Writing Bibliography

Learning Objectives:
• Identify the mechanics in writing
bibliography.
• Use the APA format in writing the
bibliography.
• Write references in APA format
correctly.
 Reference Materials
(Back Matter)
The reference materials for a
research paper include
bibliography, appendix, and
curriculum vitae.
 What is Bibliography?
A bibliography is a complete list of references cited
or utilized in the research study. This section is written
after the chapter 5. The bibliography should be listed as
follows:
A. Books
B. Journals and Periodicals
C. Unpublished Materials (Theses/ Dissertations)
D. Documents (Legal Sources)
E. General References
F. Online Sources
G. Other Sources
 Purpose of Bibliography
• To give credit to the writers from whom you
have borrowed words and ideas.
• To inform your readers where your
information was found.
• To avoid plagiarism, or borrowing words and
ideas without acknowledging their original
sources.
 Style of Bibliography
• Modern Language Association (MLA)
– Most commonly used in English classes
• American Psychological Association (APA)
– Used mainly in social sciences classes
(psychology, sociology, etc.)
• The Chicago Manual of Style, or Chicago-
style
– Used mainly by history and humanities professors
 MLA VS APA
In MLA (Modern Language Association)

Author’s Last Name, First Name or First Name’s Initial.

Book title. Additional Information. City of Publication:
Publishing Company, Publication Date.
 MLA VS APA
In MLA (Modern Language Association)

Allen, Thomas B. Vanishing Wildlife of North America.

Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1974.
 MLA VS APA
In APA (American Psychological Association)

Author’s Last Name, First Name Initial. (Date of

Publication). Book Title. Additional Information.
Place of Publication: Publication Company.
 MLA VS APA
In APA (American Psychological Association)

Nicol, A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting

your findings: A practical guide for creating
tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
 ON WRITING IN – TEXT CITATION
• quoting or paraphrasing of the ideas
coming from someone else
• also known as parenthetical citation
 APA CITATION STYLE
• It refers to the rules and conventions
established by the American Psychological
Association for documenting sources used in
a research paper.
• APA style requires both in – text citations and
a reference list.
• For every in – text citation there should be a
full citation in the reference list and vice
versa.
 Reference Citation in Text
In APA style, in – text citations are
placed within sentences and paragraphs so
that it is clear what information is being
quoted or paraphrased and whose
information is being cited.
ON WRITING IN – TEXT CITATION
 Order
Entries should be arranged in alphabetical
order by authors’ last names. Sources
without authors are arranged
alphabetically by title within the same list.
 Authors
Write out the last names and initials for all
authors of a particular work. Use an
ampersand (&) instead of the word and
when listing multiple authors of a single
work. E.g. Ambon, T. D.,
 Titles
Capitalize only the first word of the
title or subtitle, and any proper names
that are part of it.
 Pagination
Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page
numbers of articles from periodicals that do not
use volume numbers, especially newspapers.
These abbreviations are also used to designate
pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from
the edited books.
 Indentation
The first line of the entry is flush with the
left margin, and all subsequent lines are
indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a hanging
indent.
 Underlining VS Italics
It is appropriate to use italics instead
of underlining for titles of books and
journals.
Books
Journal Articles
Newspaper and Magazines
Web Sites
Examples
1. Works by a Single Author
The last name of the author and the year of publication
are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.

…from theory on bounded rationality (Ambon, 2014)

If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the

narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses.

Ambon (2014) posited that …

Examples
2. Works by Multiple Authors
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every
time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the
names with an ampersand (&).

…as has been shown (Ambon & Bagui, 2014)

In the narrative text, join the names with the word “and”

…as Ambon and Bagui (2014) demonstrated…

Examples
3. When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first
time the reference occurs.

Aguilon, Ambon, and Bagui (2014) found…

In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the

surname of the first author followed by “et al.” (Latin for and others) and
the year of publication.

Aguilon, et al. (2010) found…

Examples
4. Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.
The name of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors)
are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.

(Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency [PDEA], 2012)

When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are

spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent
citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply
enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source
in the reference list without difficulty.

(PDEA, 2012)
Examples
5. Works with no Author
When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of
the work’s title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference,
capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to
an article, chapter of a book, or web page. Italicize the title if it refers to
a book, periodical, brochure, or report.

…realistic review of curriculum implementation (“Enriching Curriculum,”

2009)

Strategic Management for School Development (2008)

Examples
6. Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed
by a comma and the date

evaluation is a critical phase (Anonymous, 2006)

Examples
7. Specific parts of source
To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for
quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate
abbreviations) in the in – text citation.

(Ambon & Bagui, 2010, p. 96)

Ambon (2012) overstated the case when he asserted that “we

seem to be reaching from the hands of drug busters” (p. 218).
Examples
7. Specific parts of source (continuation)
If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as
Web – based journals), provide the paragraph number preceded by the
abbreviation “para.” or the heading and following paragraph.

(Ambon & Bagui, 2008, para. 9)