epee se |] Mu Hari KishanPublished by ATLANTIC* PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS B-2, Vishal Enclave, Opp. Rajouri Garden, New Delhi-110027 Phones : 25413460, 25429987, 25466842 Sales Office 7/22, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Phones : 23273880, 23275880, 23280451 Fax : 91-11-23285873 web ; www.atlanticbooks.com e-mail : info@atlanticbooks.com Copyright © Adantic Publishers and Distributors, 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Application for such permission should be addressed to the publisher, Printed in India at Nice Printing Press, DelhiDifferential Equations of the First Order and the First Degree 1.1. DEFINITIONS Differential Equation: Any relation involving the dependent variable, independent variable (or variables) and the differential coefficient (or coefficients) of the dependent variable with respect to the independent variable (or variables) is known as a differential equation. For example: ot = cot x -(1) 2 a +y=0 (2) -7%,(%) youn + (2) (3) 2 3 + + 1+(2] =0 = (4) d’y me + dy = tan 2x (5) az az xz ty oy =z --(6) z ay = & AT) 3 2): tai} p= @y (8)2 Differential Equations 2. 2Z tx 2 yee (9) - 4 % (Hy y= 2x x (2) «( 10) 3 St bys toes AI) da’ att my=0 (12) are all differential equations. Ordinary differential equations: A differential equation which involves only one independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation. For example: the equations excluding (6) and (7) given above are ordinary differential equations. Partial differential equations: A differential equation which involves one or more partial differential coefficients of the dependent variable is called a partial differential equation. For example, Equations (6) and (7) given above are partial differential equations. Order of a differential equation: The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient which occurs in it. For example: Equations (1), (2), (11) and (12) are of orders 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Degree of a differential equation: The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest differential coefficient, which occurs in it, after when the differential equation has been cleared of radicals and fractional powers. For example: Degrees of equations (1), (2), (3), (5), (9), (10), (11) and (12) are respectively 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1. Now consider equation (4). It is 2 3 at "(@) -° It involves radical sign. So to find the degree, we shall remove the radical sign. To achieve the purpose, squaring we get dy) dyy (2) = 1+ (2). clery its degre is 2D.E. of the First Order and the First Degree 3 Again, consider equation (8). It is ¥2 2 (2) L Nae) ) = Py ac It involves fractional powers. So to find the degree, we shall remove the fractional power. To achieve the purpose, squaring we get 7. Clearly its degree is 2. ay dx? Note: Equations of degree higher than one are called non linear equations, Solution of a differential equation: The solution of a differential equation is a functional relation between the variables involved, which satisfies the equation. To find the solution of a differential equation is called solving or integrating the differential equation. The solution or integral of the differential equation is also called its primitive, because the differential equation can regarded as a relation derived from it. The solution, in general, always contains one or more arbitrary constants. For example, y =A sin x, y = B cos x, y = A sin x + B cos x are, all, solutions secentt _ dy of the differential equation me +y=0. General Solution: The solution of a differential equation in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the order of the differential equation is called the general solution. Its other names are complete solution, complete integral or complete primitive. For example: y = log sin x + C is the general solution of the differential equation a = cot x; y = A sin x + B cos x is the general solution of the equation d’y we 794 Differential Equations Particular Solution: If particular values are given to the arbitrary constants in the general solution, then the solution so obtained is called a particular solution. For example: y = log sin x is a particular solution of the equation * = cot x [obtained by putting c = 0 in the general solution]; y = A sin x or y = B cos x each is a particular solution of @ the equation 2 + y = 0 [+The former is obtained by putting B= (0 and the later is obtained by putting A = 0, in the general solution). 1.2 ARBITRARY CONSTANTS In order to find out the number of arbitrary constants in the most general solution of a differential equation, we shall study how a differential equation is formed if the solution is given, Let the solution be f (x, »% a) = 0, w(1) where ‘a’ is an arbitrary constant. Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get 6 (x1.%.0] =0 (2) Eliminating ‘a’ between (1) and (2), we get y («».2) =0 we(3) which is a differential equation of the first order. Thus the solution (general) of a differential equation of first order contains one arbitrary constant. Again, let the solution be {@y%a b)=0 (1) where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two arbitrary constants. Differentiating (1) wrt x, we get dy 6; (xx.2.a6) =0 (2) which on further differentiation w.rt. x, gives 2 b [=.2, 2.00] =0 (3)D.E. of the First Order and the First Degree 5 Eliminating ‘a’ and ‘b’ from (1), (2) and (3), we get 2 v (28) -0 mo which is a differential equation of the second order. Thus the general solution of a differential equation of second order contains two arbitrary constants; and so on. It is concluded from here therefore that “The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of an ordinary differential equation is equal to the order of the differential equation.” 1.3 EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE A differential equation of the form & = f(x, y)orMadx+ Ndy=0 where M, N are functions of x and y, is called a differential equation of the first order and first degree. It is important to note here that as we cannot integrate every function, so it is not possible to solve every differential equation. Even the equations of the first order and first degree cannot be solved in every case. They can be solved, however, if they belong to one or the other of the standard forms discussed in the following articles. 1.4 EQUATIONS IN WHICH THE VARIABLES ARE SEPARABLE If it is possible to write a differential equation of first order and first degree in the form. Si (x) de = fp OW) ay, we say that the variables are separable. Such equations can be solved immediately by integration and the solution is given by SA@a&=IAWay+e where C is an arbitrary constant of integration.6 Differential Equations ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1 : Solve dy_ ley’ a 4x? Solution : We have dy _ ivy a 14x separating the variables, we get de ty 14x? Integrating both sides, we get tan™ y = tan~! x + tan! C where tan C is an arbitrary constant of integration. => tam y—tar! x = tan! C => tar! (=) = tan! C l+xy = 1+xy => y-x=C(1 +x) which is the required solution. Example 2 : Solve sec? x tan y dx + sec? y tan x dy = 0 Solution ; We have sec? x tan y de + sec? y tan x dy = 0 Dividing throughout by tan x tan y, we get 2 2 sec'xtany . sec ytanx 4, 9 tan x tan y tan xtany sec?x tanx Integration yields: log tan x + log tan y = log C where log C is an arbitrary constant of integration. 2 sec"y + —dy= > dk y” 0D.E. of the First Order and the First Degree 7 => log (tan x tan y) = log C => tanxtany=C which is the required solution. Example 3 : Solve dy motte Solution : We have é = e+ er Multiplying both sides by e”, we get oe ners > h(t Ak Integration gives &” = + + C > where C is an arbitrary constant of integration. This gives the required solution. Example 4 : Solve po Boaed) Solution’: We have a o(7+8) —_ = +— y-x alte a tae => 2 @+a)= y-a 2 (x + a) = y (I- ay)8 Differential Equations separating the variables, we get ty a y(l-ay) x+a (i+) dx wy Peat > y I-ay Wy ha | By Partial Fractions Integration gives log y — log ( 1 — ay) = log (x + a) + log C where log C is an arbitrary constant of integration => log (3) = log {c ( x + a)} > Toa ~C(xt+a) > y = C(l - ay) (x+ 4) which gives the required solution. Example 5 : The slope of a curve at any point is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate of that point. Curve also passes through the point (4, 3). Prove that the curve is >= x + 5. Solution : Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve y = f (x). According to the question, dy 1 dx (dy 2y dy = de Integrating both sides, we get porte where C is an arbitrary constant of integration. It passes through the point (4, 3) 9=4+C => c=9-4=5 Putting the value of C, the required equation of the curve is ports.D.E. of the First Order and the First Degree 9 EXERCISE 1 (A) SOLVE — = 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. ee AeYVey Pp - pade-xdy= dy fi-yr _ a Vier ~° x cos? y de = y cos? x dy (l-x) d+(l-y) d&=0 (l+x)yde + (l-y)xdy=0 (1-2) (1 -y) de = xy (l+y) dy (e+ l)ydy=(t I eae varz® +x=0 {e+ l)cosx de +e sinx dy=0 22 +y=1 dy (2 logx +1) de siny+ycosy (xy? + x) de + (Oy? + y) v= 0 y dv + (1 +27) tar! x dy = 0 OF y=?) dy + OF +0) de = 0 er de + 2 dy = 0 dr = e (r sin @ d@ — cos 0 dr) Show that the curve in which the angle between the tangent and the-radius vector at every point is one half of the vectorial angle is a cardioid. Find the curves for which the sum of the reciprocals of the radius vector and the polar subtangent is a constant. Find the curve for which the angle between the tangent and the radius vector at any point is (a) twice the vectorial angle (b) constant (= a) (c) supplement of half the vectorial angle. Find the equations to the curves for which (i) Cartesian subtangent is constant (ii) Cartesian subnormal is constant10 {Hint: Cartesian subtangent Differential Equations (iii) Polar subtangent is constant (iv) Polar subnormal is constant lx 5 Cartesian subnormal = »2 8 Polar subtangent = Po lar subnormal - & Polar si = a0! i Exercise 1(A) 1. 2 3. 4 5 an 10. I. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. x=oy x Vi-y +y vi-x? = y tan y + log cos y = x tan x + log cosx +C . A-x(l-y=c . xy=Ce* 1 1 . log fx (1-yFJH C+ FP - > ~d+y~yjd+arce y+ 26-20) Vvat+x =C (&%+ 1) sinx =C y=l+Ce® ysiny=x* logx+C @+DG+D=C ytar'x=C lo; = -c+ 2 xy e+ e&%=C r(l+ecos 8)=C 1 . > =k+ced rD.E. of the First Order and the First Degree li 19. (a) ? = @ sin 20 (by r=C Ama (c) C r (1-cos 8) = 2 20. (i) y = k eX Gi) Y= 2Cx +k dil) r (k-@)=C (iv) r=CO+k 15. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION A function in which every term is of the same degree is known as homogeneous function of that degree. For example, let f (x, ¥) = arwtamytaxr P+ wu tay tay (1) be a function of x and y. We see that every term of this function has the same degree i.e. n. Hence f (x, y) is a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n Now (1) can be rewritten as I< —n? + f Gy) =x" [a +a,(2) +a ( ra ( +0 (2) vel) Thus, every homogeneous function of x and y of degree n can be put in the form x" (2). 16 A TEST FOR HOMOGENEITY OF A FUNCTION OF X AND Y Let f(x, y) be any function of x and y. Then f (x, y) is said to be a homogeneous function of x and y of degree n, if f@m=ff@y12 Differential Equations 1.7 HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS A differential equation of the form dy filxy) 7 = -(1) d& — f,(xy) where f, and /, are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same degree, is called a homogeneous differential equation. To solve such equations we put yruyw (2) where v is a new dependent variable. Differentiating (2), we get y wv am te +(3) jf and f; are homogeneous functions of x and y of degree We can write fw) = 2", (2) md oy) = 27, (2) so that from (1) dv a> vix a r¥ | using (2) and (3) => re ay-y ww _& w(v)-v ox Now the variables (v and x) are separable. Integration yields Foy * Fe +eD.E. of the First Order and the First Degree 13 where C is an arbitrary constant of integration. Now put * for v to get the final solution. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1 : Solve —- 4 val x Integration yields tie dy + Ss + \¢ = log c where log c is an arbitrary constant of integration. => Flog (2+ 1) + tan! y + log x = log c Putting the value of v, we get y toe 2) + tan! (2) + log x = loge 1 1 1/2 => qlee OF + #7) — Flog x? + tan” x) t logx=loge > 2 og 6? + 2) ~ log x + (2) + log x = log ¢ > Flog G+ x?) + tan! (2) = tog ¢ => log ¢ ~ + log (9? + x)= tax!(2) => log ¢ log ya? = tar'(2] + (ge) > 2+y tr (2) -. This gives the complete solution.D.E. of the First Order and the First Degree 15 Example 2 : Solve xx-y) dy + Y de = 0 Solution : We have xy dtp d=0 dy y > a * x(x-y) ~° dy y = =- Al > & ax-y) a) which is a homogeneous differential equation. Put y=vx (2) so that 2a yor & (3) Integrating both sides, we get log vy — v = — log x + loge where log ¢ is an arbitrary constant of integration. => log v+logx-logc=v vx => log (=) =y16 Differential Equations => vx=ce’ x => y = ce* vv he This gives the required solution. Example 3 : Solve dy Pty de x+y? Solution : We have a _ ety az v+y eo (1) which is a homogeneous differential equation. Put y=vx YL a so that “a Ytt & Then (1) becomes a tv de evi? l+v l+y" l+v l+ev l+v-v-v¥ _ 1-vY 2 l+y? l+v l+yv? de . . ip Pry | Separating the variables l+v? an G-vi+vev) - » |BD.E. of the First Order and the First Degree : 17 3 1-v 3¥4vel x Integration gives 2 1° =#21~«Ov-l dx => |o7Tc-F dy = — | Partial Fractions 2 \ 1 f v-1 ' 3 log (1 -¥)- 3 Pavey @ = log xt loge where log c is an arbitrary constant of integration. 2 tog (1 Lf? y= lox th > —3 be “s Pavel OB** Be 2 tog (1 ya S iy = loge +h => “5 log (1 - v) -— Pavel ™ log x + log c 2, \ 1 pee dy 1 dy - 3 me - We aya @* 2 aval = log x + log c = 2 log (1-v) - + log@tveiy+ t _—___ 3 6 2 1y Vay 78 2 2 = log x + loge 1 2 v 72 => -= log(i- -71 tytty. — . tan 3 Bg (1 — v) og (vi + v + 1) E: B 2 2 = log x + loge 2 1 1 (A) => 3 ed Dog mewrse Ds ae 3 , = log x + loge ¥ a« +1 2 x) & y +] . => -— kh “= -21 = +=41)] + tan 3 og (1 x a 5 ee 2 x-y (Z vane) 1 tar!) “1 _- 2 om 2) fae) aw = log x + loge=> Differential Equations 2 2 1 1 “5 log@-y+ 3 logx-¢ log P+ ay +x) + & log 2 +s wn ( 252] = logx + loge 1 iG log -y) + © log x ~ 2 log (7 + xy + x7) + 3 log x + Je wwe (252) =] + BoB) est hee 2 i 1 (2) “3 log & —y)- | log? tay + x) + 7 tar Ee = loge loge + 2 Io 1, _ (22) Oper Be -yt | og (7 +ay +27) = TF tan ae | 2 log {c (x - yy Y + xy t+ xy} = B tan” (237) ran) c (x — yf (Ft yt x = eB ey which gives the required solution. Example 4 : Solve ~yde + xdy = yx? +? de Solution : we have => => ~ yee + xdy = Pay? de -y+e 9 = x+y dy ytyx? +9? ak x (1) xD.E. of the First Order and the First Degree 19 which is a homogeneous differential equation. Puty=vx --(2) yi & so that Fo = vita (3) Then (1) becomes dv vrata? vee 1+ = | separating the variables u * =| i » |B = se vi+v? Integration yields log {v + V1+v? } = log x + loge where log c is an arbitrary constant of integration. => log {v + Vi+¥ } = log (x) => vt view =o putting the value of v, we get Ly fie =e 24.2 x" + 24 Dax x x yt yxtty? = ox? which gives the required solution. Example 5 : Solve xcos (dx + xdy) = y sin 2 (xdy — yer) x x20 ; Differential Equations Solution : We -have x cos = (be + xdy) = y sin ~ (xdy — pax) y dy dy > ~vtx— 77 xc 7 & xa dk dy y > x 2 (sin 2 —x cos 2y=yqsin 2 +x cos 2) dk x x x x of ysin2 +x0082) )=ysn2 @2-y x x. = (1) s{ysin2 -xcos> x x which is a homogeneous differential equation. a Put y= vx «+{2) so that & mv ted (3) Then (1) becomes dy vx(vxsin v+xcos v) ¥ ih ~ x(vesin v—xcos v) _ v(vsin v + cos v) vsinv~—cosv dv _ v(vsinv+cosv) > x= = ——— - dx ysin v—cos _ v sinv+vcosv—v" sin v + v cos vsin v—cos ¥ 2v cos v vsin v—cosv separating the variables, we get v sin v—cosv vCOs VY dx =3— x dx x 1 => (1anv-+) =2