIVE CAPACITY OF

WATER
 Essential character of hydraulic action close to flow
boundaries
 Practical methods for quantifying relative erosive
capacity
 Investigation potential of scour and scour extent
Boundary Flow Process
Boundary Flow Process
 Near bed process → instability of laminar sublayer
→ pressure fluctuations
 Near bed process → eddy formation → pressure
fluctuations → hairpin vortices formation and
breakup
 Flow at the central part of hairpin causes high
pressure on the bed.
 Turbulence production ~ eddy formation
 Energy supply & expenditure has units of power →
stream power
 Available and applied stream power
 Available stream power: power which provide the
impetus for water to flow
 Applied stream power: power applied to overcome
resistance within water and its boundaries.
 Turbulent flow: turbulent kinetic energy → heat
 Macro turbulence → smaller eddies → heat ( by
viscous action).

+ y =
y = 
 w

 Near bed region , y+ = 70
 Viscous sublayer,0  y+  5
 Buffer sublayer, 5  y+  70
 Chien and Wan (1999): process of energy
conversion by viewing shear stress, , acting on small
element with velocity, u.
 Stream power was expressed in terms of stream
power per unit area, u.
d (u ) du d
= +u
dy dy dy
Available stream power
 Gravity forces: dxdys
 Force balance on the element:
   
 + dy dx − dx + dydxs = 0 + s = 0
 y  y


 Multiply by u: u = − u s
y

 Available power: P = −u
y
Applied Stream Power
 Work done during dt = shear force x distance
( + d )dxdudt −   0 =  dydxdt + ddxdudt − 0
du
dy
 Energy applied to overcome resistance in the body of
flow per unit volume per unit time:

du
 Energy applied = 
dy
 Applied stream power, rate of energy expenditure:
du
P =
dy
Velocity Distribution
 Simplified form:
m
 y
u = uo  
h
 Uo = flow velocity at surface , m = 0.1 – 0.25

 Available and applied stream power distribution is

different.
Energy Transmission

( + d )(u + du )
dy A

u
y C
d (u )
Ptransfer =−
dx
dy
P transfer: amount of stream power per unit volume of water transmitted to the
boundary from a depth of y above the stream bed.
 Integral approach:
 Integral of available stream power w/ respect to y =
integral of the applied stream power w/ respect to y
h h h

 ud = −  usdy =  du

0 0 0
h h

 usdy +  du = 0
 Integral of stream power transmission curve:
0 0

 d (− u ) = 0
0
Turbulence production in the near-bed
region
 Dimensionless turbulence production in near-bed
region:
70 +
du
0  t dy + dy =  u = 7.853
+ + + +

t u
= 7.853
 u u
2

 u   u 
 t = 7.853  w = 7.853  gyS f
u u
Relative Turbulence Production vs. (y/ks)
Turbulent Flow
k s u
 Smooth turbulent flow, 5
 tu
=
7.853 1 
gqs f 2 8  Re f 
log 
 2.51 
 
k s u
 Rough turbulent flow,  70
 tu 7.853 1 
=
gqs f 2 8  12 y 
log 
 ks 
Transition, k s u
 5  70
 tu 7.853
 1
=
gqs f 2 8  k s 2.51 
− log 
 12 R Re f 
 
Stilling Basin

q2  q2 
E = y1 + 2
−  y 2 + 
2 
2 gy1  2 gy 2 
y2 1
=
y1 2
(1 + 8Fr12 − 1 )
E
Pavailable = q
L