1. Write facts about Radio waves (how is it formed, what are its factors, etc..

)
(20pts)
o Electromagnetic waves are another name for radio waves.
There are both electric and magnetic fields in it. An electric field
is created whenever voltage is given to an antenna. This voltage
causes current to flow through the antenna at the time, resulting
in a magnetic field.

o Charged particles undergoing acceleration, such as time-

varying electric currents, produce radio waves. Lightning and
celestial objects release naturally occurring radio waves, which
are part of the blackbody radiation emitted by all heated objects.

o Cell phones, televisions, AM/FM radios, and GPS signals all use
propagating electromagnetic waves (often referred to as radio
waves) to convey data wirelessly. While the types of EMI
previously addressed centered on sources of RN that may
actively interfere with and overwhelm these signals at the
receiver, there are also entirely passive kinds of EMI that can
impact a transmitted signal's capacity to distinguishably reach a
receiver in the first place.

o The ground, huge buildings, transmission lines, and steel-lattice

towers are all dielectric and conducting objects in the
environment that radio waves interact with. An incident radio
wave can cause electric currents to flow through certain items,
causing the radio wave to scatter. This can happen to
transmission lines and towers whether or not the lines are
activated and carrying any current. In other words, the sheer
presence of conductive wires and towers may cause radio
signals to be scattered. Radio transmission can be disrupted in
a variety of ways due to scattering of radio waves:
1.
Blocking: A structure in the path between the signal source and
the receiver scatters the transmitted signal, preventing it from
reaching the receiver.

2.
Scattering can offer several routes for a radio wave to reach a
receiver, resulting in multiple copies of the signal being received
that are slightly offset in time and overlap.
3.
Scattering near a transmitting antenna or antenna array can
change the directionality of the antenna radiation pattern,
causing stronger or weaker signal intensities in specific
directions than planned
2. Definition of Antenna (10pts)
o An antenna is a type of transducer that converts radio
frequency (RF) signals into alternating current (AC) or the
other way around. For sending or receiving radio
transmissions, there are both receiving and transmitting
antennas. Antennas are essential for the proper operation of
all radio equipment. Wireless local area networks, mobile
telephony, and satellite communication all use them.

3. Description of the parameters to consider in designing Antenna. (20pts)

o Range of communication and gain

With the proliferation of wireless communications

applications, system designers are in a position to think
about antenna placement and performance. The first step in
determining antenna requirements is determining the desired
communication range and radio system terminal
characteristics (i.e., transmit power, minimum receiver
sensitivity level).

o Size of the antenna and clearance

A trade-off study between performance and physical

realization factors of size, placement, and clearance must
include antenna gain (or loss) (distance from obstructions).
The antenna gain, g, and antenna effective aperture (area)
are all directly related, according to one basic antenna
relationship shown below. This generally means that
antenna gain is proportional to the antenna's physical size.

o Reciprocity of Antennas

• Defines an antenna's properties and performance

regardless of whether it is radiating or intercepting an
electromagnetic signal.

• The voltage from the transmitter is converted to an

electromagnetic signal via a transmitting antenna.

• The electromagnetic signal that passes through a

receiving antenna induces a voltage in it.

• After that, the voltage is supplied to the receiver.

o Beamwidth of the Antenna

• The angle between the two half-power (-3 dB) points

on the primary lobe of an antenna's planar radiation
pattern, which is commonly measured in one of the
"principal" planes.

• Beamwidth is inversely proportional to antenna gain.

• An omnidirectional (isotropic) antenna transmits in

all directions equally well.

o Bandwidth of the Antenna

• The frequency range in which antenna operation is

considered "satisfactory."

• Normally, bandwidth is defined as the difference

between half-power frequencies (difference between
the highest and lowest frequencies of operation).

• Antenna bandwidth is frequently represented as a

percentage of the antenna's optimum operating
frequency.
References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/radio-wave
https://www.techdesignforums.com/practice/technique/antenna-design-considerations/
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5041/antenna