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    4 views9 pages

    Austempered Gray Iron

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    luciano

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9
    Physical Properties and Application of Austempered Gray Iron BLY. Kovacs AER. Keough Applied Process, Ino, Livonia, Michigen ABSTRACT Mechanical and aconsticel preperties were deterrsined tn Class 20, 30-and 40 gray trons in the as-cast condition and as austem- ered ut 500, 609 and 70OF (260, 316 and 471C), ‘The mneee classes of gray tron were obtained by varying the carton and silicon contem (carbon eyuivatent) endlor the invce ation. The variation inthe ouer elements was unintentional. The variation ofthe graphite volwne andmorphalogy causeda rignji- cant difference In the microstructure, the mechanical properites cand the accustical properties in the tested irons. ‘Two aceusticat parameters wore measured: the resonant or natural frequency and the farereal darpiag in the form of the Logarithmic decrement The dynamic (lini) elastic modult were ‘eleulated fre the resonant freauency data and were related to the various conditions tn dhe brome, Tensile suengeh, impact sensi, elongation add herdess wore determined es 6 fancion of the condition (rakeresmucture and teat reat cycle) nthe iors feves determined has austempered ray iron has a unique combination of high srensth and high danging. Ths combination makes ansempered gray iron (AGD ‘oplicabic 1 parts ts whick high strength high wear resistance {and high vibration andior scund damping & required Dousteteshaical data and the potenttat application of AGI are discaszed inthis paper. A very good relationship was esablished henvecn the acoustical and mechavical properties. Accustical moarurenients offer 4 goad tecinique for quality anilor process control INTRODUCTION ‘Many attempts sere made in the past 19 increase the strength propertir in gray iron, These anempts ware bared mainly oa alloying. In some eases, the gain in steagth did not warrant fhe Incurred increaseiprediciion cost This paper offersan altemative, a significant inciease in the strength and damping for a relatively small cst, ‘The many successful applications of austempered ductile ir, ADI, suggested a dy on austernpered gray iron (AGD. There are sever] majr differeuces between ADI and AGH conceming their austerperabilty. Most of tese diferences tema from the chemical ‘compesition an the salicificaion of the two irons. With some moificatioa inthe austempering prozess, however, significant im provements cin be made ix gray iron at wel This paper was aimed at wo arcas, One ofthese isthe techcal PML in which the sttsinable mechanical properties and their nen- destrutive evaleation are cscussed. The cther aspect ofthe paperis the economy of AGT and its potential application for irustral use ‘tisstownin his paperiinztaccrmbination of poperies notseen before, canheachieved ia gray ton at an alfericle prostuction com. ‘This wasmade possible by entensive research in the past yes, and Dy anew undersiandlag of est ans, Altsough expesionce with AGI as ap eagincceing exatarial ig ‘nee, he mechanicat properdes obtained suggest good pessbll- ties for iedustial applications. These applications wil bediscussed, Teter this paper BACKGROUND ‘Work was done on austemperea gray ren in netate 1830s and eanly 1940s +8 Fina ofthe University of Michigan did some pioncering ‘wort the opie, His work did not receive much attention and was. ‘quill forgotcn. Castlzona ware notundozetaod az well thonaathay aze today. Tk was dhought that cast rem ws a special steel wid graphite particles cispensed in it, When the austernpered structure ‘yas fst seen in gray iron, it was thought to be “acicular peal” ‘Also, muchmore tention 320 paid tathe geaghitemorphology thin, tothe marr amuctura. tx geay non the sharp notches, created by tho ‘waghlte aces, were considered tobe the limiting factarancinct the matrix structure. Inthe 1930s, no commerciat austewpering equip- ment wasavailabl: therefore no iaduscial application ofaustempersd gray leon was considered, Shortly after Finn's study, io 1945, podular oa was discovered ‘Mosh, if tal, attention was tumsdte the nodalization of graphite patches, Iwas percelted that a signifcart improvernent In ihe ‘mechanical properies could be acbieved only by camnemg the araphite morphology. The fascination wits the modification of the raphite dhepecentnvedand was cared avertocemnpacted graphite fron (CGD), After researchers learned how to produce all shapes oF graphive (fake, temper, ocular and compacted), attention was tumed tothe maria again. ‘The most inpomtant discovery in recent years has been tat the smetallargies of cast iron and stecl are fundamentally different. The major dfferenccis ntheaarbonkinetics. Insta! theaathon content {is usually constant, whils in thecastiren mari, its cortiqwously varabie. Silicon in swel i considered cetimertal, while it fs a necesian ingen in ast ons Sigon sts custon solbitty and diffesivity. It pleys a major role in the development of the ausbrmpered sructre assent, cast oas ow thatthe austemperiag of ductile isin is well andersteod, the ‘question arivet: Ave the ductile iron euetemporing principles azpii- able to CG, malleable and grey irons? This paper adresses the austempering of gray cast 200, EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS. ‘Sample Proparation ‘Taree rypeso specimens were propated forthe expences: ensile dbus (per ASTM A48) unuotched Champy impsct bers (gor ASTM. ‘A370)and sonic cesonancebars. Te ensiltars were "A bars with (0565 in, (1.28 cm) dia and 2 in, ($.em) gauge length. The sonic sesonaoe bas were (5 in, (1.27 mm dia and 2.Sin, (64cm) loag erlinders CASS 24-|xJe |x| 0] wmlo}or/oo}> Tablet. 8) 8)3 8/8) 8/8/88] 8/8| 3 as} |e) sn | sl Chemical Conpasiions a_| 20 | esr | oo | ait | ow | ow | 0s ae |r [oss Toon | ore | are | or | oor saz | aoe | ose | oer | oss { o17 | ore [oor Tobie. Heat Troat Cycles a fesles] sy leelares| elalctes ‘AS-CAST. ‘AS-CAST. AS-CAGT. 70 7 120, 720 720 10 120 120 a0 Table 8. Machenicai Properties Teblo 4 Acustica Propectios 1635 (1: 1622 (i 15.79 (130) “ie 168.9 (K Te50 (1 1.14 Taco 7.21 (108) 1046 1426 16.16 (105) Tiree howls wore cat forthe testpecimens, The attempt waste cbiain Class 20, 20 and 40 gray irons. The vavious classes were btained by varying the carbon ard the silicon contents or changing ‘Geamountofthe inoclant. The variation inthe chemical composi on, ether than carson md silicon, wasneintentienal. The chemical composiions ofthe three heats ar Listed in Table 1 The graphite cize apd shape was abored by the variation of the ‘eadou equivalent (CE) and inoculation. The graphite morphology is shown ia Figs 1-3, Fourconditions were developed in te three asses of gay irom, ‘The frst group consisted of samples in the as-cast condition. The second group was austempered at 700F (371C) for 60 minutes. The (ind group wns austempered at 610F G1SC) for 120 mines The fourth group was auszempered at S00F (260C) for 180minates All ssunples wercaustent zed at 1G00P (671C) for 120 moutes, The heat ‘vestments are summarized ia Table 2, Metallographie Examinations ‘The microstructures of the samples the four corditionsare shown in Figs. 4.15, The variation in Gremicrostructurc, due o the charge Jn the austernpering remperstre, ie apparent. A Yow (SOOF/260C) ‘agsempering temperature produces «stusturethat is finer than that fa high (7C0F/371C) temnperatere sructure. The cormption of ausemperingwas verified bymeaas of ahrattinting ochnique The samples were held at OOF (260C) fee four hours without protective stmosphere Fig 1 Graphite morphology in Class 29 gray ions 100. Testing of Mechanlcol Properties ‘Tensive Testing. Three samples were sated er cach condition and the avecages wore plied In te graphs. All saruples Were tested at 0.2 iaJin-mnin stain rate, The tensile stengeh and elongation were éetermined Hardness Testing Tae Brinail hardqess Yalues vere determined using 3000-Ke lead, ‘The results of the mochanical esting ae listed in Table 3, Acoustical Testing “Two ousted propertiss wercmeasure: 1) the resonant frequercy in longitudinal fe harmonic oscilation; and 2) the inemal damping inthe form of the logarithmic decrement. Tbe dynamic ‘mit} clastic modulas (DEM) wap calculated feom the resonant ‘eequency ara The following equation was sed forthe calculation: = 121 Eve. ‘where ois tho seconans Feequency ie the longth ofthe seat bar, Ey 1s ie dynes cassie modulus asl p is Ose densy of de est bar ‘The accumey of the acoustical measurement i five significant igs, Results of te acoustieal measurements ae listed in Table 4. ig. 7. Miccostescura of Class 20 gray ion austemperec at 7OOF (8716) br 60 minutes; 400X Pig. 8. hiezostructue cf Chass $0 gray ton austampered at 7OOF {(971G) fo 80 rtnates; 400X. Fla. 9. Merostructre of Class 40 gray ncn austempered at 700F 710) for 80 minutes; 400X. Fig. 10. Mlsostruciure of Class 20 gray ton ausiempared a 600F Bg. 19, Micresiucture of Class 20 gray iran austammered at SOOF (2100) fr 126 minutes, 400%, (2600) for 180 minutes, 400%. Fig. Aiccosiucture of lass Sa gray ron austempered at 600F ‘Fig. 14. Microstructure of Class 30 aray iron austomperadtat SCOF (3100) or 120 minutes; 400K. (2600) for 180 minut Aig 12. Merosructure of Class 40 gray fon austentpered at 600F © Fig 15. Micmsinenre of Class 40 grey ten auslompered at S00F (3166) fr 129 minutes: 00%. (2600) tor 180 minutoe, 490%. piscUussion ‘Silicon has an important rele in the development ofthe sustemiic ‘mati in cast irons. It suppresses and protongs bsiritic carbide fcemation, itdecreases the carbon solubility in austenite avcelerates ‘atom diffusion in austenite and rales the upper extical tempers ture. I: inflaeaces the time required for the completion of the sustempering rezctton. In gray Iran, the siicon content ig usually ower than in ductile irot, and, therefore, it requies a shortsr austempering ‘ime. ‘Also, dherois higher sulfurcontentin gray iron. Sulfur sopresates at the metrix-graphite interface and creates a very sttorg carbon

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