Unit 1. Introduction

Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Prayragraj
Department of Applied Mechanics
Materials Science and Engineering

(AM-13103)
Course Code: AM-13103
• Core Course. By Department of Applied Mechanics.
• Contact Hours/week - 3L+0T+0P. Credit – 3.
• Teacher’s Assessment (20).
• 10 marks for Home Assignments.
• 05 marks for Attendance.
• 05 marks for Teachers Appraisal.
• Mid Semester Examination (20).
• The Mid Semester marks shall be awarded on the basis of the performance in quizzes.
[4 marks / quiz x 5 quizzes]
• End Semester Examination (60).
• On campus 3 hour written examination.
• Students are requested to check “ACADEMIC CALENDAR”.
AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 2

• Course Outcomes
• Students will be able to
• Understand role of structure at different level on properties,
• Apply concepts of Materials Science to analyze engineering problems,
• Select material for engineering application, and
• Understand the social, safety and environmental consequences of their work.
• AM-13103 is supported by Material Sc. & Engg. Laboratory (AM-13203), where .

Day Details Reference Materials
Unit 1. Introduction-Historical perspective of Materials Science, Structure and properties relationship of Engineering Materials,
Classification of materials, Advanced Materials
Historical perspective of Materials Science, Structure and properties relationship of Engineering
1 Callister 9E: 1.1-1.4, 1.7
Materials, Classification of materials,
Requirement of materials and important applications, Classification of engineering materials with
2 the brief introduction of composite materials, smart/intelligent materials, functionally graded Callister 9E: 1.5-1.6
materials, biomaterials, nano-materials and polymeric materials
Unit 2. Structure of Solids and Characterization of Materials: Introduction to crystal structures and systems, Metallic structures, Carbon
nano-structures, Crystallographic directions and planes, Miller indices, Density computations, Crystallography, Diffraction
methods, Electron microscopy, Metallography, Thermal characterization techniques.
Crystalline vs non-crystalline solids, Space lattice, Unit cell, Bravais crystal system, Primitive cell, Coordination
3 number, Relation between r and a, Effective number of atoms, APF, Voids, Calculation of density,
Callister 9E: 3.2-3.5
4 Miller indices for Cubic System, Miller indices for Hexagonal System, Callister 9E: 3.7-3.10
Callister 9E: 3.11-3.12,
5 HCP & DC structure, Inter-planer spacing, Linear density and planer density,
12.4
6 Different methods of crystallography, Bragg’s diffraction law, Structure determination,
Callister 9E: 3.16
7 X-ray powder method and numerical
Metallography: Microscopy, Preparation of test specimen, Optical microscope- working, ASTM No for grain size
8 determination. Callister 9E: 4.9-4.11
9 Electron microscopy. Thermal analysis: TGA, DTA, DSC, TMA

Unit 3. Imperfections in Crystals: Point defects, Dislocations, Interfacial Defects, Bulk defects
Classification of imperfections, Point imperfections: types, effects origin; Line
10 Callister 9E: 4.1-4.5
imperfections (Dislocation): edge, screw and mixed types
Berger vector, characteristics of dislocations, energy of dislocations; Frank-Read
11 Raghavan 5E: 6.2, 11.6
source, effects and remedies of dislocations, Related numerical.
Phenomena related to behaviour of dislocations such as glide motion, climb-up,
12 climb-down, cross-slip, jogs. Surface imperfections: grain boundary, twinning, Raghavan 5E: 6.3-6.4
low angle tilt boundary, stacking fault; Volume imperfections, Whiskers.
Unit 4. Diffusion: Diffusion mechanisms, steady and non-steady state diffusion, Factors that influence diffusion,
Law’s of diffusion, Applications of Diffusion.
Different types of diffusion such as self, inter, grain-boundary etc. and their
mechanism. Laws of diffusion: Fick’s 1st and 2nd law and their limitation,
Solution to 2nd law, Diffusion controlled applications: Carburizing, Nitriding
Decarburization, Corrosion, case hardening etc.
Experimental determination of diffusivity; Facts affecting diffusivity; Kirkendall
15 Raghavan 5E: 8.3-8.6
Effect; Activation energy for lattice, pipe, grain boundary and surface diffusion

Unit 5. Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations: Unary, Binary, Equilibrium phase diagrams, Eutectic, Eutectoid, Peritectic and peritectoid reactions,
Transformation rate effects and TTT diagrams. Microstructure and property changes in iron-carbon system, Iron-Carbon (Fe-C or Fe-Fe3C) Diagram
16 Different types of Phases, Solid solution, Hume-Rothery rule, Gibbs phase rule. Unary phase diagram of steel, Callister 9E: 9.1-9.6
Binary phase diagram, Eutectoid, Eutectic, Peritectic and Peritectoid, reaction, Phase diagrams of Pb-Sn, Pt-Ag, Al-Si to
be given as case study.
18 Iron – carbon equilibrium diagram, Micro-structural changes and Lever rule and related numerical, Effect of coring. Callister 9E: 9.17-9.19
Different types of heat treatment process and their purpose, Microstructure of steel and iron, T-T-T curve, Heating Callister 9E: 10.1-10.2,
19
temperature range of different processes: annealing, normalizing 10.5, 11.7
20 Precipitation Hardening, Age Hardening. Introductory idea of hardening, quench hardening, hardenability, tempering. Callister 9E: 11.8-11.9
Unit 6. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials: Elastic and Plastic properties, Creep, Fracture.
Explanation of stress, strain and Young’s modulus, Elastic constants; Isotropy, anisotropy and orthotropy; stress- strain
21
diagrams of various materials in tension, compression, shear, bending etc.,
Stress-strain diagram of structural steel, Linearly and nonlinearly elastic properties: Bi-modulus material, secant and
tangent modulus, damping property;
Elasticity and plasticity; resilience, proof resilience and toughness; Ductility and brittleness, Malleability; True stress-
23
strain diagram in tension and compression.
24 Plastic Deformation: slip system
25 Critical resolved shear stress Callister 9E: 7.1-7.10
26 Yielding: mechanism of continuous and discontinuous yielding, strain hardening: its mechanism and effects;
Fracture; Ductile fracture: mechanism, types; Brittle fracture: Griffith’s theory and its salient features; Method of
27
protection against fracture; Ductile-brittle transition.
28 Fatigue: fatigue limit and S-N diagram, mechanism improving the fatigue life. Callister 9E: 8.1-7.13
29 Creep: creep curves, creep laws, factors affecting creep, mechanism, creep-resistant materials.

Unit 7. Ceramic Materials: Ceramic crystal structures, Ceramic types, Properties, Processing
Application, Advanced ceramics.
30 Ceramic crystal structures, Ceramic types and structure determination, Callister 9E: 12.1-
31 Numerical, Properties of ceramics 12.2, 12.8-12.10
32 Processing Application, Callister 9E: 13.9-
33 Advanced ceramics. 13.10
Unit 8. Composites: Introduction, Applications, Particle reinforced composites, Fiber reinforced
composites, Structural composites.
Introduction to composites, Particle reinforced composites, Fiber Callister 9E: 16.1-
34
reinforced composites 16.5
Classification of composites: Polymer-Matrix Composites, Metal-Matrix
35 Composites, Ceramic-Matrix Composites, Carbon–Carbon Composites, Callister 9E: 16.8-
Hybrid Composites 16.13
36 Fabrication of particle and fiber-reinforced composites

Unit 9. Thermal, Electrical, Magnetic, Optical Properties: Electrical conduction, Semi conductivity, Super
conductivity, Electrical conduction in ionic ceramics and in polymers, Dielectric behaviour, Ferroelectricity,
Piezoelectricity, Diamagnetism and paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism and
ferrimagnetism, Influence of temperature on magnetic behaviour, Domains and hysteresis.
Electrical Conduction, Classification of semiconductor materials, Photonic Callister 9E: 18.3, 18.10-
37
materials, super conductivity and special super-conducting materials, Ferrites. 8.11, 20.12
Dielectric materials. Piezoelectric and Ferro-electric materials,
38 Electromechanical materials, Mechanism of polarization and its Callister 9E: 18.19-18.25
measurements
Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism,
39 Callister 9E: 20.2-20.11
Ferrimagnetism, Soft and hard magnetic materials, magnetic storage.
Unit 10. Economic, Environmental and Social Issues of Material Usage: Economic considerations, Environmental
and societal considerations, Recycling issues, Life cycle analysis and its use in design.
Economic considerations, Environmental and societal considerations, Recycling
40 Callister 9E: 22.1-22.5
issues, Life cycle analysis and its use in design.

• Text/References Books:
• Callister Jr. W. D., “Materials Science and Engineering”.
• Van Vlack, “Elements of Material Science and Engineering”.
• Raghavan V., “ Materials Science and Engineering”.
• Dieter Jr. G. E., “Mechanical Metallurgy”.

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Unit 1 - Introduction
• Outline
• Historical perspective of Materials Science,
• Structure and properties relationship of Engineering Materials,
• Classification of materials,
• Requirement of materials and important applications,
• Brief introduction of
 Composite materials,
 Smart/intelligent materials,
 Functionally graded materials,
 Biomaterials,
 Nano-materials and
 Polymeric materials

• A familiar item fabricated from three different material types is the
beverage container.
• Beverages are marketed in….
Aluminum (metal) cans Plastic (polymer) bottles Glass (ceramic) bottles
Ref. - MS&E, WDC & DGR, 9E, Sec. 1.1 AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 11
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Historical perspective of Materials Science

• Materials are probably more deep seated in our culture than most of us realize.
• Transportation,
• Housing,
• Clothing,
• Communication,
• Recreation, and
• Food production (front page of book or the first slide).
• Virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another
by materials.
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• Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been
intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill
their needs.
• In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials
development…..
• Stone Age,
• Bronze Age,
• Iron Age.
• Mainly…..
• A very limited number of materials…..
• Stone,
• Wood,
• Clay,
• Skins, and so on…..
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• Materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved
deciding from a limited set of materials.
• The one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.
• Understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and
their properties.
• Tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized

characteristics that meet the needs of modern and complex society, including….
• Metals,
• Plastics,
• Glasses, and
• Fibers. (To name a few)
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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

• Materials Science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.
• Materials Engineering involves, on the basis of these structure–property
correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties.
• The role of a Materials Scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials.
• The role of a Materials Engineer is to create new products or systems using existing
materials and/or to develop techniques for processing materials.
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Structure and properties relationship of
Engineering Materials
• Structure is usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.
• Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions
with their nuclei.
• On atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules

relative to one another.
• On microscopic level, which contains large groups of agglomerated atoms, subject to
direct observation using some type of microscope.
• On macroscopic level is the structural elements that can be viewed with the naked
eyes.
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• The property refers to external stimuli subjecting on material that evoke some type
of response.
• A specimen subjected to forces experiences deformation.
• A polished metal surface reflects light.
• A property of a material is the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed
stimulus.
• Generally, properties are made independent of material shape and size.
• Virtually all main properties of solid materials may be grouped into six categories:
• Mechanical,
• Electrical,
• Thermal,
• Magnetic,
• Optical, and
• Deteriorative.
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• Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples
include elastic modulus (stiffness), strength, and toughness.
• Electrical properties relate the stimulus is an electric field, such as electrical
conductivity and dielectric constant.
• Thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal
conductivity.
• Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a
magnetic field.
• Optical properties relate the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of
refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties.
• Deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical reactivity of materials.
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• In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are
involved in the science and engineering of materials—namely, processing and
performance.
• The interrelationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance is
as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure.
Figure: The four components of the discipline of materials

science and engineering and their interrelationship.
• Attention is required for relationships among these four components in terms of the
design, production, and utilization of materials.
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• An example of processing-structure-properties-performance principles in Figure is
showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter.
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
Figure: Three thin disk specimens of aluminum oxide that have been placed over a printed
page in order to demonstrate their differences in light-transmittance characteristics.
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• All of these specimens are of the same material, Aluminum
Oxide, but the leftmost one is a single crystal (high degree of perfection).
• Center one is composed of numerous and very small single connected crystals, the
boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from
the printed page.
• Specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals,
but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces.
• Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal
boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties.
• Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique.
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• A concept map is a diagram that illustrates the relationships among concepts.
• The are represented by relationships by connecting arrows (frequently horizontal);
each arrow points (left to right) from one concept to another.
• The organization of these connections is hierarchical, a concept to the left of an
arrow should be mastered before a concept to the right can be understood.
• Science and engineering of materials involves four interrelated components:
processing, structure, properties, and performance (may be in same chapter or
spanned across different chapters).
Figure: Portion of a concept map for the processing of a steel alloy.
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Classification of materials
• Many an Applied Scientist or Engineer, are exposed to a design problem
involving materials, such as (few)…..
• A transmission gear,
• The superstructure for a building,
• An oil refinery component, or
• An integrated circuit chip.
• Materials Scientists and Engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the
investigation and design of materials.
• Selecting the right material from the thousands available, the decision is based on
several criteria.
• First, in-service conditions must be characterized,
• Second, any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation.
• Next, economics consideration (most overriding).
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• Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic categories:
• Metals,
• Ceramics, and
• Polymers.
• A classification scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure

of material.
• In addition, there are the composites that are engineered combinations of two or
more different materials.
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• Metals are composed of one or more metallic elements (Fe, Al, Cu, Ti, Au, Ni).
• And also nonmetallic elements (C, N, O) in relatively small amounts.
• Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner.
• Metals are relatively dense in comparison to the ceramics and polymers.
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements.
• They are most frequently oxides (Al2O3, SiO2), nitrides (Si3N4), and carbides (SiC).
• The traditional ceramics are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
• They are organic compounds that are chemically based on C, H, and other
nonmetallic elements (O, N, and Si).
• They have very large molecular structures, often chainlike in nature, that often have
a backbone of carbon atoms.
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Figure: Bar chart of room temperature stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus) values
for various metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials.
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Figure: Bar chart of room temperature strength (i.e., tensile strength)

values for various metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials.
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Figure: Bar chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture (i.e., fracture

toughness) for various metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials.
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Figure: Bar chart of room temperature electrical conductivity ranges

for metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconducting materials.
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Figure: Familiar objects made Figure: Common objects made Figure: Several common objects
of metals and metal alloys. of ceramic materials. made of polymeric materials.
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Requirement of materials and important
applications
• Materials utilized in high-technology applications are termed advanced materials.
• High technology, mean a device or product that operates or functions using
relatively intricate and sophisticated principles.
• It includes
• Electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players),
• Computers,
• Fiber-optic systems,
• Spacecraft,
• Aircraft, and
• Military rocketry.
• These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have
been enhanced and also newly developed, high-performance materials.
• Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, and materials of the
future (i.e., smart materials and nano-engineered materials).
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Brief introduction of - Composite Materials

• Composite is composed of two or more materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers).
• The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material and also to incorporate the best characteristics of
each of the component materials.
• Some naturally occurring materials are composites (wood and bone).
• The most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in which small glass fibers
(relatively strong and stiff, but also brittle) are embedded within a polymeric (epoxy
or polyester) material (flexible).
• Another technologically important material is the carbon fiber–reinforced polymer
(CFRP) composite—carbon fibers that are embedded within a polymer.
• CFRP composites are used in some aircraft and aerospace applications, as well as in
high-tech sporting equipment (e.g., bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets,
skis/snowboards) and recently in automobile bumpers.
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• Composite is composed of two or more materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers).
• The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material and also to incorporate the best characteristics of
each of the component materials.
• Some naturally occurring materials are composites (wood and bone).
• The most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in which small glass fibers
(relatively strong and stiff, but also brittle) are embedded within a polymeric (epoxy
or polyester) material (flexible).
• Another technologically important material is the carbon fiber–reinforced polymer
(CFRP) composite—carbon fibers that are embedded within a polymer.
• CFRP composites are used in some aircraft and aerospace applications, as well as in
high-tech sporting equipment (e.g., bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets,
skis/snowboards) and recently in automobile bumpers.
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One relatively complex composite structure is the modern ski. This illustration, a cross
section of a high performance snow ski, shows the various components. The function of
each component is noted, as well as the material used in its construction.
Ref. - MS&E, WDC & DGR, 9E, Chap. 16 AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 34
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A can of Double Core
tennis balls and an
individual ball. Each ball
retains its original
pressure and bounces
twice as long as a
conventional one because
the inner core has a
nanocomposite barrier
coating that consists of a
matrix of butyl rubber,
within which is embedded
thin platelets of
vermiculite. These
particles inhibit the
permeation of air
molecules through the
walls of the ball.
Figure 16.20 Locations of the various material (Photograph courtesy of
types used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Wilson Sporting Goods
Company.)
Ref. - MS&E, WDC & DGR, 9E, Chap. 16. AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 35
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Brief introduction of - Smart/Intelligent Materials

• Smart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials
developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies.
• Smart implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environment
and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners.
• Components of a smart material (or system) include a sensor (which detects an
input signal) and an actuator (which performs a responsive and adaptive function).
• Actuators may be called upon to change
• Shape,
• Position,
• Natural frequency, or
• Mechanical characteristics.
• In response to changes in
• Temperature,
• Electric fields, and/or
• Magnetic fields.
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• Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators:
• Shape-memory alloys,
• Piezoelectric ceramics,
• Magnetostrictive materials, and
• Electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.
• Shape-memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert to their
original shape when temperature is changed.
• Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field
(or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions
are altered.
• Magnetostrictive materials, the behavior of is analogous to that of the
piezoelectrics, except that they are responsive to magnetic fields.
• Electrorheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that experience
dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields,
respectively.
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• Shape-Memory Alloys (An Example)
• A materials, after being deformed, has the ability to return to its predeformed size
and shape upon being heat treatment.
• Nickel–Titanium alloys (Nitinol) and Copper-base alloys (Cu–Zn–Al and Cu–Al–Ni).
• A shape-memory alloy is polymorphic (two crystal structures), and the shape-
memory effect involves phase transformations between them.
• One phase (termed an austenite phase, BCC) that exists at elevated temperatures.
• Upon cooling, the austenite transforms spontaneously into a martensite phase.
Ref. - MS&E, WDC & DGR, 9E, Chap. 10. AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 38
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Figure 10.37 Diagram illustrating

the shape-memory effect. The
insets are schematic
representations of the crystal
structure at the four stages. Ms and
Mf denote temperatures at which
the martensitic transformation
begins and ends, respectively.
Likewise for the austenite
transformation, As and Af represent
the respective beginning and end
transformation temperatures.
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Brief introduction of - Functionally Graded Materials

• Functionally Graded Material (FGM) belongs to a class of advanced material
characterized by variation in properties as the dimension varies.
• The overall properties of FGM are unique and different from any of the individual
material that forms it.
• FGMs occur in nature as bone, teeth, etc.
• Nature designed this materials to meet expected service requirements.
• FGM eliminates the sharp interfaces existing in composite material where failure is
initiated and replaces this sharp interface with a gradient interface which produces
smooth transition from one material to the next.
• One unique characteristics of FGM is the ability to tailor a material for specific
application.
Ref. -
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0fef/378e55d75da
31e7f148e1487277307f0deed.pdf?_ga=2.24482424.
393070079.1596760119-198651655.1594895706 AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 40
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• Functionally graded materials can be divided into two broad groups namely..
• Thin FGM and
• Bulk FGM
• Thin FGM are relatively thin sections or thin surface coating.
• Bulk FGM are volume of materials which require more labour intensive processes.
• Thin section or surface coating FGM are produced by Physical or Chemical Vapour
Deposition (PVD/CVD), Plasma Spraying, Self-propagating High temperature
Synthesis (SHS), etc.
• Bulk FGM is produced using Powder Metallurgy, Centrifugal Casting, Solid Freeform
Technology, etc.
Ref. -
31e7f148e1487277307f0deed.pdf?_ga=2.24482424.
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• Some of the applications of functionally graded materials are highlighted below:
• Aerospace
• Functionally graded materials can withstand very high thermal gradient, this makes
them suitable for structure and space plane body, rocket engine component etc.
• FGM are promising and can be used in wider areas of aerospace.
• Medicine
• Living tissues like bones and teeth are characterized as FGM from nature, for their
replacement, a compatible material is needed that will serve the purpose.
• The ideal candidate for this application is functionally graded material.
• FGM has wide range of application in dental and orthopedic applications for teeth
and bone replacement.
Ref. -
31e7f148e1487277307f0deed.pdf?_ga=2.24482424.
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• Defense
• Most important characteristics of FGM is the ability to inhibit crack propagation.
• This makes it useful in defense application, as a penetration resistant materials used for
armour plates and bullet-proof vests.
• Energy
• FGM are used in energy conversion devices and also provide thermal barrier and are used as
protective coating on turbine blades in gas turbine engine.
• Optoelectronics
• FGM also finds its application in optoelectronics as graded refractive index materials and in
audio-video discs magnetic storage media.
• Application as cutting tool insert coating, automobile engine components, nuclear reactor
components, turbine blade, heat exchanger, tribology, sensors, fire retardant doors, etc.
Ref. -
31e7f148e1487277307f0deed.pdf?_ga=2.24482424.
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Brief introduction of - Biomaterials

• Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body to
replace diseased or damaged body parts.
• These materials must not produce toxic substances.
• They must be compatible with body tissues (must not cause adverse biological
reactions).
• All of the materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors,
may be used as biomaterials.
• Types of Bioceramics (For example)
• Bioinert ().
• Bioactive ().
• Bioresorbable ().
Ref. - MS&E, WDC & DGR, 9E, Sec. 1.5, & Web AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 44
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Brief introduction of - Biomaterials
Drug Skin/Cartilage
Delivery Ocular
Devices Polymers Implants
Orthopedic Bone
screws/Fixation Replacements
Synthetic
Metals Ceramics
Bio-materials
Dental Dental
Implants Implants
Implantable Semiconductor Biosensors

Microelectrodes
Materials
Ref. - AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 45

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Brief introduction of - Nano-materials

• Nanomaterials are new material class that has fascinating properties and
tremendous technological promise.
• They may be metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites.
• They are not distinguished on the basis of their chemistry but rather their size.
• Nano denotes the dimensions of entities on the order of a nanometer (10-9 m).
• Nanomaterials - Less than 100 nm (equivalent to diameter of approx. 500 atoms).
• Two approaches Top-down and Bottom-up
• Top-down is the general procedure scientists used to understand the chemistry and
physics of materials by studying large and complex structures and then investigate
the fundamental building blocks of these structures that are smaller and simpler.
• Bottom-up is approach/ability to arrange atoms, carefully provides opportunities to
develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties that are not
otherwise possible.
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• Some of the physical and chemical characteristics exhibited by matter may
experience dramatic changes as particle size approaches atomic dimensions.
• For example,
• Materials that are opaque in the macroscopic domain may become transparent on the nanoscale;
• Some solids become liquids,
• Chemically stable materials become combustible, and
• Electrical insulators become conductors.
• Furthermore, properties may depend on size in the nanoscale domain.
• Because of these unique and unusual properties, nanomaterials are finding niches
in electronic, biomedical, sporting, energy production, and other industrial
applications.
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• Whenever a new material is developed, its potential for harmful and toxicological
interactions with humans and animals must be considered.
• Small nanoparticles have exceedingly large surface area–to–volume ratios, which

can lead to high chemical reactivities.
• Although the safety of nanomaterials is relatively unexplored, there are concerns

that they may be absorbed into the body through the skin, lungs, and digestive tract
at relatively high rates.
• If present in sufficient concentrations, will pose health risks—such as damage to

DNA or promotion of lung cancer.
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Figure 13.7 The structure Figure 13.8 The structure of single-

of a C60 fullerene molecule walled carbon nanotube (schematic). Figure 13.9 The structure of a
(schematic). graphene layer (schematic).
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Brief introduction of - Polymeric Materials

• Naturally occurring polymers—those derived from plants and animals includes
• Wood,
• Rubber,
• Cotton,
• Wool,
• Leather, and
• Silk.
• Other natural polymers, such as
• Proteins,
• Enzymes,
• Starches, and
• Cellulose.
• These are important in biological and physiological processes in plants and animals.
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• Many of useful plastics, rubbers, and fiber materials are synthetic polymers.
• Since the conclusion of World War II, the field of materials has been virtually revolutionized
by the advent of synthetic polymers.
• The synthetic polymers can be produced inexpensively, and their properties may be
managed to the degree that many are superior to their natural counterparts.
• In some applications, metal and wood parts have been replaced by plastics, which have
satisfactory properties and can be produced at a lower cost.
• Most polymers are organic and are hydrocarbons, composed of Hydrogen and Carbon.
• The physical characteristics of a polymer depend not only on its molecular weight
and shape, but also on differences in the structure of the molecular chains.
• Modern polymer synthesis techniques permit considerable control over various structural
possibilities (linear, branched, cross-linked, and network, in addition to various isomeric
configurations).
Ref. - MS&E, WDC & DGR, 9E, Sec. 14.1, 14.2,
14.7, AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 51
U1

• The response of a polymer to mechanical forces at elevated temperatures is related
to its dominant molecular structure.
• One classification scheme for these materials is according to behavior with rising
temperature viz. Thermoplastics and thermosets.
• Thermoplastics soften when heated (and eventually liquefy) and harden when
cooled.
• Thermosetting polymers become permanently hard during their formation and do
not soften upon heating.
U1
Billiard balls made of phenol-

Top: Electrical connection positioned within a
formaldehyde (Bakelite)
section of as-received polymer shrink-tubing.
Center, Bottom: Application of heat to the
A polyethylene produce tubing caused its diameter to shrink. In this
bag containing some fruit. constricted form, the polymer tubing stabilizes
the connection and provides electrical
insulation. (Photograph courtesy of Insulation
Products Corporation.)
U1
• In spite of the tremendous progress that has been made in the discipline of
Materials Science and Engineering within the past few years, technological
challenges remain, including the development of even more sophisticated and
specialized materials, as well as consideration of the environmental impact of
materials production.
• Some comment is appropriate relative to these issues…..
• Nuclear energy.
• Energy are involved in transportation and weight reduction.
• Solar power into electrical energy.
• Hydrogen fuel cell.
• Various materials for Pollution Control Techniques.
• Nonrenewable resources of materials.
U1
References
• Ref. MS&E, WDC & DGR, 9E
• MATERIALS SCIENCE and ENGINEERING, 9th Edition, William D. Callister, Jr. and David G. Rethwisch,
Wiley Binder Version ISBN: 978-1-118-47770-0.
• https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0fef/378e55d75da31e7f148e1487277307f0deed.p
df?_ga=2.24482424.393070079.1596760119-198651655.1594895706
Ref. - AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 55


Unit 1. Introduction

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Unit 1. Introduction

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Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,

Materials Science and Engineering

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 2

• AM-13103 is supported by Material Sc. & Engg. Laboratory (AM-13203), where .

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 3

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 4

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 5

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 6

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 7

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 8

AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 9

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Historical perspective of Materials Science

Historical perspective of Materials Science

Historical perspective of Materials Science

• Tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

• The role of a Materials Scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials.

• On atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules

Figure: The four components of the discipline of materials

Figure: Portion of a concept map for the processing of a steel alloy.

• A classification scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure

Figure: Bar chart of room temperature strength (i.e., tensile strength)

Figure: Bar chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture (i.e., fracture

Figure: Bar chart of room temperature electrical conductivity ranges

Brief introduction of - Composite Materials

Brief introduction of - Composite Materials

Brief introduction of - Composite Materials

Brief introduction of - Composite Materials

Brief introduction of - Smart/Intelligent Materials

Brief introduction of - Smart/Intelligent Materials

Brief introduction of - Smart/Intelligent Materials

Brief introduction of - Smart/Intelligent Materials

Figure 10.37 Diagram illustrating

Brief introduction of - Functionally Graded Materials

Brief introduction of - Functionally Graded Materials

Brief introduction of - Functionally Graded Materials

Brief introduction of - Functionally Graded Materials

Brief introduction of - Biomaterials

Brief introduction of - Biomaterials

Implantable Semiconductor Biosensors

Ref. - AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 45

Brief introduction of - Nano-materials

Brief introduction of - Nano-materials

Brief introduction of - Nano-materials

• Small nanoparticles have exceedingly large surface area–to–volume ratios, which

• Although the safety of nanomaterials is relatively unexplored, there are concerns

• If present in sufficient concentrations, will pose health risks—such as damage to

Brief introduction of - Nano-materials

Figure 13.7 The structure Figure 13.8 The structure of single-

Brief introduction of - Polymeric Materials

Brief introduction of - Polymeric Materials

Brief introduction of - Polymeric Materials

Brief introduction of - Polymeric Materials

Billiard balls made of phenol-

Ref. - AM13103 MSE, AMD, MNNITA, Prayagraj 55

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