" Exponmnbidl Funchon 7 SEE _ Tr gensred gam oxponerkial fun chen b a furcken of Us. farm fersh , boo CGpeibea guaallFIGURE 1. Translating the graph of f SECTION 1.3 _ New Functions from Old Functions 37 Let’s first consider translations of graphs. If cis a positive number, then the graph of Y= f(x) + cis just the graph of y = /(x) shifted upward a distance of ¢ units (because tach y-coordinate is increased by the same number ¢). Likewise, if g(x) = flx ~ O. where c > 0, then the value of g at.xis the same as the value of f at x — ¢(c units to the left ofx), Therefore the graph of y = fr ~ 0) isjustthe graph of y = f(a) shifted cunits to the right (see Figure 1) Vertical and Horizontal Shifts Suppose c > 0. To obtain the graph of = f(x) + ¢, shift the graph of y = f(2) a distance ¢ units upward y = fla) — ¢, shift the graph of y = f(a) a distance c units downward ‘fla — 0), shift the graph of y = f(2) a distance c units to the right 'y = fle + 0), shift the graph of y = f(a) a distance ¢ units to the left y=efle) (en yes Ne.’ yanfie) FIGURE 2 Stretching and reflecting the graph of f Now let's consider the stretching and reflecting transformations. If ¢ > 1, then the raph of y ~ cf) is the graph of y = f(a) stretched by a factor of cin the vertical ‘rection (because each y-coordinate is multiplied by the same number c). The graph of y = —f(x) is the graph of y = f(x) reflected about the aeaxis because the point (x, y) is qeplaced by the point (x, ~»). (See Figure 2 and the following chart, where the results of ‘ther stretching, shrinking, and reflecting transformations are also given.) Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting Suppose ¢ > 1. To obtain the graph of ‘y= ef(a), stretch the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of e yy = (I/e)f(a), shrink the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of ¢ ¥y = flex), shrink the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a factor of ¢ ‘y = flx/e), stretch the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a factor of c f(a), reflect the graph of y = f(x) about the x-axis (1), reflect the graph of y = f(x) about the y-axis CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaall38 CHAPTER. Functions and Models ‘en applied to the cc nsformations Wh ine graph of Y = by 2. This means thatthe g wie 2.cos.x we mult Figure 3 illustrates these stretching 1° g ‘ : For instance, in order £0 BC! Te graph of Y= 0° by a factor of 2 tion with ¢ ‘oordinate of each point on the y 10s x gets stretched verti FIGURE 3 EXAMPLE 1 Given the graph of y Vx, use transformations to graph y = Vx - vx, y = 2x, and y z= 2, fc, obtained from Fig- re 4(a), In the other parts of the figure we sketch /x — 2 by shifting 2 units to the 2,/x by stretching vertically by axis. SOLUTION The graph of the ure 1.2.13(a), is shown in y = Vx — 2 by shifting 2 units downward, y right, y = —y‘x by reflecting about the x-axis, factor of 2, and y = =x by reflecting about the 0 0 x @yave (y=vx-2 FIGURE 4 oie EXAMPLE 2 Sketch the graph of the function f(x) — x? + 6x + 10, x + 10. SOLUTION Completing the square, we write the equation of th 1e graph as 1 AC Oe ea ‘This means we obtain the desired graph by startin shifting 3 units tothe left and then 1 unit upward sas wens Parabola y (see Figure 5). ” \ a) FIGURES ’ a @y=x 2? and Oy=e43p41 CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaallns y = b* are shown in Figure 3 for ‘The graphs of members of the family of function peeks “qe ea of members tl ofthese graphs pas oud eS (0. 1) because b° = 1 for b # 0. Notice also that as the base b gets larger, the exPOn function grows more rapidly fo 1,then b* approaches 0 as x decreases through negative values. In both cases the x-axis is a horizontal asymptote. These matters are discussed in Section 26. FIGURE 3 ‘You can see from Figure 3 that there are basically three Kinds of exponential functions y= bi IfO 1 itincreases. These three cases ae ilustrated in Figure 4. Observe that if ~ 1. then the exponential funetion y = b* has domain Rand range (0, <), Notice also that, since (1/5) = 1/b* = b-* the graph of y = (1/b)" is just the reflection of the graph of * about the y-axis. 4 seins @- ‘One reason for the importance of the exponential funetion lies in the following proper- ties, Ifx and y are rational numbers, then these laws are well known from elementary algebra, It can be proved that they remain true for arbitrary real numbers x and y. 0 1,000,000. SOLUTION In Figure 17 we graph both the function y = e* and the horizontal line = 1,000,000. We see that these curves intersect when x = 13.8. 80 &* > 10° wh {> 138. Itis perhaps surprising that the values of the exponential function hav, i already surpassed million when x is only 14. 4 i. FIGURE 17 CamScanner 3 li92 4>g.uaall52 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Models 1.4 | Exercises Use the Laws of Exponents to rewrite and simplify each sxpression, La © © <= «@ orey? oy Grey b) 27°" (©) 2x°x') 3a" b @eere © 1 @ Mite ato tides te exoenta fant with base b > 0, (b) What is the domain of this function? (©) If = 1, what is the range of this function? (@) Sketch the general shape of the graph of the exponential function for each of the following cases, @b>1 Gi) b=1 Gi) 0 1,000,000,000, — CamScanner = li92 4>s.uaall1 (1-4, q- DZ (© Forany function f with domain R, define functions F and O asin parts () and (b). Then $F is even, 3 ) 4, ay) . SECTONTA EXPONENTLFUNCTIONS 48 40 is odd, and we show that (2) = 4 (2) + 4O(2): as desire. (@) f(x) <2" +(e 8)" has domain R, so we know from part (that J() and Tn(/-v 44 Exponential Functions Sioply Jo-siay oa (w2rf- array= ia $(@) + 40(e) = $1NCe) + aN) +) C9) = HU) + sE2) + $2) —f-2)) = 4s) = 1) (2) + $O(2) , where Bla) = fla) +f (-2) = 28 + (e942 + (2-3)? Per 4 (3) + (243)? Ole) = sla) — f(-2) = 2° + (37-2 + (2-9) ao 384+ (@- 3) - (43) Vee the laws ns & i reunlt alert > (I= 6 Y= [one P= 20st)? = 22? 909 = 2-922 = 18 [oa os eretytetg Ee sami at: (os) tor - 3.@ fiz) =o, b>0 ae AiR wAYA aN aways o = aapR . GR )(O,c) (A) See Figures 4), (0), and a, respectively 4. @) The number ieseamnangen agp sssoeiher cas See (on Cote ain AER Rare Meme vc cdl dt e snl age wit warn CamScanner + lise &>gauaall44 CHAPTER’ FUNCTIONS AND MODELS 5. Allofthese graphs approach 0 sx > —co, all of them passthrough the point (0,1), and all of them ar inereasing an approach co as + oo. ‘The lager the tase, the faster the function increases for > 0, and the faster it approaches 0 as Note: The notation “= -» ac” can be thought of as becomes large” a this point “More details on this notation are given in Chapter 2 6, The graph of ¢-* i the reflection ofthe graph of e* about the y-axis, andthe graph of 8 isthe reflection ofthat of * about the yraxis. The graph of B* increases more quickly than that of &* for > 0, and approaches 0 faster 7. The functions with base greater than 1 (3* and 10*) are increasing while those with base less than 1 [(})* and (44)"] are decreasing. The araph of (3) i the reflection ofthat of $* about the y-axis, and the raph of (5)* i the reflection of that of 10* about the y-axis. The graph of 10° increases more quickly than that of 3° for > 0, and approaches 0 fister as = —> —. 1, Each ofthe graphs approaches oo as x —+ —20, and each approaches 0 as = — oo, The smaller the base, the faster the fnction grows as 2 + —00, ad the faster it spproaches 0 as + 0°. qa(0-09 Chet thar! i (Figure 15) and shift i Wes wit opty +1 unit upward to get the graph (2) s+ yest (5). Then et (4) Cgue3)and stretch vert by aftr of 210 obtain he ah oy —2 swe shift the graph 3 units downward to get the graph ofi(x) = 2(3)"— once Ling Ai Re nyo cme ay weit an CamScanner = li92 >s.uaall8ECTIONSA EXPONETIALFUNCTINS CAS AF. We sot with he graph of y= e* (Figure 15) and elect about the yas to get the graph of y =e. Then we refet the fra tte isto gt he rg of JEN A ve sor ithe pap oy = ge 3) an sin 2 itso the gt ran ofr = 4", {1% Westar with the graph of =o (Figure 1) an eect abou the yan Yo pet the graph oy = €~*. Then we compress * andthe reflect abou the 2-axs to pt the aap the pra vetclly by’ ftorof2 to obtain the graph of AC tenet er ty = Cle) SES etre spate yatta de mcf | |x [x)= ie 7% f ar : Yeo 15. (o Tofnd te Gquation ofthe gap that ess rom siting he righ ofy =e wo units dyna, we sberat 2 from the iginal function to get y = e* 2 {(b) To find the equation ofthe eroph that resus from shifting the graph of y = e* two unis to the right, we replace with 2 inthe original function o get y {6 Tofind the equation ofthe graph that eu from efetng the praph fy = e* abou the sexi, we minty the ginal jctlaty ames mall <.cucoahoiiigacioa snes lip sihesadh robo 1%) a y n>? ra XLO CamScanner + lis 4>suall46 © CHAPTERS FUNCTIONS AND MODELS (4) ToSind the equation ofthe graph that results from efletng the raph of y = e* about he yan, we replace with —2 in the original faction to get y =e" (6) Tofid the equation ofthe graph that result from rlctng the graph oy = e* about he x-axis and then about the mas, ‘ve fst lil the orginal function by —1 (Jo get y =e") and then replace with ~z inthis equation to pty -e 46. (a) This reflection consists of fis reflecting the graph about the 2-axs (giving the raph with equation y =e") and then siting this graph 24 = 8 wits upward So the equation sy =e" +8 a (&) This reflection consists of it eflecting the graph about the yas (ving the raph wth equation y = and then shifting this graph 2-2 = 4 units to the ight. So the equation sy = € £7.) Te denomistarise0 when — € PEE hes domain (2 24 #1) = (2-1) the function f(z) AES has domain, oF (20,20) (8) The denominator is never equal to zr, so he fantion (2 4, (@) The anetion g(t) = VF-= TOU has domain {t|10' 100 > 0} = {| 10" > 10*} = {t/t 2 2} = Paco) () The sin and exponential funtons have domsinR, 50g) = sin(et~ 1) also has domain. 48. Use y= CO" with the points (1,6) and (3,24). 6= C8 [C= §] md24=CH > a= (5) > 2 (2 b=2 [sinceh >] and = $ = 3. The function's f(z) am 2h. Use y = C¥ with he pons (1,3) and (1, 4). From te poiat (~1,3), we have 3 = Co", hence C = 3 Using this and she prin (1,4),we gt f= Co) > f=(NP @ $=P > bE [iwed>O] and = 94) =2-The A tmonitey-n0r eh Df fv =5%, sls We feRe se) youre aw 4 12. Suppose the month Flmuary, Your payment onthe 28th day woud be 2° 41.342.17728, Cleat, the second method of payment resus in larger amount fo any month. stg HE =H 27 = 184,217,728 cons, £2 In this uestion, we know tha x= 1, So forthe faction: eal f=P=1m a the funtion boi! “i <1 o(a2!=20 oe (px Capestatin AER Pere Mi tba oi aa ee apa ween ole oa CamScanner + Lig &suaall