G ANACE "National Association of Corrosion Engineers Standard Recommended Practice Control of External Corrosion on Offshore Steel Pipelines ‘The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) issues this standard In conformance with the best current technology regarding the specific subject. This standard represents a ‘consensus of those Individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. It ig intended to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. ts acceptance does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has adopted the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes or procedures rot In conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this NACE standard is to be construed as granting any right, by Implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sel, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product covered by Letters Patent, or as Indemni- tying oF protecting anyone against lablty for Infringement of Letters Patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures of materials, Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases ‘lating tothe subject. Unprediotabie circumstances may negate the usefulness ofthis standard in specific instances. NACE assumes no responsibilty for the interpretation or use of this ‘standard by other parties and accepts responsibilty for only those official NACE interpretations Issued by NACE in accordance with its governing procedures and polices which preclude the Iseuance of Interpretations by Individual volunteers. Users of this standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safety, and regulatory documents and for determining thelr applicability in relation to this standard prior to its use, This NACE standard may not necessarily address all safely problems and hazards associated with the use of materials, operations, and/or equipment detailed or referred to within this document. CAUTIONARY NOTE: NACE standards are subject to periodle review, and may be revised or withdrawn at any time without prlor notice. The user is cautioned to obtain the latest edition. [NACE requires that action be taken to reatfirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than ‘wo years from the date of intial publication, Purchasers of NACE standards may receive current Information on all standards and other NACE publications by contacting the NACE Publication Orders Department, P.O, Box 210340, Houston, Texas 77218 (telephone 712/492-0535). Revised September 1988, Approved August 1975 National Association of Corrosion Engineers P.O. Box 218340 Houston, Tx 77218 7131892.0535 Copyright 1988, National Association of Corrosion Engineers NACE Standard RP0675-88 Item No. 53030RP0675-88° Standard Recommended Practice Control of External Corrosion on Offshore Steel Pipelines Contents Foreword, General... >. Definitions... Corrosion Control Coatings. . >. Criteria for Cathodic Protection Design of Cathodic Protection Systems..... Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems...... Control of Interference Currents. Operation and Maintenance 10. Corrosion Control RECOrdS nnn SenNogaena StoweRRPO675-88 Foreword ‘The conta of external cortosion on offshore pipetines is important to the oll and gas industry because of the néod to protect capital investments in manpower and materials, conserve natural resources ‘of ol and gas, ané protect the offshore ecology. This NACE standard has been prepared to present procedures and practices for achioving ‘effective control of extemal corrosion on offshore steel pigelines, NO ‘other standards that are based on the experience and expertise of ‘he pipeline industy relating to this topic ao available at this time. ‘This NACE standard is based onthe procedures and practices set forth in NACE Standard RPOIG9-83, "Conti! of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metalic Piping Systems." However, because of some diferent procedures and practices and ‘because offshore pipelines cannot always be inspected as readily as, NAGE Standard APO169-89, “Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metalic Piping Systems,” National ‘Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), Houston, TX, ‘onshore pipelines, this offsnore pipoline standard is diferent from |APO169-83 in several areas, This standard nudes guidelines on external corrosion contol design for offshoro stool pipelines, including the use of protective ‘coatings and criteria for cathodic protection, the design and instal- lation of cathodic protection systems, contolof interference currents, ‘operation and maintenance recommendations, and corrosion contol records ‘This standard supercedes the original RPOS75-75, "Control of Corrosion on Offshore Stee! Pipelines,” which was prepared by NACE Task Group T-10-2 and approved for publication in August 1975. This 1988 revision is issued by NACE under the auspices of, Group Commitee T-10 on Underground Corrosion Control and was, Prepared by Task Group T-10-2, which was composed of represen- tatives from the major oil and gas ofshore pipelines, major ol and 1985 production companies, and representatives from manufacturers ‘and suppliers involved in offshore pipeline corrosion contol Section 1: General 41.1 This standard presonts acknowledged practices forthe conta of ‘external cortosion on offshore stoel pipolines under the folowing headings: Section 2: Definitions ‘Section 8: Corrosion Controt Design Section 4: Coatings Section 5: Criteria for Cathodic Protection ‘Section 6: Design of Cathodic Protection Systems ‘Section 7: Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems ‘Section 8: Control of Interference Currents Section 8: Operation and Maintonance Section 10: Corzasion Control Records 1.2 This standard is itonded to serve as a guide for establishing ‘minimum requirements for control of external corrosion on offshore steel pipelines, when the need for earosion contol has been ‘etermined by physical, ervicanmental, economic, and other factors. 1.2.1 New piping systems: Corrosion contol by the use of coatings, supplemented with cathodic protection or by some other proven method, should be pravided in the Inia! design and should bo maintained during the serviee le of the piping system unless investigations indicate that corrosion contol is not required 41.22 Existing coated piping systoms: Cathodic protection ‘sould be provided and maintained on all exiting coated piping systems, unless investigations indicate that cathodke protection | not required, 1.2. Existing bare piping systoms: Studies should be made to determina the extent and rate of eotrasion on exiting bare piping systems. Whan these studios inciate that corrosion wil allct the safe or economic operation ofthe system, adaquate corrosion contol measures should be taken, 1.9 This standard does not designate practices for every specitc installation because the complexiy of offshore pipolin instalation precludes standarizing ll extemal corrosion contol practices, 41.4 Deviation from the recommendations of this standard may bo Warranted in spectc situations; however, such deviations should “achieve the objectives expressed in this standard. 1.5 This recommended practice does not include cortosion contol ‘methods based on the use of electrically conductive coatings. 1.6 Consideration should be given to coating pipe intornaly for those tines that transport corrosive commodities. See the latest revisions of the folowing documents: NACE Standard RPO175-75, "Control of Internal Corrosion in Stoo! Pipelines and Piping Systoms"; NAPCA Bulletin 12-83, "Spoctcations for Mil Applied Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coatings"; AWWA C218 Standard for Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating {or the Interior and Exterior of Stee! Water Pipelines; and API ooommended Practice for the Fusion Bonded Epoxy Internal Coating of Line Pipe. (See Tablet for sources of these document). 1.7 Tho provisions ofthis recommended practice should be applied under the direction of competent persons, who, by reason of ‘kaowlogge of the physical sciences and the principles of enginearing land mathematics, acquired by professional education and rolated practical experience, are qualified to practice extemal corrosion Control on offshore sto! pipolinos. Such persons may bo registered professional engineers or persons recognized as being qualiied oF accretited as corrosion specialists by the National Association of Corrosion Engincors if their professional activites include suitable ‘experience in extemal corresion contol on offshore steel pipelines, 1.8 For more specitic recommendations and perlormance require ments of applied coatings for buried or submerged pipe and pipe ‘exposed to atmospheric conattions, see Section 4 of this standard Section 2: Definitions of Terms Related to Offshore Steel Pipelines. “The tems listed below are defined as follows forthe purposes ofthis, standard, ‘Anode: An olacizode at which oxidation of its surtace or some ‘component ofthe solution is occuring, Antonym: cathade NACE Barrier coating: A protective overcoat applied to prevent damage by handing a weight coating applied tothe ant-corosion coating, Cathodic disbondment: The loss of the bond force betwoen a“RPO675-88 ~ boating and the surface coated caused by products of polarization resulting from cathode protection, + Gathodlec protection: A technique lo prevent corrosion of a metal ‘surface by making thal surface the cathode of an electrochemicat cel. Costing: A diolectric material appiod toast it from the surrounding environment, substrate to separate Continuity bond: A metalic connection that provides electrical contin, Corrosion: The deterioration of a material, usually a meta, caused by @ reaction with ts environment. Current density: The curront por exposed unit area. Disbondment: The loss of the bond between a coating and the surface coated, Electrical isolation: The condition of being electrically separated from other metalic structures or the environment. Electrode potential: The potential of an electrode as measured against a reference electrode. Tho eloctrode potential does not include any loss of potontain the solution caused by curent passing to oF from the electrodes, i, it roprosents the reversible. work required to move @ unit charge rom the olectrade surface though the solution to the relerence electrode Zetrolyte: A chemical substance of mibdure, usually Nquid, con- taining ions that migrate in an electric file, For the purposes of this recommended practic, electrolyte refers to the solo liquid adjacent to and in contact with a buried or submerged metalic stucture, including the moisture and other chemicals contained therein Environment: The circumstancos, acts, or conditions to which a stool ppaline is subjected, Foreign structure: Ary metalic structure that is not an intended ‘component of the system of interest Galvanic anode: A metal that provides sactifcial protection to another metal that is more noble when coupled in an electrolyte ‘These anodes are the current source in one type of cathodic protection. Holt-cell ference elactrode: Se Relerence electrode. Holiday: A discontinuity of coating that expases the metal surface to the envionment Impressed current: Direct current suppllad by a power source external fo the electrode system, be Apps idyll et Interference bond: A metalic connection designed 19 control electrical current interchange betweon generaly iolated metalic systems in contact with a common elacroyte, Interference current: A direct curent trom a source foreign to the afocted pipeline. IR drop: The voltage across a resistance in accordance with Ohm's Law Isolation: Soe "Electrica isolation.” "tube: A conduit thal supports and guides one ar more pipe riser. Lead wire: An insulated metalic connecting wie, Line current: The direct curent flowing on a pipoline. Pipeline: The terms "pipeline," “pipe,” oF “piping” as used in tis ‘document are concuits on the platform, between offshore structures, ‘or between offshore structures and shore, Platform: An offshore structure used to accommadate pipelines and related appurtenances, Polarization: Tho doviaton trom the open circuit potential of an electrode resulting from the passage of current. In this recommended practice, polarization is considered the change of potential ofa metal surface resulting from the passage of current diacty to or from an lectroiyte. Reference electrode: A dovice whose open cicult potential is ‘constant under similar conatons of measurement Reverse current switch: A device that prevents the reversal of ddrect curent through a metalic conductor Ri platform, hat section of pipeline extending from the ocean floor up the Stray current: Curent foting trough paths other than the intended rcut Stray current corrosion: Corrosion resulting ftom currents) owing ‘through pains otner than the intended circu. ‘Splash zone: The area of ppaline that is intormitantly wet and dry because of wave and tidal acon, Structure A tacity in contact with the electroiyte Structure-to-electrolyte voltage (also, ppeto-electrolyte poten- tial): The voltage citterence between a cubmergod metalic stucture and a reference electrode in contact with the electrolyte, Structure-to-structure voltage (also, structure-to-sttueture po- tential): The diforonce in voltage betwoen metalic structures in a ‘common electrolyte Voltage: An electromotive force, ora diferonce in electrode poten tial, exprossed in vols Weight coating: A coating applied to @ plpaline to counteract ‘buoyancy, SSS Section 3: Corrosion Control Design 3.4 Intoduetion 3.1.4 The purpose of this section is to provide acceptable ‘external corrosion control practices for use in the design of steel Pipaine systems for offshore installations 3.2 Coatings 3.2.1 At steel pipe, valves, and rolatod titings, whether buried ‘submerged, in the splash zone, or exposed to atmosphere, ‘should be externally coated, 3.22 Coatings should perform effectively under the following conditions (a) Attack by marine organisms (b) Mechanical damage and stresses (¢) Weathering (6) Cathodic protection (€) Oporating temperature 3.3 Pipe Pisers NACE3.3.1 Pipe risers should be installed in aroas of minimum boat and barge trafic. 3.32 Pipe risers installed on the outer portion of platform lags land braces subject to boat damage should be protected by bumper guards or similar devices. 3.38 "J" tubes should be intemally cleaned to remove weld bur-through and marine and other crustaceous matter pio 10 installation of coated riser pipe. {34 Cathodle Protection 8.4.1 Except as noted in Paragraph 1.2, cathodic protection should be applied to all buried or submerged steel pipelines. 8.4.2 For detailed descriptions and recommendations of various cathodic protection systems, see Sections 5, 6, 7,8, and 9 of this standard 35 Electrical Isolation 3.5.1 Electical Isolating davicos should be installed where electrical isolation is needed for effective corrosion conta 8.5.1.1 Consideration shouldbe given tothe external and intemal coating andior lining of electrical isolating do- vices (see Paragraph 4.4331), 3.5.2 Typical locations where olectcallsoating eviews may be required are as follows: (2) At the junction of cissinilar metal, {0) On riser pipe where electrical isolation from platform Is desired. Electrical isolation devices for riser pipe should be located above splash zone lavel and be readily accessible. (©) At the onshore termination ofthe pipeline RPO675-88 3.5. Selection ofthe electrical isolating device and location of ‘he deviee should take into consideration: (a) Extornal forces that may act on the device (Le bending, tension, torsion, wave action) (b) Gas or quid being transported by pipeline. 3.5 4 Special consideration should be given tothe selection and se of any electrical isolating device under water. 355 If the design of an offshore cathodic protection systom incorporates electrical isolating langes or unions, placement of leach electrical isolating device in vortical piping wil minimize internal shoring caused by accumulation of salts, metalic residue, or other conductive material 3.5.6 The use of dielectric material inthe lining of supporting vices for pipeline boarding or departing structures is neces: sary where the intent is to Isolate these pipelines from the ‘Sucture andlor each other. 3.6 Aunilay Installations: 36.1 To facitate pipeline intemal corrosion contrat programs, tho following installations should be considered (see NACE Standard APO175-75, "Control of lnernal Corrosion in Steel Pipetines and Piping Systems”) (@) Access and elated tings adaptable to use of intornal monitoring equipment (©) The instalation of identifiable markers to serve as location check points during Internal mentoring evaluation (6) Acces fitings for the inertion of corrosion coupons andor probes (4) Fitings to permit injection of chemical inibtors. (6) Storage space for inhibitor containers, () Dohydration facies. (9) Pigging facts, Section 4: Coatings (Buried, Submerged, Splash Zone, and Atmospheric) 4.1 Introduction 4.1.4 This section contains recommended practices for the selection, handing, Inspection, appiation, and installation of pining systems coated with electrically ineuating materials, weighted materiats, or a combination of both, and identties rminimom requirements for testing, evaluating, and selecting coating systems for extemal corrasion canal 4.1.2 The function of coatings in eartosion contol sto isolate from te envizonment the external surfaces of piping, valves, and ftings that are in buried, submersion, splash zone, or atmospheric service, 44.2.1 Coating characteristics to be considered are: (2) Ease of aplication (©) Ease of ropa. (6) Good adhesion to pipe surlace. (@) Ability to resist environments to whieh the ‘coating wil bo exposed, (©) Aaity to resist damage trom handing, stor age, and instalation, (9, Ability to resist cracking, (g) Resistance to disbondment (6) Chemical resistance 4.4.2.2 Additional charactorsties of coatings for buried + submerged piping 0 be cansiderod are NACE (2) Abilty to mainiain substantial electrical resi tivity with ime. (©) Resistance to cathodic disbondment (6) Resistance to aging cold low, and embritle ‘ment at operating temporaturos. (4) Spectc gravity for negative buoyancy, {6) Flexbilty to withstand installaton stresses. {)Compavbiity with weight coatings. 4.4.2.3 Additional chacacteristics of coatings for splash 20n8 piping to be considered are: (2) Abily to maintain substantial cloctical resis tivity with time, (b) Resistance to cathodic disbondment, (6) Compatioity with coatings used for mechan: ical protection, (6) Resistance toutraviolet and infaved radiation, (e) Resistance ta intermittent sat fog, ()) Rasistance to mactanical damage, (@) Resistance to abrasion, 441.24 Addiional characteristics of coatings for piping subject to atmospheric exposure to be considered are: (@) Resistance to utravioet and infrared radiation {b) Resistance to intermittent salt fog (©) Compatiity with coatings used for mechan. ical protection,QO RPO675-88 4.2 Selection of Coatings 4.2.1 Important factors to be consider when selecting a pipe coating are (@) Environment Ouried, submerged, splash zone or ‘atmosphere exposure). {b) Method of pipeline instalation (c) Depth of wator. (@) Operating and ambient temperature, (6) Length of service. (0) Geographic and physical location. (c) Size of pipe, (h) Handling and storage. Cost. @) Design and type of cathodic protection 4.2.2 Information in tis section is given primarly by reference to othor documents tis important that tho latost revision of the pertinent roference bo used 4.2.2.1 Table 1 isa listing ofall applicable references, giving tile and sponsoring source. in this tablo each acumont is given a reterence number for convenient tse thereafter. 4.2.2.2 Table 2s alising oftypos of coating eystems and the appropriate references for material specications or recommended practices for application 42.2.3 Tablo 3 is a Ist of rferences for use during installation and inspecton, regardless of coating type. 4.2.24 Table dis alist of coating system charactristes felated 10 environmental conditions. It contains ra fences to suggested laboratory tests for various proper- ties 4.2.25 Table 5s alist of coating systom characteristics ‘elated to design and construction, wih appropriate suggested laboratory tests for evaluating these proper- ties 4.2.26 Table 6 lists the methods that are seul in field {evaluation of coating systems attr the pipeline has been instal. 4.2.27 Table 7 is 9 list of the physical popertios of neoprene, 4.22.8 Tablo 8 is a Ist of the physical properties of polyurethane. 4.2.2 Table 9 Is a Ist of the physical propertios of bastor coatings. 4.3 Handling and Inspection 4.3.1 Handling 4.3.1.1 Damage to coating can be minimized by careful handing, using proper pads andlor slings, and using barter coatings (see Table 9) 4.82 Inspection 492.1 Qvalited personnel should supervise every phase ‘of the coating operation, 49.22 Surlace preparation, primer application, coating thickness, temporatures, bonding cure, product and ‘other specticrequiteronts’should be checked period- cally using suitable test procedures fr conformance with ‘spocitcations. 49.2.8 The use of holiday detectors is recommended to ‘detect faults that would not be obsorved visually. These \dstectors should be operated in accordance wih manu facture's instructions and at voltage levels appropriate 12 the electrical characteristics ofthe coating systems, 43.2.4 The extent of underwater inspection depends on Ine size, water depth, and environmental conditions. 44 Instalation of Coated Pipolines ‘44.1 Careful consideration should be given tothe selection of ‘coatings that wil withstand the forc9s involved in the method of eying 44.2 Weight Coatings 4.42.1 Care should be exercised to prevent damage {rom weight coating application over ant-corrasion coat Ings andior thormal insulation. 4.43 Joints, fitings, and tien should be coated with a material ccompatile withthe pipaine coating 4.43.1 Consideration should be given to the use of ‘specially coatings in electrical isolating dovicos with ‘openings exposed tothe environment. 4.4.3.2 Consideration should be given to tho use of a ‘wator sealant campaundin the almespheric environment to prevent water seepage between thicker riser coatings and the pipe. 4.44 Coating defects should be repaired with compatible ‘materials. 4.4.5 The pipo should be lowered carefully info the water 10 avoid coating damage, 4.46 Pipe burial mothods should bo selected to minimize ‘damage to coatings, 4.47 Consideration should be given to applying a thick restiont impact and abrasion resistant coating to that portion of the ser Pipe inthe splash zone area. 45 Methods for Evaluating Coating Systems 45.1 Method for Evaluating an Estabishod System Proves by Succosstul Use 45.1.1 Coating systems that have given satisfactory service for at leat five years shoula continue todo so in the samo enviconment. Such coating systems may be selected for use under similar conditions. Experience ‘may indicate satistactory service ino significant current Increase atibutabe to deterioration of the coating sys- tem has been required to maintain adequate cathotic protection. 45.2 Method for Evaluating an Established or Mositid System foe Now Environments 45.2.1 This method is intonded for use where eaating ‘storms wll continu fo be used and are qualiied under Paragraoi 4.5.1 oF where application willbe extenced 0 NACE‘pew envronmonts or where a system revision to utlize ‘ew developments is desired 4521.4 The use of applicable standards, mate- tial requirments, material speciications, and roo. ‘ommended practices for application as given In ‘Table 2 is recommended, 452.12 Tho use of applicable references in Table 5 is rocommented unless previously cov- ‘ered in applicable references in Table 2. 45.8 Method for Evaluating a New Coating System by Labo- ratory Tests and In-Service Field Performance, 4.53.1 The purpose ofthis method is to evaluate @ now coating material by subjecting it to laboratory tests appropriate for the infended service, Alter laboratory tests have been conductod and indicat that the coating system appears to be suitable, application and installa tion are cared out in accordance with recommended Practices. In-service field performance tests are made to confi the success ofthe previous steps, The stops of ‘ho method are (1) laboratory tess, (2) apalcation under Fecommended practices, (3) installation under rocom- ‘mended practices, and (4) in-service field performance tests. I good results are obtained after we years, only steps 2 and 3 are needed thereatter 45:3.1.4 Applicable sections of Tablos 4 and 5 RPO675-88 are recommended for the inal laboratory tot methods 45.1.2 Applicable soctions of Tables 2 and 3 are recommended or condtional ue during steps Zane 3, 45,8.1.8 During apetiod of ive years or more, the Use of the evaluation methods given in Table 6 alter tem 1, 2, oF 3 (oral three) is recommended, In-sorvcefleld performance tosts (S00 Paragraph 45.3.1) may be used as a supplementary means of obtaining relevant data for correlation with laboratory test, 45.4 Method for Evaluating a Coating System by In-Service Field Performance Oaly 45.4.1 The purpose of this method is to evaluate a coating system where none of the fest three methods ‘ven in Paragraph 4.5.3.1 have been or wil be used, “This method should be limited to minor pilot instalation, 4.5.4.1.1 Tho use of atleast one ofthe fist tree methods given in Table 6 is recommended on the basis of al least ane investigation per year for five consecutive years, ‘46 Internal Pipe Coatings 46.1 Internal pipe coatings should be considered as a moans of contraing intemal corrosion (see NACE Standard RPO175-75) Section 5: Criteria for Cathodic Protection 5.1 Introduction 15.1.4 The purpose of this section is to list efter for eathodke protection thal, when complied wth eithar separately or colec= twvaly, wil indicate i adequate cathodic protecton of a steel systom in is electrolyte has boon achieved, 5.2 General 5.2.1 Tho objctive of using eathodie protection isto control the corrosion of motac sutaces in contact with electrlytes 5.2.2 The selection of a particular criterion for achioving the ‘objective in Paragraph 5.2.1 depends, in part, on past exper fence with similar pipoines and environments wherein the criterion has been used successful 5.2.8 The feria in Paragraph 6.3 have been developed {trough laboratory experiment or empicaly daterminad by evaluating dala obtained from successtlly operated cathodle rolection systems. tisrotintenced that indleation of protection be limited to these citora itt can be demanetrated by other means thal the contol of covrosion has been achieved 5.24 Voltage measurements are to be made with the reference ‘electrode located in the elactrolyo as close as practicable tothe Pipeline. For vali intarpretaion, consideration shal be given to voltage (IR) drops other than thase across tho plpetinaiolee trlyte boundary, the presence of dissimilar metals, and the influence of other stuctures, 45.2.5 No single ottoion for evaluating the effectiveness of cathodic protection has proven satstactry for al conditions ‘Otten @ combination of ertera is needed fora single pipaine NACE 53 Ciera 59.1 A negative (cathodic) votago of at least 0.85 V as measured between the pipeline surface and a saturated cop- perlcopper sulfate reference electrode in contact wih the electroiyte. Dotoeminaion ofthis votago isto be mace withthe protective current applied. (Relor also to Paragraphs 5.2.4 544, and 56.1.) 5.2 A minimum negative (cathodic) voltage shit of 300 mV, produced by the application of protective current, The vokage shits measured between the pipeline surface and a reterence electrode contacing the electoyte. This criterion of voltage shift apples to pipoinas vat are notin contact with dissimilar metals, 5.3.8 A minimum nogative (cathosi) polarization voltage decay 100 milivolts measured between the pipeline surface and & reference electrode in contact withthe electolye, Tis vatage ‘decay iso be determined by intorrupting the protective current ‘and measuring the decay. When the current is italy inter rupted, an immediate volage decrease will occur. Tha valtage reading aftr the immeciate decrease shal be usod as the base reading rom which to measure polarization decay. 5.9.4 A pot protective curt from the electrolyte onto the Bipeline surface as measured by an earth currant technique. 5.4 Alternative Relerance Electrodes 5.4.4 Other relerence electrodes may be subsluled for the Ssaturatod copporicopaer sullato reference electrode. Three ‘commonly used reference electrodes ar listad below with theioO PO675-88 voltage equivalent to -0.85 V roterred to a saturated copper! ‘copper sulfate reference electro 5.4.1.1 Saturated KCI calomel reference electrode: 0.78 v. 5.4.4.2 Siversiner chloride reference electrode in sea ‘ater: -0.80 V (adjusted for chloride concentration). 5.4.1.3 High puriy zinc retorenco electiode: +025 V. 5.4.2 In addition to these rolerence electrodes, an alternative ‘metalic material or structure may be used In place of the Saturated coppericopper sulfate reference electade if the stability ofits electrode potential is ensured and ifs vollage ‘equivalent refered fo a saturated copper-copper sulfate eter ‘ence electrode has been established, ‘55 Special Considerations 5.5.1 Conditions sometimes exist whoroin a single protection eriterion is inettectve or only pantally effective, Such condtions ‘may include clovatod temperatures, dsbonded coatings, shield ing, bacterial attack, oxygen and salinity variations, wator velocity and unusual contaminants inthe elocrlyt, 5.6 Procautionary Notes 56.1 In moving water, precautions should be taken to maintain the reference electade in a stationary position near the pipaline being tested. Signifcant mavement ofthe reference electrode ‘away from the pipeline, particularly in high resistivity waters, will, introduce IR drops into the potential measurement (see Para ‘graphs 5.2.4 and 53.1) 5.6.2 Copperfeopper sulfate roterence electrodes should be Cleaned, flushed, nd rechargod with fresh saturated solution least daly during uso (see Paragraph 9.26), 56. Indications ore that some organisms may affect the stabilty of al electrodes. 5.6.4 It important that the reterence electrodes used for ‘ottshore survoys be specticaly designed, bul, and maintained for underwater use, SSS Section 6: Design of Cathodic Protection Systems 644 Introduction 6.1.1 The purpose ofthis section is to recommend procedures ‘and practices for designing offshore stee! pipeline cathodic Protection systems that will provide effective corrosion control 26 indicated by saislying one or more of the eritria Hated in Section 5 and exhibit maximum ralablty over the designed ‘operating lite of such systems, 6.1.2 Inthe design of an offshore cathodic protection system, ‘considerations should include the folowing: 6.1.21 Recognition of conaitions pravaling at the pro: posed instalation sito(s) and the selection and specif cation of materials, equipment, and installation practices that wll ensure the safe installation ane operation of the cathodic protection system. 6.1.22 Specification of materials and installation prac tices to conform with all applicable codes, regulations, and recommended practices. These may inclida but not be limiad to those issued by the following: (2) National Association of Cortosion Engineers (standard recommended practices) (b) Nationa Fre Protction Association (National Electical Code NFPA 70). {) US Coast Guard, (@) Minerals Management Service () US Dopariment of Transportation. (US Army Comps of Engineers. (9) US Navy, (h) Local agencies as applicable, 6.1.23 Selection and design of the cathodic protection system for optimum economy of Installation, mainto- ‘nance, and oporation 6.1.24 Solection and specification of materials and instataton practic that wil ensure dependable service throughout the operating life of the cathode protection system, 6.1.26 Selection of a system to minimize excessive Protective currents or excessive’ earth (sea) potential Gradients that may have dotrimental effcts on pipe, ‘coatings, or neighboring buried or submerged metalic ‘suctures, 6.1.26 Notiicaton ofall nterested partes inthe area of proposed instalation during the dosign period, 6.1.2.7 Cooperative invostigations to determine the of fects of the proposed cathodic protection system on the systems of others (or thee future expansion) and onthe ‘roximity to paths of aroas of proposed pipeline, wel, or Blatform constuction {62 Major Objoctives of Offshore Steel Pipeline Cathodic Protection Systom Design| 62.1 Deliver sufcient currant tothe pipaina to be protected ‘and distribute the current 0 thal the selected enitera for cathodic protection are eticenty attained, {62.2 Minimize the effects thal operation of the propased system ‘may have on otter pipelines or stuctures. 6.2.9 Provide the anode system with a design le commensu- rate withthe design Ife of tho protected ste! pipeline, or provide ‘adequate rehablation procedures for the anode systrn 5.2.4 Allow for anticipated changes in current requirements both trom the standpoint of aging and tram adeitons tothe pipoing tobe protect, 6.2.5 Placement ofall cathodic protection syetem components ‘ere the possibly of disturbances or damage is minimal, 6. Information Useful for Otshore Steel Pipeline Cathodic Protec: tion System Design 6.3.1 Pipeline system constuction specifications and practices (a) Route maps, alignment sheets, navigation chart, constuction “as-tuit” drawings. (©) Construction dates, NACE(6) Pipe, ftings. (@) Coatings. (6) “" tubos, risers, and clamps, (9, Corosion conta test stations, bond boxes, (g) Electical isolating devices. (6) Bond locations, (Foreign pipotine crossings. , Adjacont faces, (i) Avalabiliy of power. ().Instalation accassbily. (0m) Satety requirements, 6.32 Pipotine ste condone: (2) Existing and proposed cathodic protection systems. (©) Possible interterence sources (see Section 8) (©) Special environmental conditions and regulations. (@) Neighboring metalepipotines and structures, includ- ing location, ownership, and corrosion "contol practices (e) Electical isolation from foreign pipelines or etruc- tures and maintenance of such isolation, (0) Water curenis and tidal effect, 639 Field survey data, conosion test data, and operating experience: (6) Protective current requirements to meet applicable cttera (©) Rosistvty and temperature of the electro. (6) Electrical continuity (d) Electical isolation. (6) Coating integrity. (9, Cumutato leak history (g) Interference currents (se0 Section 8). {h) Deviation from construction specifications, (0) Chemical analysis of envionment. (), Pipe surtace temperature (ky Water velocity (0) Other maintenance and operating data. 6.34 Completed tilé survey work prior to actual application of cathodic protection snot aways required if previous experience {and test data are avaiable for estimating currant roquiements Cerain aspects of fold surveys ate necossary, however, to effect an ordriy solution tothe problem of proving effective cathodic protection of offshore steel pipaines. 4 Types of Cathodic Protection Systems for OMfshore Stee! Pipelines {64.4 Galvanic Anode Systems 64.5.1 Galvanic anodes may be of such materials as ‘magnesium, zine, or aluminum, Alloys ofthese may be ‘oblained in such shapes and sizes as 10 delver maxi ‘mum protection to the spoctc pipeline network. The ‘methad used to attach the anode tothe pipeline may be ‘Qoverned by the type and apolication, but sold electrical onticuiy must ba maintained, 6.4.1.2 The composition of the alloy is critical to the portormance of gaivanie anades in seawater, particultly inthe case of zinc and aluminum. Only those alloys proven successful for soawater applications should be used! 6.4.1.8 Magnasium anodes are subject 1o high ates of decomposition in seawater and may net be suitable for applications where frequent replacement is impractical wtnout specie designing 64.1.4 Consideration should be given to conducting periodic checks on qualy contre! during manufacture NACE RPO675-88 6.42 Impressed Current Anode Systems 6.4.2.1 Impressed curent anode materials may include high sticon cast iron, load-siver, platinum, graphite, scrap steel, or magnetite. They are connected with an eflectvelyinsuated conductor, ether singly orin groups, to the postive terminal ofa direct current source such ae {rector or gonerator. Tho piplin is connected tothe Negative terminal of the direct current source (64.22 Consideration should be glven to conducting periodic checks on contro! during manutacture. 55 Considerations influncing Selection of the Type of Cathodic Protection Systom for Orfshore Steel Pipelines: 6.5.1 The lack of an extomnal power source may preclude the se of an impressed current systom, 6.52 On offshore steel pipolines whore stray currents are nat resent and where an extemal power source is available, the ‘magnitude of protective current required is dominant factor in the selection ofa cathodi protection system, The feasibly of Protection with galvanic anodes can be established where ‘consideration is given to: (a) Resistivity of the electrolyte. {(b) Current requirements for protection, {6) Anade-to-ipe voltage, {6} Freedom from mechanical damage in instalation, launching, and operation. {e) Usolul ite expectancy of anode mater (Temperature of etoctrotyte ‘est data and calculations needed fr design should reflec the above considerations, 165.9 The physical space available willbe dotermined by the roxinity of foreign sttuctures and pipelines and by construction, ‘and maintenance factors 65.4 Future developments of the offshore area and future ‘expansions ofthe pipeline system being protected, {66 Factors Determining Anode Current Output, Operating Life, and Eticiency 6.6.4 Various anode matoriais have citferert ratos of consump: tion when discharging a given current density from the anode surface in a speciic envionment. Therefore, fra given current ‘output the anode Ite wil depend on the anode material, shape and weight and the number of anodes inthe eathodke protection system, Established anode pertormance data may be used 10 ‘calculate the probable deterioration rate 6.622 Data on the dimensions, depth, and configuration of the ‘anodes and electolye resistviios may be used to calculate the resislancera-sloctolyte of the anode system. Formulas and ‘raph relating to these factors are availabe in various engi= ‘ering handbooks (lor anode data, sea NACE Standard APO176-83, “Corresion of Stool Fixod Offshore Platforms ‘Associated with Petroleum Production”) 8.6.3 Proper design of a galvanic anode system must consider Pipe-o-anode potential with resultant curtent output and, in special cases, anode lead wire resistance. 6.8.4 Where galvanic anodes are installed individually oF in large numbors,thare ara many situations where itis impractical {o design each instalation individual, In such cases, te use of statstical techniques fs suggestad to datermine tho bast anode design that wil provide cathodic protection in a high percentage