ALLL ae ae am (it, o),, aa (0 ee aL PAO Ee TEE Lied Vr Oe 1) a Lil acta cic aera Oe f ea en ng Mf ATAU ieee <5 LS Ade glee hae ae ee CEE oat fa ea an Bs Loon ees | LOE Ipc—o # Qa ogee ern7es)saa ONAL OLA Aaa Aa a LLC Fa ea a oe CE en Cc crea has ea anal Oka Pea dat CLA aa elad me peo tLe AaB Be @UNeTidiuaa of LL 7 UL aed e a AI Sma a ines ALTO jl OUI UUs " gas 10) Te Oa ANAC IAG) ea OCMonosaccharides aq A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler unit of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone is called ‘a monosaccharide. Some common examples are ru Monosaccharides are further classified on the basis of number of carbon atoms andl the functional group present in them. If a monosaccharide contains an aldehyde group, it is known as an aldose and if it contains a keto group, itis known as a ketose. Number of carbon atoms constituting the monosaccharide is also introduced in the name as is evident from the examples given in Table Different Types of Monosaccharides Carbon Atom General term Aldehyde Ketone 3 Triose Aldotriose Ketotriose 4 Tetrose Aldotetrose Ketotetrose 5 Pentose Aldopento: Ketopentose 6 Hexose Aldohexose Ketohexose 7 Heptose Aldoheptose Ketoheptose figosaccharides an Carbohydrates that yield two to ten monosaccharide units, on hydrolysis, are called oligosaccharides. They are further classified as disaccharides, trisacchatides, tetrasaccharides, etc., depending upon the number of monosaccharides, they provide on hydrolysis. Amongst these the most common are disaccharides. The two monosaccharide units obtained on hydrolysis of a disaccharide may be same or different. For example, suctose on hydrolysis gives one molecule each of ghicose and fructose whereas maltose gives two molecules of ghucose only. 8 Polysaccharides a Carbohydrates which yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides. Some common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums, etc. Polysaccharides are not sweet in taste, hence they are also called non-sugars. The carbohydrates may also be classified as either reducing or nonreducing sugars. All those carbohydrates which reduce Febiing's solution and Tollens’ reagent are referred to as reducing sugars. All monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose are reducing sugars tHe _Monosi is Wened ol Fyomomey" (min Imag / LO LL INA OLE ee ag ie aan (pn ane ol ie | aha ig Oe en a) Ore ee daa Te ial aa on a ian aw oe

a ey,fo} Cre eens. mee game aa a 4 ea nel) ™ fi J \, =O ee a a a LOL _ yee OF es bb ar as ao a 7. ie oy 5 el a= Get 8 ai ond an lca cl ee aor NALA (oe adnea NYO yEY ne meek, GGT La Curse: ne 4; PEAT late CHO aie) yo—4— IF a a rer) oe a a wy Ok a ce eed a ra rad Gaels oa MU (OSL YEO a Nee |S atc) % Pa are a cae Oy dd OCS 2 TOG AM CLL sion ds to imqont ILE IATA Tae a Ae Wea G GULe ana WaelD-mannose X D- (naewce CCM LICE A Ae ye Carbohydrate 1. Which of the following does not reduce fehling’s solution? (A) Ghucose and Il are cHo n—t—on Ho—+—H H—}— on H—— oH CH,OH @ (A) diastereomers (B) enantiomers ‘The I, Il and Ill pairs are (B) Benzaldehyde (C) Sucrose (D) Both (B) and (C) HO——|—H HO——}—H H—}—0oH H—— OH CHO ay (C) anomers (D) identical © (A) Epimers, enantiomers, anomers (C) Anomers, epimers, enantiomers Identify fischer projectionsfor the a alucose at C,,C3.C, and cHO H—}—0# (B) Anomers, enantiomers, epimers, (D) Enantiomers, epimers, anonmers se stereotientation at Cp, C3, C4, Csis same as that of D Ho—+—H H H H oH H—}— 0H on (D) both A&B H—}— 0H ‘OH CHOH @) Which of the following is monosaccharide ? (A) Galactose (B) Sucrose H CHOH © (C) Glycogen (D)Coltulose ‘On hydrolyss, which of the following carbohydrate give glucose only ? (A) Sucrose (B) Lactose (C) Mattose (D)RatfinoseFen On UTES Oa aes eee TAL a IF noe aed i nT ad] Heo = a oy oateat mC ICSS Evo f Se WA |40 a Meee (OY Lace Dee moka aE UAC ee OT GNNG4 Rd ae lal aR alaeal AU eC uy, Eide ems mas P| a a Pa Wee ae favea zy Ml /t Us ' oe 4 CL Olt COT came EZ) iB Pe : sane Ee fC oes Ip0 Fataved AMAL Mae a TROL Lee LEYEH Cyc Shum Cv Hsa GREY ELA ad Mov 0 Sacanidef KON Me AAC kdl Ta NG AA) Ae fouowmy ctners me! eran One aan a an ion Manton ena f —_. ane ie Onis a Qua ne an ; A OLNGKeM OLN /4)a Grae ORS Aas pee aI Lae Ld Oe in Win Molclor Sfrnetue ic eae Oa LAA OAC eee ee er a led Ta OA LUA eaPer ONS Olan e a) eno = B-D- Mure ay aa ae a of es maar, ZZ) pare Ito IW it ee aa Le Pe ea OL (6) loaian abiae a) ad ee ole an mw 2¢=6 famey ian , Ly ag a f ome |e : 1h pms Pear anys a) ey te Reducing Sugar 5 Nae eA ca Ma UL AMES ee Ace yea ye AKO wa LS — as ~~ c BS re Ua ae of aa or (niuese ; RS. at ee as (C2772) aia ~ Se >Sa EU Kc de cae AIC er AS Io yma ee i ce re 4 a jar? nena, CTs Ney (0-027 MCI ae ws Aci ele aS i. Tr aaeae oe Va RGNC) TOM CITC ee Malt SUgaY, on [[5 hyedaolis It give two maleme of CHING eam Ue ae tae el OLE 2 ee ea SS) ee, iy” ( n H on “ACefal () 1/4- Glycosidic Linkage (11) a—D-—Glucose Maltose a—D-—GlucoseSucrose One of the common disaccharides is sucrose which on hydrolysis gives equimolar mixture of D- (+)-ghucose and D-(-) fructose. CigHy9 Oy, +HyO—> CgHypO, + CoHy2O, Sucrose D-(+}-Gueose _D. These two monosaccharides are held together by a glycosidic linkage between C, of a-glucose and C, of fructose. Since the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond formation, sucrose is anon reducing suger. 6 “HOH H i \f HOH oN 4 ia oH HHO HO 4 Glycosidie H OH linkage, OH H f-D- Fructose CH.OH «—~D - Glucose Sucrose Thus, hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a change in the sign of rotation, from dextro (+) to laevo (J and the product is named as invert sugar. Sucrose is dextrorotatory, its specific rotation being +66.5%, D-glucose is also dextrorotatory, [a]p=+53°, but D-fructose has a large negative rotation, |a])=-92°. Since D-fructose has a greater specific rotation than D-Glucose, the resulting mixture is laevorotatory. Because of this the hydrolysis of sucrose is known as the inversion of sucrose and the equimolecular mixture of glucose and fructose is known as invert sugar or invertose. Lactose aq It is more commonly known as milk sugar since this disaccharide is found in milk. It is composed of B-D- galactose and (D-glucose. The linkage is between C-1 of galactose and C-4 of glucose. Hence it is also a reducing sugar. B-D - Galactose BD ~ Glucose Lactosepoem ZO) panda A-D- Mio se. F R-D- GUN (088 - - SF icaaae Ce OT ae ol Oe te ALUStarch is the main storage polysaccharide of plants. Itis the most important dietary source for human beings High content of starch is found in cereals, roots, tubers and some vegetables. It is a polymer of a-glucose and consists of two components: Amylose and Amylopectin. Amylose is water soluble component which constitutes about 15-20% of starch. Chemically amylose isa long unbranched chain with 200-1000 a-D-(+)-glucose units held by C1— C4 glyeosidic linkage. Amylopectin is insoluble in water and constitutes about 80-85% of starch. It is a branched chain polymerof a-D-glucose “HOH yeti joe atc 6CH, CH.OH ecLink Amylopectin Units in which chain is formed by C1-C4 glycosidic linkage-whereas branching occurs by C1-C6 glycosidic linkage.8.2 Cellulose sively in plants and itis the a tance in plant ki predominant constituent of cell wall of plant cells. Cellulose i a straight chain polysaccharide composed only of B-D-glucose units which are joined by glycosidic linkage between C1 of one glucose unit and C4 of the next glucose unit OH CelluloseCarbohydrate Which of the following does not reduce fehling's solution? f (B) Benzaldehs . 5 > @ Tand Il are z ‘Prrli# CHO T H—+— oH HO———H H——+— 0H H—1— oH CH.OH @ Giastereomers (B) enantiomers TES (C) Sucrose Re " Sn and (C) vw Xenon HO——}—H_ HO———- H—1—oH H——-— 0H CHO (ly (C) anomers (D) identical \ Gee (A) Epifers, enantiomers, anomers >yAnomers, epimers, enantiomers © glucose at Cy,C3,Cg and Cs CHO H—}-— oH Identity fischer projections for the aldoheptoses whose stereotientation at C>, C3, C, (2) Anomers, enantiomers, epimers MAM me (D) Enantiomers, epimers, anonmers same as that of D: ‘OH HO—}—H H H H H—)— on OH OH (D) both A&B H—]— 0H ‘OH H—}-— 0H ‘OH H CH.OH ®) a re WhjeK of the following is monosaccharide ? { Galactose (B)Sucrose Pj (B) Lactose CH,OH (A) Sucrose H CH.OH (c) poky (C) Glycogen (D) Celulose poh (D) Raffinoseeae Us ey 3 an a) ay Leah ail g Ne na a os ert aa TUan Ons ee ml ote eae aa Generel Lene Ley) a Nlb— C4 Co" UAC OLGA) (Kahof fino Vets ola or awa 10 Com bE Syptresied $9 our OV pmkact ana aaa ORT ET PT ATACREAT sen RAM MECC GSTLEL eT aim Named Ea —_—_ —_———— ; OC ce meas H - Ni -Cl+-Coolt a s a gv 1 tue lee a iY ) Nia ret10. iv 12, 13, 14, 18, Glutamicacid _ HOOC-CH-CHy. Asparticacid HOOC-CH,- g Glutamine HN-O-CH-CH Gin Asparagine ndcr Asn Threonine* HyC-CHOH. Thr Serine HO-CH,- Ser Gusieine HS-CH,- Gs Methionine® HyC-S-CHy-CH,- Met Phenylalanine* Cols-CHy Phe Toxine (p) HO-C,H,-CH- i cH. Tryptophan’ \ Tp H H.c— 19. 20. ‘Name of the ‘Characteristic feature amino acids of side chain. R Giycine H Alanine CH. Valine* (H,O,CH. Leucine* (H,0),CH-CH,— Isoleucine* H.C-CH,-CH- CH HIN-C-NH(CH)) Nu, Arginine* Lysine HyN-{(CH,)- Histidine* oy His Proline essential amino ackd, a = entire structure[In Ad. Salunin A fwrind weed Oxicp (CA The CA es ieee! on econ Un a Zmhy Im « cD a ol Ned en acu cat) P CA rs Bue) 7 Ces ae aea ee eee ad ne! on areiae ee a aca ak OC MCI CAC Oe ae Ma) Neubw , 2wrtey ion for is ae me of AGUAS foyuk-.na ae Vas Ved La Ft ic — Cid —Cv0/4 re i eee Pkay= 9:5 ClL—pvr pl =Pkai +P > vey had a ya aul o2S 2: (ara da a ; a eee ; Lo IL er el tao as eae AC to el ie anda 90 yh we re ea plz eae. 7 G1 2 7 aU eaeConsider the following sequence for aspartic acid [JEE MAINS - ONLINE - 2016] co. CO. } “ee . “hh H = ca Pe oe == aN no SSN CH.COH CH.COM CHO: The olf soelectric poi (1) 1.8% ae ar ao nid of (10 ai TE eA [AE fom on i J} fon I py aa a TD Aaa ad dL a ee CTCae a ea Sr a Amel Wa IV) OL Zale ane et irr ee ae ee alae b TANNA f ae CL eer ON OE a —(D/- th Le LaLa ame dae Di ftyt A - Prvivo auid eae {0 ha hing ee a val dy a a eye iCRNA Oa -(Lo ane ed CB | popide Linkange a aa iV a a ae han ten Seer hime) nal Sa) clk Pan i 7 Cat NCU ous Fe aI LLC eG cae Amino acid confuining Ne Rt PTAwa jue one Be AS Yniag eG Wa ae, ACA inl Ct Pa CLL CL A (SARC Em CAC 2a OCA 45a aT 21 Pe me ea ies L ° = G eyo}is Ta Vid ny ia a ree ol 4 | RO ee UL heel LO Lt Sle ae (AULA Tae eB heeeg ada) a ET SL ee 5 / rues Te alae Td ae : Cer casa Wonen? eng a rund SheetPrimary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary structure structure structure tructureft TOSS fa fein Quid 4 ealaae ea NEA ia one, ht SE an Or 7 Olé 0) Ninh on oamet) pyaar wana CO NGA SN OL ae ot eo) OCA a oa)eM OL mae) LO CMLL 6 AM ee LL LL kl a Ce A aL OO aa ea 2. pinret fesp fotsenee oF bepride pond” A ae Le a aT Ze Coordnany Complex in Alraire OU(4. 7 an Se tO aC {V aac ee Pr ee AE Cnn ola CACC Lm OMe Lt OM cao BUA a (° frame bap freg don't AE ae ek oa a Sham ie aeate nied ron 7_ a a t et nae a ae Gee te eles ee ee ee fa cuznO ee LA A LOL SAAC a we (0 Polymtrs: mae fran ove tyler es List of common monomers and. polymers used in Organic Chemistry : SN Monomer Unit(s) 1. CH,=CH, (Ethene) 2. CH,=CH-Cl (Vinylchloride) 3. CH,=CH-CN (Aclylonitrile) 4, CE,=CF, (Tetrafluoroethene) CH3 5. AZ (soprene) cl 6 AZ (Chloroprene) Ae + Aw 2. 1,3-Butadiene Acrylonitrile AA + Apr 8. 13-Butadiene Styrene 9 H-CH, (Propene) 10. CH,=CH-Ph Gtyrene) Polymer -fCH:-CH2}, Polythene a I -fcH.-CH}, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) iN Pol I il . olyacrylonitrile -fCHe-CHE, (orion or acrilan) F I CH | F CHy Natural rubber a cl Neoprene ch "f, Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) F I C | F Buna-N Buna-S CN ~ Ph ~ ¢ | CH:-CH} Polypropene ph CH,-CHf Polystyrene1 12. 13. 14, 15. 16, 17, 18. H,,N-(CH;),-NH, + HOOC-(CH, ),-COOH Hexane-1,6-diamine —_Adipic acid OH 1 H-C-H Pheaol Formaldehyde HO-CH,-CH,-OH nooc-{)-coon Glycol ° oO Caprolactum OH ° + ny Phenol Formaldehyde HN ONUNH, Ww + HCH Ne, Formaldehyde Melamine gH CHy-CH-CH,COOH 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid OH + CH,-CH,-CH-CH,-COOH 3-Hydroxypentanoic acid H,N-CH, -COOH + H,N-(CH,);-COOH Glycine Caproic acid to N(CH NE (CHE LH H In Nylon-6 ol 1H OH CE Noy LW In Novolac wae 0-CH,-CH-0-C{ YC Terylene or dacron + oO creat Nylon-6 H, OH ‘CHp, CH,, OH CH) | CH, CH; HC L OH Bakelite ‘CHY ‘CHa: OH dy PH a i i NaN N-CH Melamine polymer NH ' 9 IL Il (O-FH-CH.-C-O-CF 1-CH)-C: CH H3CHy Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate-co-f-hydroxy (PHBV) Nylon-2,6H Formaldehyde srmaldehyde resin 20. vy { GlyptalSead Us ee ALOT oa Cea A taba ST LEZ Ld NV ran Neo print a4 rae aden CaS eee On the basis of structure of polymers they are classified into 3 classes. (A) Linear polymer- These polymers consist of long and straight chains. They are high density polythenes, polyvinyl chloride ete (B) Branched chain polymer- These polymers contain linear chains having some branches.They are low density polythene. (C) Cross-linked or network polymers- They are usually formed from bi-functional and tri- functional monomers and con r polymer chains. Example includes bakelite & melamine: of bonding sites present in it. ie. functionality of ethene, Propene, Styrene is one and that of ethylene glycol, adipic acid hex lene diamine is two. CH,ACH, —-HN-CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,-NH, (two)‘On the basis of mode of polymerisation, polymers are classified into 2 classes. (A) Addition polymer- Addition polymers are formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules possessing double or triple bond e.g, polythene, polyvinyl chloride etc, If addition polymer is formed by polymerisation of single monomeric unit then such polymer is called as homopolymer. This includes Polythene, Polyvinyl chloride etc. nCH,-CH, Pvmeriationy Foy, cH nh in Ethene Polythene (Monomer unit) (Polymer) However, if polymer is made by addition polymerisation from two different monomers are termed as copolymers. This includes Buna-N, Buna-S etc oN oN nCH,=CH-CH=CH, +n CH,=CH —> }CH,--CH=CH-CH,~CH,-CH Buna-N n Ph pa H-CH=CH, +n CH,=CH —* {CH,-CH=CH-CH,-CH,-CH Buna-S n (B) Condensation polymer: The condensation polymers are formed by repeaded condensation reaction between two different bi-functional or tri-functional monomer units. In these polymerisation reactions, the elimination of small molecules such as water, alcohol, HCI etc takes place. This includes terylene, Bakelite, nylon-6, nylon-6,6.- 0 S Il Ih nH:N~(CH,)<-NH; + nHOOC-(CHs)-COOH —+ N-(CH:)s-N-C-(CH:)-Cy 4(nF.0 Hexane-1,6-diamine Adipic acid H H Nylon-6 ‘Addition polymerization Condensation polymerization In this polymerization, monomer units _|In this polymerization, monomer units have have a double bond or triple bond in specific functional group which represent their molecule. These represents their their functionality functionality ‘Addition polymerization is generally chain] Condensation polymerization is generally growth polymerization as monomer units | step growth polymerization as some combines continously without loosing _| molecules such as water, alcohol continously anything. removes at each step of growth of poymer. Example of addition polymerization is Example of condensation polymerization is polythenes, polystyrenes etc. terylene, nylon-6 etc.MAAC Loa aa ee wae ii Chain PxOPazonit SHP ue = ; a fy aan ay oe ane pn iii Chain dermnamion SHP4L On the basis of molecular forces, polymers are classified into 4 classes. (A) Elastomers: These are rubber like solids with elastic properties. In these elastomeric polymers, the polymer chains are held together by the weakest intermolecular forces. These weak binding forces permit the polymer to be stretched. A few ‘crosslinks’ are introduced in between the chains which help the polymer to retract to its original position after the force is released as in vulcanised rubber. The ‘examples are Buna-s, Buna-N, Neoprene etc. (B) Fibres: Fibres are thread forming solids which possess high tensile strength and high modulus. ‘These characteristics can be attributed to the strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding. These strong forces also lead to close packing of chains and thus impart crystalline nature. The examples are polyamides (Nylon-6, Nylon-6,6), Polyester (Terylene) et. (C) Thermoplastié polymer: these are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling. These polymers possess intermolecular forces of attraction intermediate between elastomers and fibres. The examples are Polythene, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl chloride etc (D) Thermosetting polymer: These polymers are cross linked or heavily branched molecules which on heating undergo extensive cross linking in moulds and again become infusible. These can not be reused, The examples are Bakelite, Urea-formaldehyde resins etc.