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LIGNIN DEGRADING ENZYMES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

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Phenomenon in Environmental and Nano Science, Pages 275-289
Edited by: Kavita Sharma and Ravi Sharma
Copyright O 2021, Jaya Publishing House, Delhi, India
22
LIGNIN DEGRADING ENZYMES AND
THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Bhuneshwari Nayak1, Rachana Choudhary 2* and M.G. Roymon2
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, St. Thomas College, Ruabandha, Bhilai-490020 (CG)
Department of Microbiology, Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalayay, Junwani, Bhilai-490020 (CG)
Email: rachanadin@gmail.com

Abstract
Lignin is one of the most primitive organic polymers for modern applications. This chapter portrays
the concepts of lignin degrading enzymes and their insights. The chapter also portrays the
industrial applications of these enzymes ranging from food industries to biotechnological
applications with detailed sub-application areas. Additionally, the chapter opens the gate for
researching the application of enzymes in more enhanced applications like WFRC (Weather and
Forecasting Research Model).
Keywords: Enzymes, Lignin, Organic Polymers, Biotechnology.

Introduction
Lignin is a complex constituent of the wood. After cellulose, lignin is one of the most
bountiful organic polymers in plants. In wood it is present in 20-40% and in gramineae
present in 15-20%. It is the sole chemical composition of angiosperm and gymnosperm
(Jiang, 2001). Lignin is a complex chemical compound linked with mainly three monomers
coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol and coumaryl alcohol. On the bases of their monomers
it will be divided in to three types; guaiacyl lignin polymerized by guaiacyl propane,
syringyl lignin polymerized by syringyl propane and hydroxy-phenyl lignin polymerized by
hydroxy-phenyl propane. Usually, gymnosperm contains guaiacyl (G) lignin; monocotyledon
contains guaiacyl-syringyl-hydroxy-phenyl (GSH) lignin and dicotyledon contains guaiacyl-
syringyl (GS) lignin (Wei and Song, 2001).

Structure of lignin
It consists of aromatic rings with the units of guaiacyl propane, para-hydroxy-phenyl-
propane and phenyl-propane units. Lignin is part of secondary cell wall of plants. It is
276 Phenomenon in Environmental and Nano Science

different from cellulose and hemicellulose (Ralph et al., 2004). It has highly resistance to
biological degradation and chemicals (Martinez et al., 2005). Lignin is composed of three
basic units ofp-coumary1 alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol (Liu et al., 2008;
Cai et al., 2010).

Fig. 1. Structure of a lignin molecule (Chhabra, 2013).

Lignin Degrading Enzymes

Lignin is highly resistance for biodegradation. White-rot fungi are known to best lignin
degrader. Lignin is mainly degraded by three types of lignolytic enzymes such as lignin
peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase (Eriksson et al., 1990).

Lignin Peroxidase
Lignin peroxidase is an enzyme, which degrade lignin in the plant cells. It produced from
fungi like Phanerochaete chrysosporium. It interacts with veratryl alcohol (lignin polymer),

Fig. 2. Lignin-peroxidase mediated conversion of veratryl alcohol (VA) to veratraldehyde

(Albayrak and Yang, 2002).
 Lignin Degrading Enzymes and their Industrial Applications 277

which is secondary metabolites and acts as cofactor. Lignin peroxidase enzyme catalyzes
the chemical reaction. Use 1,2-bis (3,4-dimethoxypheny1) propane-1,3-diol and H2O2 use
as substrate (Renganathan et al., 1986).

1. Manganese Peroxidase
Manganese peroxidase enzyme belongs to oxidoreductase family. It discovered in 1985
from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Glenn and Gold, 1985; Paszcynski et al., 1985).
Manganese peroxidase enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction. Use Mn (II) H+ and
H2O2 as a substrate. It oxidizes the substrate by one-electron oxidation process with
intermediate cation radical formation (Malherbe and Cloete, 2002).
2Mn (II) + 2H+ + H2 2 2Mn (III) + 2H2 2

Fig. 3. Manganese peroxidase mediated conversion of 2,6-dimethoxyphenoI to cerulignone

(Lopez et a/., 2004).
Laccase
Laccase is a copper- containing polyphenol oxidase (blue multi copper oxidase) enzyme. It
was discovered in the effluence of Japanese lacquer tree Rbus vernicifera (Yoshida, 1883).
It is broadly distributed in fungi, higher plants bacteria and insects. Deuteromycetes,
Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and many white-rot fungi are contains laccase (Kunamneni,
2008).

Fig. 4. Catalytic breakdown of 2,6-dimethoxyphenoI by laccase (Arora and Sharma, 2010).

278 Phenomenon in Environmental and Nano Science

Fungal laccase is involved in the lignin degradation and during degradation it removes
potentially toxic phenol from the lignin. It requires oxygen for enzymatic action as a
second substrate. It is capable to catalyze the ring cleavage of aromatic compounds. It
used ABTS, 2,6-dimethoxypheno1, dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine and syringaldazine as a
substrate. It moniterate with an oxygen sensor, through the oxidation process reduces
oxygen to water (Claus, 2004).

Versatile Peroxidase
Versatile peroxidase is a novel class enzyme of ligninolytic peroxidases. It shows combine
properties of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase (Ruiz-Duenas et al., 1999;
Camarero et al., 2000; Martinez, 2002). Little data shows versatile peroxidase oxidizes
lignin or lignin-derivatives. Bjerkandera sp. Strain BOSSS is first reported versatile
peroxidase secretes in vitro testing (Moreira et al., 2001).

Fig. S. Oxidation of manganese and aromatic substrates by versatile peroxidase (Ravichandran

and Sridhar, 2016).

Lignin Degrading Microbes

Basidiomycetes group fungi are mainly degrades lignin and its derivatives. In environment
it will be ability to grow in accommodate detrimental conditions and act as environmental
natural lignocelluloses destroyers. Leaf litter, white rot and brown rot fungi are present
in these groups (Cho et al., 2009). Lignin is natural aromatic polymer and recalcitrant
aromatic polymer on the earth. They are mostly degrading by white rot fungi by enzymatic
combustion. Basidiomycete’s families as well as Ascomycetes family fungi also degrade
lignin in nature (Kirk and Farrell, 1987).
 Lignin Degrading Enzymes and their Industrial Applications 279

Table 1: Lignin degrading enzyme producing fungi

S. No. Organisms References

1. Fungi
1. Trametes versicolor Dion, 1951
2. Glomerella sp. Mayer and Harel, 1979
3. Podospora anserina Durrens, 1981
4. Aspergillus nidulans Kurtz and Champe, 1982
5. Fomes annosus Haars and Huttermann, 1983
6. Daedalea flavida Arora and Sandhu, 1985
7. Schizophyllum commune De Vries et al., 1986
8. Pleurotus ostreatus Arora and Sandhu, 1987
9. Pleurotus sajor-caju Bourbonnais & Paice, 1988
10. Polyporus pinsitus Huttermann et at., 1989
11. Rigidoporus lignosus Galliano et at., 1991
12. Armillaria ostoyae Robene-Saustrade et at., 1992
13. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora Ruttimann-Johnson et al., 1993
14. Agaricus bisporus Bonnen et al., 1994
15. Ganoderma trabeum Palaez et al., 1995
16. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Eggert et at., 1996
17. Ganoderma lucidum Perumal, 1997
18. Trametes trogii Garzillo et at., 1998
19. Lentinula edodes D’Annible et al., 1999
20. Marasmius quercophilus Farnet et al., 2000
21. Phellinus ribis Min et al., 2001
22. Trametes modesta Nyanhongo et at., 2002
23. Piloderma byssinum Chen et at., 2003
24. Volvariella volvacea Chen et at., 2004
25. lrpex lacteus Svobodova, 2005
26. Volvariella speciosa Fasola et al., 2007
27. Ganoderma austral Mendonca et al., 2008
28. Lentinus polychrous Suwannawong et at., 2010
29. Pycnoporus sanguineus Kalarani et at., 2011
30. Lentinus squarrosulus Tripathi et at., 2012
II. Bacteria
1. Azospirillum lipoferum Givaudan et al., 1993;
2. Aquifex aeolicus Deckert et al., 1998
3. Escherichia coli Sanchez-Amat et a/., 2001
4. Pyrobaculum aerophilum Fitz-Gibbon et at., 2002
[Table Contd.
280 Phenomenon in Environmental and Nano Science

Contd. Table]

S. No. Organisms References

5. g-proteobacterium Bains et at., 2003
6. Thermos thermophiles Miyazaki, 2005
7. Streptomyces galbus Sharma et al., 2007
III. Insect
1. Bombyx mori Yamazaki, 1972
2. Lucilia cuprina Barrett, 1987
3. Anapheles gambiae Dittmer et at., 2004
4. Nephotettix cincticeps Hattori et al., 2005

Industrial Applications of Lignin Degrading Enzymes

D’Souza et al. (2006) studied that ligninolytic enzyme such as lignin-peroxidase (lip),
Manganase-peroxidase (MnP) and laccase had three major classes of lignin degrading
enzymes, which have great potential for industrial applications.

Food Industries
In the food industries laccase is the known a best wine stabilizer. They easily control to
the haze formation. Haze formation occure in the presence of phenolic compound such
as proanthocyanidins (Osma et al., 2010). Brijwani et al. (2010) reported to presence of
enzyme in dough they improve the dough consistency and also Enhance the gulten structure.
After the addition of laccase in the dough, they showed softness, volume increasing and
crumb changes into the structure.

Paper and Pulp Industries

While using wood for paper making, lignin is the main compound and harsh chemicals
(sulphite, chlorine and oxygen based oxidants) or strong acid used for processing. These
compounds generate water pollution and soil pottution (heavy soil) (Scott et al., 1998).
Laccase is capable to depolymerize and de-lignifing the wood pulp fiber, use in chlorine-
free in bio-palpation process (Camarero et al., 2004; Vikineswary et al., 2006).

Textile Industries
In the textile industry various dyes are secrested with wast water. Generally effluents of
waste water are highly coloured with COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biological
oxygen demand) (Nagraj and Kumar, 2006). Trametes versicolor (white rot fungi) help
in the decolourazation of dyes (Roseline et al., 2013).
 Lignin Degrading Enzymes and their Industrial Applications 281

Laccase enzyme are applicable for denim finishing, it is a new trend. For stone-
washed look of denim fabrics pre-bleach, rinsing and neutralize by sodium hypochloride.
All steps of denim processing are cause substantial environmental pollution. For bleaching
of denim fabrics Trametes versicolor secretes laccase at normal environmental conditions
(Sharma et al., 2005). Some textile dyes degradation showed in the table no. 2.

Bioremediation
Lignolytic enzymes producing microorganisms are capable to degrade lignin. They also
degrade several xenobiotic compounds and recalcitrant pollutants like PHA
(polyhydroxyalkanoates). White rot fungi totally mineralized the lignin compounds. It
generates the research interest in the industries and environmental microbiology fields
(Van and Villaverde, 2005; Ruiz-Duenas and Martinez, 2009; Dashtban et al., 2010).
Bioremediation by ligninolytic enzymes showed in the table no. 2.

Table 2: Ligninolytic enzymes used in the processing of textile dyes and bioremediations

S. Compounds Organisms Ligninolytic References

No. enzymes
1. Textile dyes Phanerochaete Manganese Koyani et al., 2013
chrysosporium peroxidase
2. Azo dyes Pleurotus ostreatus Manganese Arunkumar and
peroxidase Sheik Abdulla, 2014
3. PHAs Pleurotus ostreatus Laccase and Pozdnyakova
versatile peroxidase et al., 2010
4. Bentazon Ganoderma lucidum Manganese De Silva et at., 2009
peroxidase and
laccase
5. Textile effluents Phanerochaete Laccase Miranda et al., 2013
chrysosporium,
Curvularia lunata
6. Poly R-478 lrpex lacteus Manganese Wang et at., 2013
(polymeric peroxidase
model dye)
7. Olive oil waste- Hapalopilus croceus, Manganese Koutrotsios and
water Phanerochaete peroxidase, Zervakis, 2014
chrysosporium, manganese
lrpex lacteus independent
peroxidase and
laccase
8. Endocrine Cerrena unicolor Laccase Songulashvili
disrupters et al., 2012
9. Nonyphenol Pleurotus ostretus Laccase Macellaro et al., 2014
[Table Contd.
282 Phenomenon in Environmental and Nano Science

Contd. Table]

S. Compounds Organisms Ligninolytic References

No. enzymes
10. Naphthalene, Lentinula edodes Laccase Wong et at., 2013
Benzo[a]
anthracene
and anthracene
11. Diclofenac and Aspergillus oryzae laccase Nguyen et at., 2014
bisphenol A
12. Salicylic acid, Trametes versicolor Laccase Nguyen et at., 2014
triclosan, naproxen,
diclofenac,
ibuprofen and
gemfibrozil

Bio-Ethanol Production
Production of fuel ethanol by wood hydrolysates fermentation is very difficult. White-rot
fungi are capable to degrade lignin. White-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor) secrete
peroxidases (lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase) and phenol oxidase laccase,
which is transform the aromatic compounds of wood (Lipin et al., 2013). Saccharomyces
cerevisiae is used for ethanolic fermentation. Peroxidases and laccase a phenol oxidase
increase the productivity of ethanol (Olsson, 1996).

Conclusion
Ligninolytic enzymes are involved in recalcitrant polymer lignin and complex lignin polymers
degradation. They are highly versatile group in nature and very wide applicable in various
industries. Ligninolytic enzymes applications in industries and also found in WRFC (Weather
Research and Forecasting Model) have (a) paper whitening, (b) textile industries in
degradation of industrial dye, (c) biotechnological application and (d) xenobiotics compounds
degradation, including herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolics and other
pesticides. Laccase as an oxidase used in many industrial, agricultural and medicinal
applications (Arora and Sharma, 2010). Fungal enzyme laccase had been used for decades
in enzyme-technology industries (Shukla, 2014).

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