ApftuLo IV O MAPA EURASIANO : eriodos de convulsio global, por mais que ponham & prova nossas premissas acerca da perenidade do mapa pol tico, conduzem a um renascimento nas ideias sobre geografia. Isso es- pecialmente pelo fato de que a geografia ¢ o préprio fundamento da estratégia e da geopolitica. Estratégia, tal como definida por ‘Napoléio, a arte de fazer uso militar e diplomatico do tempo e do espaco. A do ambiente externo com que cada Es- geopolitica consiste no estudo tado se depara ao tragar sua propria estratégia - ambiente que et a presenga de outros Estados, também Iutando pela sobrevivéncia e por vantagens.! Em suma, a geopolitica é a influéncia da geografia sobre as divisdes humsnas? Como disse Napoledo, conhecer a geografia de uma nagao & conhecer sua politica externa.? ‘Morgenthau considera a geopolitica uma “pseudociéncia", por con- verter “o fator da geografia em um absoluto". Escrevendo logo apés a Segunda Guerra Mundial, ee tinha em mente o grande geégrafo bri- tanico Halford Mackinder, cujas teorias da virada do século XX foram ressuscitadas em plena Segunda Guerra Mundial ¢ erroneamente utili- savolve zadas pelos nazistas para justificar sua ideia de Lebensraum, 0 “espago vital” alemio.' 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