DOCUMENT RESUME ED 389 220 FL 023 430 AUTHOR Kabat, Grazyne; And Others TITLE Cestina pro Pokrocile (Intermediate Czech). INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washingten, D.C. PUB DATE. 95 NOTE 265p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE NFO1/PCI1 Flus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Communicative Competence (Languages); *Cultural Awareness; *Czech; “Grammar; Higher Education; Instructional Materials; Language Patterns; “Reading Materials; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Serials; Textbooks; Uncommonly Taught Languages; "Vocabulary Development IDENTIF{ERS *Authentic Materials ABSTRACT The textbook in intermediate Czech is designed for second-year students of the language and those who already have a basic knowledge of Czech grammar and vocabulary. It is appropriate for use in a traditional college language classroom, the business community, or a government language school. It can be covered in a year-long conventional university course or a 10-week intensive course, Lessons are based on authentic reading passages from Czech daily newspapers and magazines, and introduce students to contemporary culture. After each passage, a set of 20 communicative activities and grammar exercises are presented. Topics of the 14 lessons are: traveling; cooking; education; Prague; the Czech anthem; health; life in the city; writer Karel Polacek; work; business; traveler and collector Vojtech Naprstek; history; holidays; and humo: . (HSE) %* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. B SKI SEIS rir SSE a Sei EI a ee AE SIR A HEED 389 220 CESTINA PRO POKROCILE INTERMEDIATE CZECH Grazyna Kabat with Eva Roubalova and Michael Heim BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2CESTINA PRO POKROCILE INTERMEDIATE CZECH Grazyna Kabat with Eva Roubalova and Michael Heim Center For Applied Linguistics 1995Preface Ceatina pro pokrotile is a book for those students who want to communicate more fluently in the Czech language. It is intended for second-year students of Czech or for those who already have a good basic Knowledge of Czech grammar and vocabulary. Although this textbook may be used in the traditional American university classroom, it can easily be used by the business community as well as government language schools. I have tried to pay attention to all aspects of the language as it might best be approached by the student: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Despite the advanced nature of many aspects of the book, it can be covered in a year-long standard university course or in a ten-week intensive summer course. Lessons are based on authentic reading passages taken from recent Czech daily newspapers and magazines. These materials were specifically chosen not only because they focus on timely topics, but also because they introduce the student to the most salient aspects of contemporary Czech culture. Teachers and students should find it quite easy to use these passages as a springboard for further discussion. After each passage there is also a set of twenty communicative activities and grammar exercises which should reinforce some of the more advanced essentials of Czech gramm@r and should also underline the more important language patterns. It should be stressed that because a basic goal of the book is to expand the student's vocabulary, the student will often find himself referring to a Czech-English dictionary. But though this vocabulary is substantially more varied than that encountered in first year courses, it is nevertheless always drawn from those materials common to life in today's Czech Republic. Finally, 1 would like to thank those who helped me. I remain indebted to Dr. Eva Roubalova from the Charles University for her many fine ideas and corrections and to Dr. Michael Heim from the University of California whose painstaking revision of the book's grammar sections has been invaluable. 1 would also like to express my appreciation to my husband, Dr. Martin Kabat, who encouraged me throughout the year, and to Dr. Barbara Robson without whom this book would never have been written. Final thanks are due to the International Research and Studies Program, U.S. Department of Education. The entire project was funded by Grant No. P017A40042-94 from that office to the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington, D.C. GK.Preface Table of Contents Table of Contents Lekce 1 Lekce 2 Lekce 3 Lekee 4 Lekce 5 Lekce 6 Lekce 7 Lekce 8 Lekce 9 Lekce 10 ‘Traveling Review of Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns and Numerals Cooking Review of Verbs Education Relative Clauses Prague - the Capital ‘The Past and Present Conditional Mood, Indirect Discourse Czech Anthem Personal Nouns as Possessive Adjectives, Declension of Foreign Words Declension of the type dévée, 3-22 25-44 47-65 68-84 Forming Nouns from Other Parts of Speech Health Adjectives formed from Nouns, Verbs, and Adverbs Duals Life in the City Verb Prefixes The Number Noun, Irregular Declension of the Cardinal Numbers Karel Polacek - Writer Prefixes in Nouns and Adjectives Compound Adjectives Work Reflexive Pronouns Indefinite Adverbs, Adjectives. and Pronouns Connecting Words in Coordinated Clauses Business Reflexive Passive Voice Compound Passive Voice Verbal Nouns Participles 87-105 108-122 125-139 142-157 160-177 180-198Lekce 11 Lekce 12 Lekce 13 Lekee 14 Vojtéch Naprstek - Traveler and Collector Subordinate Clauses Short Forms of Hard Adjectives Expressions 201-219 History Word Order Secondary Imperfective Verbs Reflexive Verbs 222-238 Holidays Diminutives Pejorative Forms Numerals in -krat Collective Numerals 241-258 umor Colloquial Czech 261-273 vLekce 1Lekce 1 CESKE STREDOHORt Romantické krajina vytvofend sopkami MySlenka na vijlet nebo dovolenou stravené na severt Ceské republiky nam vétsinou pfiliS ldkavd nepripada - 0 zdejsi zniéené pfirodé se toho totiz v poslednich letech napsalo a namluvilo opravdu mnoho. Ale prdvé tady, na samém krafi Krusnuch hor, mizeme najit malebny kraj Ceského stredohori Tato chrénénd krajinnd oblast je pomémé rozsdhld - zaujima plochu priblizné Sestnacti set kilometri étvereénich, kterd se rozprostird od Loun (0 nich se dokonce fikd, Ze jsou vstupnt branou do Stredohori) az po Kamenicky Senov. Pohori je sopeéného pivodu a tak kopett a kopeckti, nékdy trochu nezvyklyjch tvant, je tu snad tolik, Ze bychom je ant nespoéitali. A mozna pravé diky této bohaté dlenitosti krajiny pusobt Ceské stredohori tak Tomantickyjm dojmem, Ze se sem ndvstéunici radi a znovu vraceji. Udoli Labe rozdéluje tuto oblast na dva v podstaté samostatné celky Vernerické a MileSovické stredohort. Nejvyssim urcholem proné imenované éasti je Sedlo (726 m), té druhé pak samoziejmé Milesovka (837 m). Zdejai nadhernd krajina a hezky vyhled z Milesovky ovsem nejsou jedinym ldkadlem pro turisty: Stredohori poskytuje idedint podminky mnoha druhim i téch nejndrocnejsich rostlin, které nemadme moégnos jinde wvidét. Na Boreéském urchu nedaleko Lovosic je najdeme dokonce i v mrazivém zimnim pocasi. Ale pozor! Vétsina téchto krasnyjch kytiéek, které primo svadgji k tomu vzit si je domi do vdzy, je chranéna zdkonem a pokuty za jejich utrZeni jsou skuteéné vysoké. Na své st tu pitidou i milounict historickych pamadtek - z mnozstoi hradit, zamki, ziicenin i hezky upravenych kosteltt je velmi tézké si vybrat. Pokud se vyddme za kulturnimi zajimavostmi, uréité bychom neméli vynechat napriklad Kamyjk nebo Litoméjice. Kamyk se mize pochlubit nefen 2ficeninou hradu 2pustlého za tficetileté valky a barokni kapli, ale také tim, Ze pravé zde nékolikrat pobyval Bedrich Smetana. Starobylé Litomérice si zase jako své puisobisté vybrali Josef Jungmann a Karel Hynek Macha, ktery tady v roce 1836 také zemiel. Zklamani z toho, Ze rozhledna na Mileovce neni ndvstévnikim pfistupnd, si zcela uréité vynahradime v nedaleké obci MileSov. Na strmé éediéové skdle stoji renesanént zamek ze Sestndctého stoleti, k némuz 0 sto let pozdji byla pristavéna jesté barokni éast. V souéasné dobé tato pamdtka slouzi starjm lidem, 0 nz se nema kdo postarat, Je Skoda, Ze o této gjedinelé krajiné vi tak malo lidi. Ovsem ti, kdo Ceské stfedohoit opravdu dobie znaji a maji radi, to povazuji za stésti, Nent totiz Jisté, co by se vzdenymi rostlinami udélal velky pfiliv turisti. Pfiznejme si upfimné, ne kazdy znds se umi na vijleté nebo dovolené chovat tak, abyLekce 1 piiroda nebyla zbyteéné ohrozena. Rozhovor -Jifi Uz mas po dovolené? -Marek Ano, mél jsem dovolenou v éervenci. -Jifi Kde jsi byl? -Marek _Jezdil jsem po Cechach a Moravé. Navétévoval jsem hrady a zamky. -Jifi Maé rad historii? -Marek _To taky, ale hlavné obdivuju umélecké predméty, obrazy. stary nabytek, viastné cely interiér, jak jej vidis na kazdém hradé nebo zamku. Samozfejmé se mi libi hrady a zamky Jako unikatni stavby v krasné pfirodé. Mnoho zamkt i hradii lezi v chranéné oblasti, maji prosté prekrasné okoli. Bylo to prijemné prohlédnout si zamek a potom park nebo hrad a jeho okol -Jiti Které hrady a zamky jsi navstivil? -Marek —V Cechach goticky hrad Kost a na Moravé Pernstejn, to je podivuhodny hrad, a potom Helfstyn. ‘Tam jsem vidél Pracovat opravdového uméleckého kovafe. Bylo to velmi zajimavé. “Jiri Mné se zamky libi vic. Je tam tolik krasnych véci. -Marek To je pravda. Kdyz jsem byl v zapadnich Cechach, u svého stryce, ktery se lécil v Karlovych Varech, navstivil jsem take zamek Loket, kde je nadherna vystava porcelanu Pak jsem zamifil na sever do Frydlantu a pak pres vychodni Cechy na Moravu. “Jit Byl jsi v Lednici? -Marek — Samoziejmé, ani nevim pokolikaté. Nejenom zamek, ale i park stoji za to navstivit. etl jsem v novinach, ze v Opoéné objevili dosud neznamy obraz Heronyma Bosche. -Marek To je pravda. V Opoéné j Jisté jsi uz byl v Kromé: Vim, Ze mas rad malifstvi. -Jiti To vis, Ze jsem tam ué byl, a nejenom jednou. A co déla tvoje Zena? Pravé pripravuje vystavu uzitého uméni obdobi secese. Pracuje od rana do veéera. Je s tim hodné prace. ‘To si umim piedstavit. Kde bude ta vystava? V Uméleckopriimyslovém muzeu? Ano, zahajena bude uz pristi tyden. Uréité se prijdv podivat. Pozdravuj pani, méj se hezky. Ahoj Ahoj. Doufam, ze té brzy uvidim. -Marek mnoho zajimavych obrazi, ale podivat se na obraz Tiziana.Lekce 1 Ated' mluvime my! Cvideni 1 Nejprve si prectéte cely text ,Ceské stfedohofi” a pak odpovidejte na otazky. 1. Ve které casti Ceské republiky se nachazi Ceské st?edohori? 2. Proé se vetSiné cestovatelii nezda tato oblast piilis lakava? 3. Jak velké je Ceské stredohori? 4. Prog v této oblasti najdeme kopce nezvyklych tvari:? 5. Jaka feka tam teée a na kolik éasti rozdehuje Ceské stredohori? 6. Vyjmenuj vsechny ¢asti a Jejich nejvyssi vrcholy. 7. Prot nent mogné si tam natrhat kvétiny? 8. Co je jesté zajimavého v Ceském stedohori? 9. Muzete se podivat na tuto krajinu z rozhledny na Milesovce? 1 0. Proé si autor mysli, Ze by velky piiliv turista: nebyl pro tuto oblast vhodny? Cviéeni 2 V textu jsou uvedena jména tii vyznamnych osobnosti. Pfipravte si (s kamaradem nebo kamaradkou) otazky, které by vam pomohly néco se 0 téchto lidech dozvédét. Potom se ptejte svych spoluzaki nebo utitele a na zakladé ziskanych udaji: napiste tii kratké Zivotopisy. Zivotopis ‘votopis fivotopisLekce 1 Cviéeni 3 Dokonéete véty a pouzijte informace z textu. poskytuje idealni podminky. 2. Na Bore¢ském vrchu nedaleko Lovosic se mize naj se mize Cviéeni 5 Prectéte si jesté jednou text .Ceské stfedohori” a pak vypravéjte kolegovi 0 svém vyletu. Minulou nedéli jsem byl/byla v Ceskem stfedohori Cviseni 6 Pracujte ve dvoji ‘ich. Nejdiive na to, co uslysite, reagujte protikladnym adjektivem. Potom ke kazdému adjektivu najdéte vhodna substantiva. Barokni, bohaty, hezky, krasny, chranény, historicky, kulturni, lékavy, malebny, nadherny, nezvykly, renesanéni, romanticky, upraveny, vzdeny TsLekce 1 lOhrozeny, ojedinély, stary, strmy, tézky, zbyteény, zniéeny, zpustly Cviéeni 7 Pracujte ve dvojicich. Inscenujte setkani dvou pfatel. ktefi se chystaji na vylet, a napiste pro né dialog. Snazte se pouzivat co nejvice sloviéek z textu ,Ceské st?edohoi Cvigeni 8 Preététe si jesté jednou rozhovor. Jaka mista jsou tam uvedena? Ukaite je na mapé Ceské republiky a vypravéjte, co je tam zajimavého. ieni 9 Prineste si obrazky z mist, ktera jste vidéli, a vypravéjte o nich ve tfidé. Ptejte se sv¥ch spoluzakui, proé a kam radi cestuji? Pozadejte ‘je, aby vam mista podrobnéji popsali. Gvideni 10 Napiste Geské kamaradce 0 svém vyletu v Americe. Kde jste byl/a, co jste délal/a, a co je tam zajimavého pro navstévniky?Lekce 1 Gramatika Review 1, NOUNS Nouns have different endings depending on their function in the sentence. Endings also vary according to the noun's gender,whether it is masculine, feminine or neuter and, if the noun is masculine, whether the noun describes an animate (living) or inanimate (lifeless) thing. Finally, all genders are further divided into subgroups known as hard and soft. The chart below illustrates these grammatical divisions. Masculine Feminine Neuter animate Gere idea sp tidea sd Hird Soh Hard _ Soft Masculine Nouns Nouns ending in a consonant are usually masculine. Below are those endings or suffixes which will help you to recognize the masculine gender: -ak, -@f, -ai, -an, -é, -ek, -ik, -nik, -in, ot Hard and Soft Masculine Nouns ‘Masculine nouns ending in hard consonants (h, ch, k, r, d, t, n, g) and the majority of nouns ending in neutral consonants (b, f, 1, m, p, 8, v, 2) belong to the hard declension. Nouns ending in soft consonants (2, 3, &, ¥, ¢, j, d', t, ) ‘velong to the soft declension. Masculine, Plural Endings ‘The plural ending for masculine animate nouns in the nominative case is the vowel -i. But if the noun refers to an inanimate object the ending will be 7. Singular Plural student student studenti students slovnik dictionary slovniky dictionaries Masculine animate nouns that end in h, ch, k, r soften and change before -i: Singular Plural h >z — druh companion druzi companions ch>8 hoch boy hoi boys k >e€ _ prorok prophet proroci prophets r ># profesor profesor Feminine Nouns Nouns ending with the vowel -a are predominantly feminine: the feminine gender also include endings or suffixes: est, -ice, -ost,-yné, -ile 8 T2Lekce 1 Hard and Soft Feminine Nouns There is no division into animate or inanimate objects in feminine nouns. Words ending in -a signal the hard declension and words ending in other vowels or consonants signal the soft declension. Feminine, Plural Endings The nominative plural of feminine nouns belonging to the hard declension is most frequently formed in -y. Feminine nouns belonging to the soft declension are generally formed in -e. Singular Plural divka girt divky girls lampa lamp lampy lamps tabule blackboard tabule blackboards The Suffix (-ka) Feminine nouns of nationality or profession can be formed by adding the suffix -ka to the masculine noun. Masculine Feminine Ameriéan Ameriganka Kanadan Kanad'anka doktor doktorka profesor profesorka If the masculine noun ends in -ee, the suffix -ka is simply added to the stem: Masculine Feminine cizinec foreigner cizinka foreigner Némec German Némka German Note that before -ka the letters ch, k, h, g change to their corresponding soft consonants: Masculine Feminine ch >8 Cech Czech Ceska Czech k >é technik technician _ techniéka technician kh >@ — druh companion druzka companion & > __ biolog biologist biolozka biologist Irregular : Slovak - Slovenka Neuter Nouns All nouns in -0 or -i, and some in -e are neuter. Nouns with the suffix 48té are also neuter: letisté airport 44Lekce 1 Hard and Soft Neuter Nouns Hard consonants are followed by -o and belong to the hard declension. Soft consonants are followed by -e and belong to the soft declension. Neuter, Plural Endings All hard neuter nouns end in -a in the nominative plural. Soft neuter nouns 'end in -e. Singular Plural mésto city mésta cities mofe sea mofe seas 2. ADJECTIVES ‘An adjective describes, modifies or qualifies a noun or pronoun. It answers tle question Jak¥? (what kind?), ktery? (which one?), or kolik? (how many?) The adjectivé--with few exceptions--precedes the noun it modifies It always agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies: dobry Elovék (good person), velka Skola (big school), hezké dévée {pretty girl), moderni budova (modern building) Hard and Soft Adjectives Besides hard adjectives which end in -¥, Czech language also has soft adjectives. They end in -f: dlowhy long. vynikajici marvellous. Adjectives, Plural Endings ‘The nominative plural ending for masculine hard animate adjectives is -i and for masculine hard inanimate adjectives the ending is -€. Adjectives which modify feminine nouns also end in -€. The nominative plural ending of neuter adjectives is -4. Singular Plural maly kluk little boy mali Kluci_ little boys maly dum little house malé domy little houses mala holka little girl malé hotky little giris malé okno little window mala okna little windows ‘As with nouns some consonants change (soften) before certain endings. This occurs before the ending -{ in the nominative plural of masculine animate adjectives: Singular Plural r> dobry muz good man dobii muZi good men k > ¢ _ velky pan great master velei pani great masters ch> § tichy chlapec quiet boy ti8i chlapei quiet boys n > & pékny hoch handsome boy _pékni hofi handsome boys d > d chudy élovék poor person chudii Hdé poor people t > t | bohaty pfitel rich friend bohati piatelé rich friends sk >-Bt éesky doktor Czech doctor e&ti dokto#i Czech doctors 40Lekce 1 ck>-ét anglicky kluk English boy —_aangliti kluei English boys Adjectival Sumames Some Czech surnames take adjectival forms and are declined like adjectives. Thus, Vesely (as in pan Vesely) is declined like a masculine adjective, Vesela (as in pani Vesel4) is declined like a feminine adjective. Female surnames with suffix -ova are declined like regular hard adjectives (Vidél jsem pana Knolla i pani Knollovou}. Comparative Form of Adjectives Adjectives expressing qualities have comparative and superlative degrees. Because they end in -i, they are declined like soft adjectives, viusny obéd tasty lunch Vissi obd tastier lunch vkusna vesere tasty dinner vkusnéjai vegere tastier dinner vkusné maso tastymeat _ vkusnéjéi maso tastier meat Formation of the Comparative Degree The regular comparative form of the adjective replaces the endings -¥ and -i with -ej8i, -€)5i, -6i, or -&., -ejai Adjectives ending in -ly, -s¥. -zy mily nice milejSi nicer drzy insolent _drzejéi more insolent, ~6jsi Adjectives ending in -by, -py, -my, -ny, t-¥, -vy and all soft, adjectives pékny pretty _ pékné jai prettier novy new novéjai newer moderni modern modernéjsi more modern -6tejsi Adjectives ending in -ck¥ or -sky ~Btajai prakticky practical prakti&téjai more practical piatelsky friendly pratelétéjai friendlier Some adjectives ending in ry, dy stary old staréi older mlady young maladi younger “8 Some adjectives ending in -ky hezky nice hezét nicer mékky soft mékéi softer 44 PoLekce 1 In some adjectives the final hard consonants change in the stem when forming the comparative: h > 2 ubohy poor —_uboizeji poorer k > & —horky hot horéejai hotter ch> & — tichy quiet 11884 quiet 2 > % diizky close —bRBI close r > # -chytry smart _chytejéi smarter Irregular Comparative Forms of Adjectives The most frequently used irregular forms of the comparative are as follows: dobry good lepai better Spatny bad hordi worse aly evil hori worse velky big, great —_vét8i bigger, greater dlouhy tong del8i longer drahy expensive draz8i more expensive hluboky deep blubii deeper kratky short kratSi shorter maly small menii smaller nizky low nizai lower tichy quiet, silent ti88i quieter tezky heavy téz8i heavy wzky narrow wz8i narrower velky big vétai bigger vysoky high ‘vy8Bi higher siroky wide airéi wider Superlative Degree Forms ‘The superlative form of the Czech adjective is formed by adding the prefix nej- to the comparative form. lepsi better nejlepai the best tychie}Si faster nejrychlejéi the fastest vétsi bigger nejvét&i the biggest 3. PRONOUNS Pronouns have the same grammatical features - gender, case and number as nouns Pronouns either substitute for nouns or modifie them. Ja (D, jeho (his), tento (this one}, kdo? (who?) Personal Pronouns -j4,(/), ty (you). oni (they) etc. Personal pronouns take the place of nouns which refer to persons or things. They are not used as the subject of a sentence, except for emphasis: 12Lekce 1 Mluvim éesky. I speak Czech. J& mluvim éesky, on mluvi Spanélsky. I speak Czech, he speaks Spanish. The pronouns ja (1), ty (you), my (we), vy (you plural), oni (they), refer to persons only. The pronouns on (he), ona (she), ono (it), ony (they).refer to things as well as persons. Short and Long Forms When the pronoun functions in a sentence as a possessive (genitive case), indirect object (dative case), or direct object (accusative case), it can take either the short mé, mi, té, ti form or the long mame, mné, tebe, tobé form. The longer forms are used both for emphasis and with prepositions. Rekl mi to véera. He told me that yesterday. Mné to fekl véera. He told it to me yesterday. Demonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative pronoun is a word that used to point out one object or person among several. It may also correspond to the English definite article the. There are several forms of demonstrative pronouns. When ten occurs with the suffix to or more colloquially toble "this" is emphasized, ten occurs with the prefix tam only to contrast two people or objects. Tento muz je jeji bratr, tamten muz je je}i manzel. This man is her brother, that man is her husbend. ten muz this or that man tento muz this man (here) tazena this or that woman tato Zena this woman (here) tookno this or that window toto okno this window (here) tenhle mui this man (here) tamten muz that man (over there) table Zena this woman (here) tamta Zena that woman (over there) tohle okno this window (here) tamto okno that window (over there) Possessive Pronouns mij kabat moje, mé lampa ‘moje, mé mésto my coat my lamp my city tviij kabat tvoje, tvé lampa tvoje, tvé mésto your coat your lamp your city jeho kabat Jeho lampa jeho mésto his coat his lamp his city Jeji kabat jeji lampa Jeji mésto her coat her lamp her city jeho kabat jeho lampa jeho mésto its coat its lamp its city nas kabat nage lampa nase mésto our coat our lamp our city 13Lekce 1 vai kabat vase lampa vaée mésto your coat our lamp our city Jejich kabat Jejich lampa Jejich mésto their coat their lamp their city Ci je to kniha? Moje. Whose book is that ? Mine. Reflexive Pronouns Because the reflexive personal pronoun refers back to the subject, it has no nominate form. Koupim sito, [will buy it for myself. Pisuo sobé. [am writing about myself. Myju siruce. Tam washing my hands. Likewise the reflexive possessive pronouns svij, sv4, své refer back to the subject. The function of the reflexive possessive pronoun is particularly important in the third person. Note the following sentence: Jan miluje svou Zenu. Jan loves his [own] wife. Jan miluje jeho Zenu. Jan loves his [someone else's] wife. Negative Pronouns ‘The negative pronouns are formed by adding tie prefix ni- to the interrogative pronoun forms. After negative pronouns, the verb must be prefixed with ne-. Czech grammar requires double negation. Nikdo ho nemé rad . No one likes him. kdo? - ——_nikdo no one co? - nie nothing. Gi? - ——ni@ino one's jak? - nia not at all jaky?- —nijaky, Z4dnf none Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding the prefix né- to interrogative pronouns. Nékdo ho vidél? Did anybody see him? Nékdo jde. Somebody is coming. kdo? - nko somebody, anybody ¢0? - — méco something, anything i? - — m€Ei someone's, anyone's jaky?- — néjaky some, any ktery? - n&ktery someLekce 1 néjaky The pronoun néjaky means "a" or "some kind of"; the pronoun néktery means "some" of a particular group. Ma v Americe néjakého pfitele. He has a friend in America. Videl jsem tam néjaké mux I saw some men there. Néktei lidé s nim souhlasi. Some people agree with him. 4. NUMERALS Cardinal Numerals Cardinal numerals answer the question kolik? (how many)?: jeden {m], jedna [f], jedno [n] (one), take the singular, dva {m], dvé [f+n] (two), tt (three), ¢tyti (four) take the plural: Kup jednu knihu, dva ¢asopisy a tii nebo étyii pera. Buy one book, two magazines, and three or four pens. 5 and above take genitive plural: Kup pét knih, dvanéct Casopisii a tiiadvacet per. Buy five books, twelve magazines, and twenty three pens. The verb is always in the singular. and if is in the past it takes a neuter (-o) ending. The same rules apply to indefinite numerals : Zde Zilo p&t muzi. ‘There were five men living here. mnoho — many, much malo few, little kolik how many? how much? tolik so many, so much nékolik a few. several, some Zde Zije malo zen. There are few women living here. Zde zilo malo zen. There were few women living here. Ordinal Numerals Ordinal numerals express numerical sequence and answer the question kolikaty (which one?). The ordinal numerals function as adjectives and are declined like adjectives. Note that the numerals prvni and tieti are declined like so;* adjectives and the rest are declined like hard adjectives: Prvni (first), druby [m], druhé [f}, druhé [n] (second), tfeti (third), étvrty (forth), etc. Mam listek do prvni fady. I have a ticket to the first row. Pisu uz desaty dopis. Iam writing already the tenth letter. 15Lekce 1 cvicent 1 Doplfite spravné tvary substantiv. Vzor: Véera jsem koupila (kniha a noviny). Véera jsem koupila knihu a noviny. Rad jezdim ven do (pfiroda) . Jizni Cechy jsou (kraj) . . Dopoledne jsme si prohlé Sli na {prachazka) ... . Dnes je hezky, a tak se piijdeme projit k (feka) Stravili jsme (dovoiena) na (sever) Projdéte (brana) ... ‘a hned uvidite (kaple). 1. 2s 3. 4, 5. 6. : Uz jsme hodné slySeli o (Ceské stfedohoti) 8. Okna v hotelu nemaji (vyhled) 9. V kterem (Kostel) 10. Na (obraz) .. .. je dnes mie? je malebna krajina. GVICENI 2 Dopliite spravné tvary substantiv a adjektiv. Vzor: — Véera jsem koupila (anglicka kniha a Ceské noviny). ‘Véera jsem koupila angiickou knihu a éeské noviny. 1. V (Ceska repubiilca) mista)... 5 Rekl nam mncho (zajimavost) 0 (chranéné rostliny) V (souéasna doba) .. pfistupny (verejnost) Na (Prazsky hrad) yla dnes oteviena vystava (vzaené Sperky) V (barokni doba) (krasny kostel) . Nic nevim o (tHcetileta valka) Vylezli jsme si na (vysoka skalal lépe videli. Poprvé vidim tak (krasna pamatka) ktera je tak (zniéena) |. Buderne muset zaplatit pomérné (vysoka pokuta) za (rychla jizda) 10. Ve je mnoho (zajimava ‘bylo postaveno mnoho | xp ae oe fa © tery rok) cvicent 3 Dopliite spravné tvary vyrazi v zavorkach. Vzor: — Véera jsem koupila (anglicka kniha a Ceské noviny). Véera jsem koupila anglickou knihu a éeské noviny. 16Lekce 1 1. Krajina (Ceské stfedohofi) ... se mi velmi libila. Je tam mnoho (kopec) (rozmanité tvary) ..... Milegovka je (nejvy: (Ceské stredohori). . Kamyk se mize pochlubit (pobyt) ... Smetana.. Prohlédli jsme si renesanéni zamek ze (Sestnacté stoleti) . Bediich Zamek dnes slouzi (stati lidé) «.... Je Skoda, Ze 0 (tento kraj) .. (cestovatel) . Ta vystava nas seznamila se (vzdené rostliny) .. (Minula nedéle) .. . (srasa prirody) ..... 10. Myslim, Ze se sem (navatévnici) vraceji, oe xo 8 oY CVICENI 4 Vyberte spravny vyraz Vzor: Napis dopis a sestra 1. Minuly vikend jsme byli na a. zajimavy vyiet b. zajimavem vyleté ¢. zajimavému vyletu 2. Kdo z vas bylv a Ceském stiedohoti? b. Ceskému stfedohori? c. Ceské stfedohoti? 3. Udoli Labe rozdéluje tuto __ oblast na dvé éasti. a. chranéné krajinné b. chranénou krajinnou c. chranéna krajinna 4 jsme potkali mnoho a tuto cestu d. zahranicni turisté b. této cesté e. zahraniénich turisté:re Lekce 1 5. Vidéli jsme krasné kvétiny, mnohé z jsme ani nezpali. a. nich b. nim c. ony 6. Kdyz jsme byli na , zaéalo préet. a. MileSovku b. Milesovky c. Milesovce 7. Potom jsme chtéli vstoupit na vale byia zaviena. a. starou rozhlednu b, staré rozhledné c. stara rozhledna 8. Nakonec jsme si prohlédli Litoméfice. starobylé mésto se a. Zajimavou histori. b, zajimavou histori. c. zajimavé historii, 9. Vidéli jsme mnoho a. zajimavymi pamatkami b. zajimavych pamatek c. zajimavou pamatkou 10, Nejvic se nam libily ‘a. hezkymi upravenymi kostely b. hezk upravené kostely c. hezkych upravenych kostelech CVICENI 5 Doplrite spravné tvary vyrazii v zavorkach. Vzor: Na vylet pojedu s (jedna kamaradka). Na vylet pojedu s jednou kamaradkou. 1. Cestou jsme se zastavili v restauraci U (tri hruska) . . Na vrchol jsme vystoupili spolu se (étyfi pratelé) . 2. 3. G1. Fijen) 4. K chaté se dostanet 5. 6. . jsme pfijeli do (Praha) 0 cesta) . S (tri malé dati) ....... Jednoduché. . Uz cely rok cestujeme po (Ceska republika) pouze s (jedné zavazadio) . 7. Ten brad je ze (tiinacté stoleti) nebude cestovéni 18Lekce 1 8. Jeli jsme tam jen s (pét studentek) ae as (osm studentd) « 9. Po (druha navsteva) . : 7 dost _pamatoval z (historie) hradu. 10. Vis, alesponi pfiblizné, Kok thrad} je v (Ceska republika) . cuicent 6 Dopliite spravné tvary zajmen. zor: = Mluvil o (ty). Mluvil 0 tobé. - Kade fate byli tak dlouho? Us Jame pro Dival jsem se dobfe, ale (on). : Cesta byla dlouha a pro (oni Zeptal jsem se (ona). Byli tam, ale nevsiml jsem si. 1 2 3. .velmi obtizna. 4. 5. 6. Bez (ty)... cnikam nejdu. 7. 8 9. 1M am pojedou na dovolenou. Nikdo z (vy eni uprimny, . A ten listek je pro (fa). ? Chee’ jet k (oni) 0. S (on). . Na navstévu? ee je to pofad stejne. CvIcEeNi Podtrzené vyrazy dejte do spravného tvaru. Vzor: Ceska republika navstévnik 1. Kaady den pfichazi do zamku mnoho .. si miZou prohlédnout nejen samotny zamek, ale take velkou zahradu. chranéna oblast Tento kraj je znamy nékolika .V této V této eka 1. Nepiyjdete se projit k 2. Na brehu . ere ~-najdeme mmoho vedenych rostlin. sii republiky neni mnoho — je mala restaurace. opec 1, V Geské republice Je mnoho .... 2. Uz jste bylina tom . . 19Lekce 1 mésto 1. Videli jsme mnoho zajimavych . 2. Ve esse je nékolik obchodnich dom. CvIcENi 8 Doplnite predlozky Vzor: Kniha lezi Kniha lezi na stole stole Kdo se stara . tuto oblast. jejich pomoci bychom nemohli ten projekt realizovat. Mluvili jsme nékolika turisty. Veichnt sli - vylet podstaté je to vsechno ‘siejné. valky Zila cela rodina_v Praze. Co budes délat .. 0. Kam chces jet . dovolené? 1 2. 3 4 5 6. Nevis, jak se jmenuje ten hotel, ktery je a 8. 9. 1 . penéz? cvicENi 9 Doplfite spravny tvar vyrazu v zavorce. Vzor: — V (léto) jsem byla v (Praha). V lété jsem byla v Praze. 1. Cet] jsem o {zajimava krajina) .. = . Ceské stiedol 2. Stiedohori poskytuje idealni podminky (mnoho druhi) wd téch nejnérognéjgich rostlin. 3. Z mnoastvi thrady. samiky. romanticke 2ftceniny 1 Kostely) .. Je té2ké si vybrat 4. A moina a pravé diky {tato bohata Clenitost) 7 .. krajiny pasobi Stredohoti tak romanti . V8ichni lidé by se méli starat o (krasné pfiroda) ....... . ktera je obklopuje. Udi rovné a% na konec (tato ulice) «es... . Priznam se, Ze jsem jesté najednou tolik (milovnik) (piiroda) nevidél, 8. Musime se pochlubit (naé malebna oblast) .. 9. Na rozhlednu se jde po velice {tre schody) 10. Nechme uz (ta historie) 2 a vratme se do (souéasnost) ..Lekce 1 CvIcENt 10 ‘Vyberte spravné vyrazy a dopliite je do nasledujicich vét. pfirodé, krajinné,piblizné, skoda, tvari, nespotitali, urdité, vynechat, obel, lakava, zaujima, krajiné, vstupni, kopecku, podstaté, zklamani, pristupna, vétsinou, zdejgi, mnoho, pomerné, ptivodu, rozdéluje, milovnici, vydame, stravené, vylet 1. Myélenka na ... Ceské republiky nam. oO. znicel -nebo dovolenou.. ili opravdu. 3. Tato chranéna oblast j . -piochu. kilometris étvereénich. 4. Louny, o kterych se tika, Ze jsou. Stiedohofi, jsou také znamé zajimavymi gotickymi stavbami. 5. Pohoti je sopeéného. a tak kopet, trochu nezvyklych ..Je tu tolik, ze ychom je ani - . Udoli Labe .tuto oblast na dva v . Samostatné celky - Verneiické a Milesovské 7. Na své si piijdou i historickych pamatek. 8. Pokud se za ku imi zajimavostmi, ychom neméli. .z toho, Ze rozhledna neni si, muizeme vynahradit v Milesov. 10. Je. sa Ze 0 této ojedinék lidi, Doplakové éteni Preététe si tento text a pak vypravéjte Jeho obsah kamarddovi ve tridé. Zamek jako z pohadky Na severnim okraji Treboriské prestavbach, snad podle panve nedaleko Sobéslavi, v éervenyjch tasek, kteryjmi byla klinu rozevirajiciho se uidoli stoji stiecha pokryta, nebo podle na skalnim titesu uprostfed éerveného pisku pouzitého na rybnika renesanéni zamek omitnuti zdiva. Jsou jest dalst Cervend Lhota. Kdysi se vysvetlent, ale az prilis zabihajt jmenoval Nova Lhota, do povésti a pohddek. k prejmenovant doslo pii riznyjch 24Pront zndmy dr2itel turze, kterd ptwodné na skalisku stdla, Je Ctibor ze Zasmuk, rozmbersky ‘sluzebnik, ktery objekt vlastnil Jz za husitskyjch valek. Z tohoto obdobi nezistala Zadnd stavebni pamdtka, a tak az v poioving 16. stoleti, kdy se stal majitelem panstvi Jan Kéba zRybnan, zaéalo se s vystavbou. Rod tohoto rytife vsak viastnil zdmek pomérné kratce; vymrel ndhle za podivnujch okotnosti. Snad to byl mor, ktery v celé zemi Fadil, & Jind prirodni katastrofa, nicméné béhem nékolika tydnti vymiela cela rodina. V prostém kosteliku Nejsvétéjai Trojice, ktery stoji na severnim biehu rybnika, se dozvime, ze v dobé od svatku sv. Havla do Vsech svatych zemieli roku 1557 urozeny pan Zikmund Kéba z Rybhan, urozené panny Kristina, Marie, Magdalena a Algbéta a také Burian Kaba, Jejich bratr. Snad z té doby se hovori o Lhaté jako 0 zakletém zamku. Potom bylo celé panstvi Lekce 1 v dréeni drobného rytitského rodu Ruiti: z Dirného a az po Bilé hore propadl zamek v konfiskacich. Panstui ziskal’ Slavatové, ktert v té dobé jz sidlili v Jindfichové Hradct. Potom se stridalt dalsi majitelé, doslo k éetnym upravam a zamek byl obyudn az do konee druhé svétové vdlky. Jisté zndte tu odzu krésy a ticha z Getnyjch vyobrazent i jako pfirodni kulisu filmouyjch pohadek éi prtbéht. ‘z doby renesance (Svatby pana Voka). Snad diky tomu, Ze je zdmek se svym lesnim okolim tak trochu stranou hlavnt komunikace, Kid.‘ eznd poezie piirody tu ziistaly nedotéené. Ze stanjch hospoddrskyjch objektt na brehu rybnika vyrostl stylovy hotel, pod kostelikem kvetou rododendrony, mizete si vyptétt lodiéku a snit. Také éapi rodina Jiz po nékolik generact ziistavd verna tomuto krasnému koutu nasi vlasti, té zemi zamyslené\...).LEKCE 2 238Lekce 2 RECEPTY Veprovd panenka v listovém tésté Veprovd panenka je vdéénym tématem pro riizné kuchyfiské recepty. Ten, kterg vam dnes nabizime, pfipravil 8éfkuchar bménského hotelu Holiday Inn Dan Darmopil. Asi 200g vepfové panenky nejprve prospikujeme anglickou slaninou, osolime a nalozime s provensdilskyjm kofenim do oleje. Nechame odlezet. Potom maso zprudka opeceme na olejt. Musi byt uvnit? krvavé. Na vyvdlenyj étverec listového tésta polozime platek Sunky, okraje potfeme Zloutkem, na sunku dame opeéenou panenku a zabalime. Zabalenou panenku potfeme Zloutkem a upeceme ve Stiedné vyhfdté troubé. Klademe na teplyj taliF a podlévame na Jedné strané vijpekem s maslem a z druhé strany rokférovou oméékou. Oblozime zeleninou dugenou na mdsle. Omacku pripravime tak, Ze maslovou jisku zalijeme trochou vody a rozvarime, pridame nastrouhany rokfor (nivu) a rozfedime Sleha¢kou, pripadné dochutime trochou soli a bilého pepre. Jako piiloha se hodi rizné upravené brambory. Ceka vas skuteénd delikatesa. Masové knedliéky se Spendtem a jogurtovou omackou (rozpis asi pro 2 az 4 osoby) Jemné umeleme 500g hovéziho masa.a smichame s 2 nadrobno nakrdjenymi cibulemi, pridame 2 vejce, stil, mlety kmin. pep a zahustime podle potfeby strouhankou (asi 2 Wzicemi). Ze smési vytvarujeme 10 az 12 knedliékt a 10 minut je opékéme 25 v rozpdleném olejt. Mezitim v kastrolu na jedné lzici oleje osmahneme drobné nakrajenou cibulku, pridame zmrazeny Spendt a dusime pod pokliékou asi 10 az 15 minut. Kelimek bilého smetanového jogurtu smichdme se Spetkou soli, pepre, -prolisovanym strouzkem éesneku, mletym kminem a vmichame do hotového Spendtu. Uz nevarime! Poddvame s chlebem nebo hranolky. Losos s brokolici (rozpis pro 4 osoby} ii porce lososa po 100g (dostaneme zmrazené v prodgjndch ryb a vetsich samoobsluhdch) mirné osolime mofskou soli a pokapeme citronovou stavou. Vlozime na plech potfeny olejem a v troubé (grilujeme asi 10 az 15 minut pri 220 °C. Mezitim spafime, ochladime a oloupeme 250g rajéat, které nakrajime na dilky. Stdvu, jez vytece z rajéat pri krajeni, zachytime do salku, osolime, opeprime a smichame s trochou octa a oleje. 700g brokolice (nebo kadefavku, mize byt ina ritzicky rozebrany kvétak) povarime 10 minut v mime osolené vodé. Scedime, promichame s dilky rajéat a Stdvou. Na talife rozdélime porce lososa, oblozime zeleninou a pridame kolecka citronu. Jako piilohu zvolime malé varené brambory, Paprikovy saldt se sdjou (rozpis pro 4 osoby) Oéistime 3 vétsi Zluté papriky @.3 éervené papriky a nakrajime Je na asi centimetrové kostiéky. Osolime, zakapeme 2 \dicemi nameme rostlinného oleje a posypeme rozmargnem. Nechéme asi 10 minut odlezet. Do misky vyklopime sterilované sdjové boby bez ndlevu a smichame je se 2 Wicemi rajéatového protiaku, do néhoz umichame bazaliu a rounéz Lekce 2 nechame na sttu okapat. Nadrobno nakrajime 2 cibule i s nati {nemame-li, pridame zelenou éast pérku) a Sdlek petréelkové naté. Smichame s paprikou, sdjou, téstovinami, podle chuti okyselime citronovou nechdme rozlezet. V mirné osolené vodé uvarime 75 g testovin (pro oko jsou nejlepsi vfeténka), hotové scedime, proplachneme studenou vodou a Stdvou a posypeme balkanskym syrem nakrajenjm na malé kosticky. Nechdme v chladniéce pil hodiny odlezet. Poddvame s dalamanky. Rozhovor -John Nevis, kde je néjaka dobra deska restaurace? “Radek Ceska restaurace? Myslis, kterou viastni Cesi? -John Ne, hledam restauraci, kde vari typickou éeskou kuchyni. Chtél bych ji ochutnat. -Radek Uz jsi néco ochutnal? Mas piedstavu, jak chutna? ~John Uz jsem ochutnal makové buchty. Ale nemam rd sladké. Kdyz jsem naposledy navstivil své Geské pfatele, tak mi pani Novakova uvafila svicékovou na smetané s knedlikem a brusinkami. Bylo to vyborné, ale trochu téZké. -Radek A Jak ti chutna Geské narodni jidlo? Vepfova se zelim a samozfejmé s knedliky. ~John Neni to Spatné, ale veprové mam rad jediné libové, Taky jsem uz jedl éeskou bramboracku. To byla moc dobra *polévka, byla v ni zelenina a také houby. SlySel jsem, ze typické jidlo, které se ji na Vanoce, je kapr. -Radek To ano, na Stédry vecer se ji smazeny kapr a k tomu bramborovy salat. -John Bramborovy salat, to jsou tedy brambory a dal? -Radek _ Kagda rodina ma sviij recept, ale vétsinou jsou to brambory, zelenina, vejce natvrdo a vse se spoji majonézou. Mozna ze by ti chutnala jfdla starych Cecht, Ta byla velmi jednoducha a iehka. Masa se drive jedlo velmi malo a jen nékdy, Nejéastéjsi zeleninou bylo zeli, celou zimu se jedlo kyselé. Je v ném hodné vitaminu C a pak se samozfejmé jedly obiloviny. Ale jesté jsem nikdy takova jidla nejedl v restauraci. -John Ted jsem si vzpomnél, #e mi chutnaly bramboraky. -Radek Ano, jidla z brambor jsou u nds typicka. Jestlipak vis, kolik drut knedlikt: mane v nasi kuchyni? 26Lekce 2 -John Jedl jsem knediiky s oma¢kou a jinak taky k vepfovému masu. -Radek To byly houskové. Uz jsi jedl ovocné knedkiky? -John Jesté ne, ale uz jsem o nich slySel. Jaké ovoce se pouziva? -Radek To zAleZi na sez6né, ale miZeS mit merunikové, svestkové, jahodové, ale { ostruzinové a také iz revené. -John To ani neznam. -Radek Ovoce se da dovnitf a knedliky. se posypou tvarohem, cukrem a poliji maslem. Je td dobré. -John Hmm, to ti vétim a dovedu si to predstavit. -Radek Ceska kuchyné je dobra, ale ne tak zdrava. Smetanové omaéky, maso ne v2dy libové, culer, mouka... -John Uz mi nic nefikej. Stejné chei poznat éeskou kuchyni a véechno ochutnat. “Radek © Mozn Ze té bude zajimat, ze v jedné ceské pohadce piiSel na svét Cert, a kdyz ohutnal koprovou omaéku, uz se nechtél vratit zpatky do pekla. John. —_No vidi8, tak tu koprovou musim taky ochutnat! Ated' mluvime my! Cvii Nejprve si preététe rozhovor a pak odpovidejte na nasledujici otazky. 1, Co mize znamenat «éeska restaurace»? 2. Ktera eska jidla uz ochutnal John? 3. Co se povaziyfe za Seské narodni jidio? 4. Které fidlo se jina Vanoce? 5. Co jedli kdysi stati Cechove? 6. Kolik druhti knedliki: uz ochutnal John? 7. Jak se délaji ovoené knedliky? 8. Které ovoce se da powzit? 9. Je éeska kuchyné zdrava? 10. Kterou ceskou pohadku vypravél Radek? Cviéeni 2 Ted” pracujte ve dvojicich. Pieététe si znovu véechny recepty. Kazda dvojice si pripravi jeden recept a pak ho da druhé dvojici. Jeden pak bude recept ist a ten druhy ho bude hrat. Vsichni ostatni poslouchaji, divaji se a zapisuji si vSechna slovesa, ktera slySeli._Kdo napige neivice sloves, vyhrava. 27Lekce 2 Slovesa 1. ll 21. 2, 12. 22. 3, 13, 23. 4, 14. 24 5. 15. 25. 6. 16. 26. 7. 17. 27. 8. 18. 28. 9. 19. 29. 10. 20. 30. ni 3 Prectéte si nasledujici recept na syrovou omeletu. Bohuzel ho nékdo roztrhal a pak slozil dohromady, ale Spatné. Dejte véty do spravného poradi. 1__ __ Syrova omeleta pro jednu osobu. Odstavime ji z ohné, nechame ¢asteéné vychladnout a zamichame do ni Zloutky a syr. = Pfilohy: salty v8eho druhu, chléb Omelety peceme v troubé, Z masla a mouky udélame svétiou jisku, zalijeme ji po éastech mlékem, osolime a povafime na hustou kasi. 2 dkg masla, 1 ice hrubé mouky, 1/8 1 mléka, 2 vejce, 5 az 10 dkg ementalského syra, sul, petrzelova nat’, maslo na panev. Nakonee piidame tuhy snih z bili a usekanou petrzelovou nat’ 28 e weLekce 2 Gviseni 4 PFettéte si jesté jednou véechny recepty a snaite se najit co nejvic slov. kterd popisuji kuchynské nafadi. Pak je napiste dole is anglickym pekladem. spoon Sees ceeeen ee eeeeeee Cviéeni 5 Které jidlo mate nejradéji? Vysvetlete podrobné, jak to sidlo pripravujete. Vyutijte slova z této kapitoly. Cviseni 6 Zahrajme si na restauraci: Rozdélime studenty: jeden séfiuchay, dva kuchafi, dva Gignici a ostatni jsou hosté. Séfkuchar pridéluje praci a kuchafi pfipravuji jidla, hosté si objednavaji, cisnici prijimaji objednavky atd. Cviteni 7 Pracujte ve dvojicich. inscenujte setkani dvou pfatel, ktefi se chystaji do restaurace, a napiste pro né dialog. X. +, X. +, x. 29Lekce 2 Vzpomeiite si na nazvy éeskych jidel a napiste éesky jidelni listek. Jidelni listek Polévicy Cena Predkerm Cena Hlavnt Cena 30Lekce 2 Bezmasd jidia 20 Cena a Kompoty a sala Cena — aiusl ena — a Napoje Cena — 31Lekce 2 Cviéeni 9 Popiste, jak byste prostieli stul, kdyz pouzijete nadobi, které je dole uvedeno. Co byste jesté pridali? piibor, nuz, IZice, zi¢ka, vidli¢ka, hluboky talir, mélky talif, podsdlek, Sdlek, skleni¢ka, ubrousek, ubrus Cvideni 10 Zeptejte se kamarada/ky: 1. Co jf béhem dne? 2. Co ma rad jako predkrm a co jako dezert? 3. Jakou polévku ma nejradéji? 4. Které ovoce a kterou zeleninu ma rad a kterou ne? 5. Co pije pied jidlem a po jidle? 6. Kde se obyéejné stravuje? 7. Ma rad speciality jiné kuchyné? Které? 8. Cim se lisi jeho/Jeji narodni jidlo od ¢eského? 9. Umi varit? 10. Kolik druha knedlikt: 2nd a jestli je uz vSechny ochutnal? Gramatika VERBS ‘The Czech verb changes its form depending on its number, tense, mood, and voice. Czech verbs also have aspect which generally indicates whether the action (s habitual or whether it is complete. At this point we simply note that Czech verbs usually occur in pairs, one denoting the imperfective aspect (an action in progress) and the other the perfective aspect (a completed action). Number Singular. jf, ty, on Studuju, fam studying. Plural: my, vy, oni Studujeme. We are studying. Tense Present Studujete. You (pl. are studying. Past Studovali jste. You were studying. Future Budete studovat. You will be studying. Mood Indicative Studujou. They are studying. Imperative studuj! study! Conditional Studovala bys se mnou? Would you study with me? 32 SBLekce 2 Voice Active Kasdy studuje tuto knihu. Everyone is studying this book. Passive Ta kniha byla studovana vsemi. This book was studied by everyone. Aspect _Imperfective Studoval jsem déjepis. 1 studied history. Perfective Vystudoval jsem déjepis. I graduated with a degree in history. Verbal Aspect “The majority of Czech verbs function in related pairs and are called imperfective, and perfective. The English translation is usually the same for both forms. The difference lies in the speaker's intention to stress either an action in progress, which is incomplete or which is repeated (imperfective form), or an action which was or will be completed {perfective form). imperfective _ perfective délat udélat todo Hikat Hiet to say davat dat togive Imperfective Aspect Imperfective verbs have present, past. and the future tenses. You will use imperfective verbs when you want to express repeated or habitual actions, actions in progress, actions which do not end with a specific result, and completed actions which do not emphasize the result: repeated or habitual actions Studuju cesky jazyk kazdy den. I study Czech every day. Vady jsme hrali spolu. We always played together. Nikdy nebudeme mluvit anglicky. We will never speak English. actions in progress (and therefore incomplete) Cet jsem. kdyé prisla. I was reading when she came. actions which do not end with a specific result Stl jsem pred obrazem. I stood in front of the picture. completed actions which do not emphasize the result Co jsi délal véera? What did you do yesterday? Divali jsme se na televizi. We watched television 33Lekce 2 Perfective Aspect Perfective verbs stress the completion of an action and have only past and future tenses. You will use perfective verbs when you want to express single or momentary actions and the goal or completion of an single or momentary actions ‘Napsal jsem dopis. I wrote a letter. actions which emphasize the goal of completion Pripravili jsme k odjezdu? We have prepared for the trip. The Present Tense Czech verbs change their ending in the present and future tense according to person (1, you, he, she, etc.) and number (singular or ural). In the past tense the endings also indicate gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), in both the singular and plural and distinguish masculine animate and inanimate forms. The Present Tense ‘Only imperfective verbs can function in the present tense. There are six conjugations, which are defined by the ending of the verb's stem. Studuju/studuji may express: I study Tam studying Thave studied Thave been studying Ido study Negating Present Tense Verbs ‘The present tense of a verb is negated simply by adding (prefixing) the particle ne- to the verb. Nemam to. I don't have it. Neznam ho. I don't know him. ‘The verb must always be negated after a negative pronoun. Nikdo tam nestuduje, Nobody studies there. Nic tam neni. There is nothing there. The Future Tense The future tense may be formed from the imperfective or perfective aspect. Imperfective verbs describe a processes that will take place in the future, stressing duration or repetitiveness. The future tense of imperfective verbs consists of the verb byt (to be) plus the infinitive form of the imperfective verb. 34Lekce 2 budu studovat Til study or I'll be studying buded studovat you'll study bude studovat he, she, it will study ‘budeme studovat well study budete studovat you'll study budou studovat they'll study Perfective verbs describe an action that will take place in the future with the stress on the completion. The action is seen as an entire completed event. The future tense forms have the same endings as the present tense forms. koupim [ll buy koupis you'll buy koupi he, she, buy koupime — we'll buy koupite you'll buy koupi they'll buy The Past Tense ‘The past tense like the the future may be formed from imperfective or perfective aspect. It consists of the I-participle and the present form of the verb byt. The participle is formed by replacing the final -t of the infinitive with -1, -la, -lo, etc. There is agreement in gender and number; plural forms also distinguish between animacy and inanimacy. The verb byt does not appear with the 3rd person singular and plural. Singular masculine Ja piijel jsem véera. _[ arrived yesterday. feminine Ja piijela jsemvéera. I arrived yesterday. masculine Ty piijel jsi vera. You arrived yesterday. feminine Ty piijelajei véera. You arrived yesterday. masculine Otec piijel véera. Father arrived yesterday. feminine Matka piijela véera. Mother arrived yesterday, neuter Auto prijelo véera. A car arrived yesterday. Plural masculine My piijeli jsmevéera. We arrived yesterday. feminine My piijely jsme véera. We arrived yesterday. masculine Vy piijeli jste véera. You arrived yesterday. Jeminine Vy piijely jste vera. masculine Muzi piijeli'véera. masculine I Viaky piijely vera. Jeminine — Zeny piijely véera. neuter Auta piijela véera. You arrived yesterday. Men arrived yesterday. The trains arrived yesterday. The Women arrived yesterday. The cars arrived yesterday. 35Lekce 2 Even if there is one man among many women, the verb takes the masculine animate ending - Muzi a zeny pracovali, Men and women worked. Zeny pracovaly. Women worked. When negating the past tense the negative prefix ne- is always attached to the -I form: Peter nebyl v pofadku. There was something wrong with Peter. ‘Nemluvila dobie. She didn’t speak well. In the past tense the auxiliary verb byt is unstressed. Because unstressed words can never start a sentence in Czech, byt never appears at the beginning of a sentence. Ja jsem tam byl. [was there. Byi jsem tam. My jsme ho videli. We saw him. Videli jsme ho. Reflexive Verbs Czech verbs accompanied by the particles se or si are known as reflexive verbs. The reflexive se denotes a direct object and indicates an action performed by the subject on himself or reciprocical relationship. Myju se. Tam washing (myself. zndme se. We know each other. In some cases reflexive particles do not suggest either a reflexive or reciprocal meaning; instead, they simply form part of the verb and must be memorized as such. Ptal jsem se, jestli pfijdou. asked wheather they would come. Mysiim si, 2 prijdou. I think they'll come. Also note that se and si have no stress of their own and therefore cannot start a sentence. Jmenuju se Ivan. My name is Ivan. On se jmenuje van. His name is Ivan. Nejmenuje se Ivan? _Isn’t his name Ivan? Imperative Mood The imperative forms can be derived by dropping the ending of the third person plural of the present tense and (a) no ending for the second person singular form, (b) -te for the second plural form, or (¢) adding -me for the first person plural. 36 40