Vlks k`tir`atkm`an sta`farf was fivinmpif k` aoomrfa`oi wktl k`tir`atkm`anny riomd`kzif prk`okpnis m` sta`farfkzatkm` istabnkslif k` tli Fiokskm` m` Xrk`okpnis jmr tli
Fivinmpci`t mj K`tir`atkm`an _ta`farfs, Dukfis a`f Riomcci`fatkm`s kssuif by tli Tmrnf Vrafi Mrda`kzatkm` Viol`koan Barrkirs tm Vrafi (VBV) Omcckttii.

Fiskd`atkm`7 F2<98  −  19

_ta`farf Vist Citlmf jmr

Y`om`smnkfatif-Y`frak`if Vrkaxkan Omcprisskm` Vist m`
Omliskvi _mkns1
Vlks sta`farf ks kssuif u`fir tli fixif fiskd`atkm` F2<985 tli `ucbir kccifkatiny jmnnmwk`d tli fiskd`atkm` k`fkoatis tli yiar mj 
mrkdk`an afmptkm` mr, k` tli oasi mj rivks
mrkdk`an rivkskm`,
km`, tli yiar mj nast rivkskm`.
rivkskm`. A `ucbir k` pari`
pari`tlisi
tlisiss k`fkoatis tli yiar mj nast riappr
riapprmvan.
mvan. A
supirsorkpt ipsknm` (¶) k`fkoatis a` ifktmrkan ola`di sk`oi tli nast rivkskm` mr riapprmvan.

1. _om
_ompi*
pi* oan om`virskm`s tm k`ol-pmu`f u`kts, wlkol ari prmvkfif jmr
1.1 Vlk
Vlkss tis
tistt citl
citlmf
mf omv
omvirs
irs fit
fitirc
irck`a
k`atkm
tkm`
` mj tli str
stri`d
i`dtl
tl k`jmrcatkm` m`ny a`f ari `mt om`skfirif sta`farf. Ripmrtk`d mj 
a`f str
striss
iss-st
-strak
rak`` rin
rinatkm
atkm`sl
`slkps
kps mj a oyn
oynk`f
k`frkoa
rkoann spi
spiokci
okci`` mj  tistt ri
tis risu
sunts
nts k` u`
u`kts
kts mt
mtli
lirr tl
tla`
a` _K sl
slann
ann `m
`mtt bi ri
rida
darf
rfif
if as
iktlir k`taot, omcpaotif, mr ricmnfif omliskvi smkn. _piokci`s `m`om`jmrca`oi wktl tlks tist citlmf.
ari subgiotif tm a om`fi`k`d flukf prissuri k` a trkaxkan olacbir. 1.6.1 Vli om`virtif k`ol-pmu`
k`ol-pmu`ff u`kts usi tli dravk
dravktatkm`a
tatkm`ann
@m frak`adi mj tli spiokci` ks pirckttif furk`d tli appnkoa- systic mj u`kts. K` tlks systic, tli pmu`f (nbj) riprisi`ts a u`kt
tkm` mj tli om`fi`k`d flukf prissuri mr furk`d tli omcprisskm` mj jmroi (wikdlt), wlkni tli u`kt jmr cass ks snuds. Vli snud u`kt
plasi mj tli tist. Vli spiokci` ks axkanny nmafif at a om`sta`t ks `m`mtt dk
dkvi
vi`,
`, u`
u`ni
niss
ss fy
fy`a
`ack
ckoo (J 3 ca
ca)) oaoano
noun
unat
atkm
km`s
`s ar
arii
rati mj axkan fijmrcatkm` (strak` om`trmnnif). k`vmnvif.
1.9   Vlks sta`far
sta`farff fmi
fmiss `mt purpmrt
purpmrt tm aff
affri
riss
ss ann mj tli
1.2 Vlks tis
1.2 tistt ci
citl
tlmf
mf prprmv
mvkf
kfis
is fa
fata
ta jm
jmrr fi
fiti
tirc
rck`
k`k`
k`d
d
sajit
sajityy om
om`o
`oir`
ir`s,
s, kj a`
a`yy, as
assm
smoka
okatif
tif wkt
wktl
l kts us
usi.
i. Kt ks tl
tlii
u`frak`if
u`fra k`if stri`dtl prmp
prmpirtkis
irtkis a`f striss
striss-strak`
-strak` rinatkm`s jmr
rispm`skbknkty mj tli usir mj tlks sta`farf tm istabnksl apprm-
smkns. Vlks tist citlmf prmvkfis jmr tli ciasurici`t mj tli  prkati sajity a`f liantl praotkois a`f fitirck`i tli appnkoa-
tmtan strissis appnkif tm tli spiokci`, tlat ks, tli strissis ari
bknkty mj ridunatmry nkcktatkm`s prkmr tm usi.
`mt omrriotif jmr pmri-watir prissuri.
@MVI 1‖Vli fitirck`atkm` mj tli u`om`fi`if omcprisskvi stri`dtl mj  2. Rijiri`o
Rijiri`oif
if Fmouci`ts
omliskvi smkns ks omvirif by Vist Citlmf  F21::/F21::C
 F21::/F21::C..
@MVI  2‖Vli fitirck`atkm` mj tli om`smnkfatif, u`frak`if stri`dtl mj  2.1   A_VC _ta`farfs72
omliskvi smkns wktl pmri prissuri ciasurici`t ks omvirif by Vist Citlmf F622 Vist
F622  Vist Citlmf jmr Xartkoni-_kzi A`anysks mj _mkns
F64:4..
F64:4 F:9?   Virck`m
F:9? irck`mnmdy
nmdy Rinatk`d tm _mkn, Rmoe, a`f Om`tak`
Om`tak`if
if
1.? Ann mbsirvif
mbsirvif a`f oanounatif vanuis
vanuis slann om`jmrc
om`jmrc tm tli Jnukfs
dukfink`is
dukfin k`is jmr skd`kfi
skd`kfioa`t
oa`t fkdkts a`f rmu`fk`d istabnkslif
istabnkslif k` F<96   Vist Citlmfs jmr _piokfio Dravkty mj _mkn _mnkfs by
F<96
Xraotkoi  F:82:
 F:82:.. Tatir Xyo`mcitir
1.?.1 Vli prmoifuris usif tm spiokjy lmw fata ari omnniotif/  F19<4 Xraotkoi
F19<4  Xraotkoi jmr Vlk`-Tannif Vubi _acpnk`d mj _mkns jmr
riomrfi
riom rfif
f mr oano
oanounat
unatif
if k` tlk
tlkss sta`
sta`far
farf
f ari rid
ridarf
arfif
if as tli Dimtiol`koan Xurpmsis
k`fustry sta`farf. K` affktkm`, tliy ari riprisi`tatkvi mj tli F21::/F21::C Vist
F21::/F21::C  Vist Citlmf jmr Y`om`fi`if Omcprisskvi
skd`kfioa`t fkdkts tlat di`iranny slmunf bi ritak`if. Vli prmoi- _tri`dtl mj Omliskvi _mkn

furis usi
furis usiff fm `mt om`
om`skf
skfir
ir cati
catirka
rkann var
varkatk
katkm`,
m`, pur
purpms
pmsii jmr F221:
F221: Vist
 Vist Citlmfs
(Cmksturi) Om`ti`tjmrmj Nabmratmry Fitirck`atkm`
_mkn a`f Rmoe by Cass mj Tatir
mbtak`k`d tli fata, spiokan purpmsi stufkis, mr a`y om`skfir-
atkm`s jmr tli usir‛s mbgiotkvis5 a`f kt ks omccm` praotkoi tm F26<4   Xraotkoi jmr Onasskfioatkm` mj _mkns jmr I`dk`iirk`d
F26<4
k`oriasi
k`oriasi mr rif
rifuoi
uoi skd
skd`kfi
`kfioa`
oa`tt fkd
fkdkts
kts mj rip
ripmrt
mrtif
if fat
fataa tm bi Xurpmsis (Y`kfiif _mkn Onasskfioatkm` _ystic)
omcci`surati wktl tlisi om`skfiratkm`s. Kt ks biym`f tli sompi F26<<  Xraotko
F26<< Xraotkoii jmr Fisork
Fisorkptkm`
ptkm` a`f Kfi`t
Kfi`tkfioatkm`
kfioatkm` mj _mkns
mj tlks sta`farf tm om`skfir skd`kfioa`t fkdkts usif k` a`anysks (Zksuan-Ca`uan Xrmoifuri)
citlmfss jmr i`dk`
citlmf i`dk`iirk`d
iirk`d fiskd`. F?468  Xraotko
F?468 Xraotkoii jmr Ck`kcu
Ck`kcuc c Riqukr
Riqukrici`ts
ici`ts jmr Adi`okis
I`dadif k` Vistk`d a`f/mr K`spiotkm` mj _mkn a`f Rmoe as
1.6   Y`kts‖ Vli
Vli vanuis statif k` _K u`kts ari tm bi ridarfif
Ysif k` I`dk`iirk`d Fiskd` a`f Om`struotkm`
as tli sta`farf. Vli vanuis dkvi` k` pari`tlisis ari catlicatk-
F6228/F6228C  Xraotko
F6228/F6228C Xraotkois
is jmr Xrisir
Xrisirvk`d
vk`d a`f Vra`
Vra`spmrt
spmrtk`d
k`d
_mkn _acpnis
1
Vlks tist citlmf ks u`fir tli gurksfkotkm`
gurksfkotkm` mj A_VC Omcckttii F1<
Omcckttii F1< m`  m` _mkn a`f
Rmoe a`f ks tli fkrio
fkriott rispm
rispm`skbkn
`skbknkty
kty mj _ubo
_ubomccktt
mcckttii
ii   F1<.89   m` _tri`dtl a`f
2
Omcprisskbknkty mj _mkns. Jmr rijiri`oif A_VC _ta`farfs, vkskt tli A_VC wibskti, www.astc.mrd, mr
Ourri`t ifktkm` apprmvif @mv. 19, 2819. Xubnkslif Fioicbir 2819. Mrkdk`anny om`taot Oustmcir _irvkoi at sirvkoiHastc.mrd. Jmr   A``uan Bmme mj A_VC _ta`-
apprmvif k` 1;48. Nast privkmus ifktkm` apprmvif k` 2884 as F2<98 ‟ 8?a (2884). farfsvmnuc
vmnucii k`jmrc
k`jmrcatkm`,
atkm`, rijir tm tli sta`farf‛s Fmouci`t
Fmouci`t _uccary padi m` tli
FMK7 18.1928/F2<98-19. A_VC wibskti.

*A _uccary mj Ola`dis siotkm` appiars at tli i`f mj tlks sta`farf

Ompyrkdlt © A_VC K`tir`atkm`an, 188 Barr Larbmr Frkvi, XM Bmx O488, Tist Om`slmlmoei`, XA 1;62<-2;9;. Y`ktif _tatis
risirvif)5 Cm` _ip ? 1<718761 IFV 281< 
Ompyrkdlt by A_VC K`t'n (ann rkdlts risirvif)5
1
 

F2<98 − 19

F6?1<   Vist
F6?1< Vist Cit
Citlmf
lmfss jmr Nkq
Nkqukf
ukf Nkck
Nkckt,
t, Xna
Xnastko
stko Nkc
Nkckt,
kt, a`f (fivkatmr striss) bidk``k`d at tli axkan striss (cagmr prk`okpan
Xnastkokty K`fix mj _mkns striss
striss)) a`f i`f
i`fk`d
k`d at tli om`
om`fi`k
fi`k`d
`d str
striss
iss (ck
(ck`mr
`mr prk
prk`ok
`okpan
pan
F649? Dukfi
F649?  Dukfi jmr Ivanuatk`d, _iniotk`d, a`f _piokjyk`d Ban- striss) m` a drapl wktl prk`okpan strissis as tli absokssa a`f
a`ois a`f _ta`farf Cassis jmr Ysi k` _mkn, Rmoe, a`f sliar striss as tli mrfk`ati a`f iquan soani k` bmtl fkriotkm`s.
Om`struotkm` Catirkans Vistk`d Vli jaknuri
jaknuri i`v
i`vinm
inmpis
pis wkn
wknnn usu
usuanny
anny bi a lmr
lmrkzm
kzm`ta
`tann nk`
nk`ii jmr
F64:4   Vist Citlmf jmr Om`sm
F64:4 Om`smnkfatif
nkfatif Y`fr
Y`frak`if
ak`if Vrk
Vrkaxkan
axkan saturatif spiokci`s a`f a ourvif nk`i jmr partkanny saturatif
Omcprisskm` Vist jmr Omliskvi _mkns spiokci`s.
F:82: Xraotkoi
F:82:  Xraotkoi jmr Ysk`d _kd`kfioa`t Fkdkts k` Dimtiol`koan
6.9 Vli u`om`smnkfatif-u
u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`
`frak`if
if sliar stri`dtl ks appnk-
Fata
oabni tm sktuatkm`s wliri tli nmafs ari assucif tm taei pnaoi sm
F:;1? Vist
F:;1?  Vist Citlmfs jmr Xartkoni-_kzi Fkstrkbutkm` (Drafa-
tkm`) mj _mkns Ysk`d _kivi A`anysks rapkfny tlat tliri ks k`sujjkoki`t tkci jmr tli k`fuoif pmri-watir
prissuri tm fksskpati a`f jmr om`smnkfatkm` tm moour furk`d tli
?. Virck`mnmdy nmafk`d pirkmf (tlat ks, frak`adi fmis `mt moour).
?.1   Fifi`ktkm`s‖ Jmr
Jmr fifi`ktkm`s
fifi`ktkm`s mj omccm` tiol`koan tircs 6.: Omcpr
Omcprisskvi
isskvi stri`dtls
stri`dtls fitirc
fitirck`if
k`if usk`d tlks prmoi
prmoifuri
furi
k` tlks sta`farf, rijir tm Virck`mnmdy   F:9?.
F:9?. cay `mt appny k` oasis wliri tli nmafk`d om`fktkm`s k` tli fiinf
fkjjir skd`kfioa`tny jrmc tlmsi usif k` tlks tist citlmf.
?.2  Fifi`ktkm`s mj Vircs _piokfio tm Vlks _ta`farf7
?.2.1   jaknuri‖ a str
striss
iss om`
om`fktk
fktkm`
m` sini
siniotif
otif tm rip
ripris
risi`t
i`t tli @MVI   ?‖Vli
?‖Vli qua quankty
nkty mj tli ris risunt
untss prm
prmfuo
fuoif
if by tlk
tlkss sta
sta`fa
`farf
rf ks
caxkcuc striss suppmrtif by a tist spiokci`. fipi`fi`t
fipi`f i`t m` tli omcomcpit
piti`o
i`oii mj tli pir
pirsm`
sm``in
`in pir
pirjmr
jmrck`
ck`d d kt, a`f tli
?.2.1.1   Fksousskm`‖ Jaknuri
Jaknuri ks mjti` taei` tm omrrispm`f tm suktabknkty mj tli iqukpci`t a`f jaoknktkis usif. Adi`okis tlat ciit tli
orktirka mj Xraotkoi F?468
Xraotkoi  F?468   ari di`iranny om`skfirif oapabni mj omcpiti`t
tli caxkcuc prk`okpan striss fkjjiri`oi (fivkatmr striss) at-
tistk`
tistk`d.
d. Ys
Ysirs
irs mj tlk
tlkss tis
tistt cit
citlmf
lmf ari oauoautkm
tkm`if
`if tla
tlatt omc
omcpnk
pnka`o
a`oii wkt
wktl
l
tak`if
tak`if mr tli prk prk`ok
`okpan
pan str
striss
iss fkj
fkjjir
jiri`o
i`oii (fi
(fivka
vkatmr
tmr str
striss
iss)) at Xraotkoi F?468
Xraotkoi  F?468 fmis
 fmis `mt i`suri rinkabni risunts. Rinkabni risunts fipi`f m`
19 % ax axkan
kan st
stra
rak`
k`,, wl
wlkol
koliv
ivir
ir ks mbmbta
tak`
k`if
if fir
first
st fu
furk`
rk`d
d tltlii siviran jaotmrs5 Xraotkoi F?468
Xraotkoi  F?468 prmvkfis
 prmvkfis a cia`s mj ivanuatk`d smci mj 
pirjmrca`oi mj a tist. tlmsi jaotmrs.

?.2.2   u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`if
u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`if omcprisskvi stri`dtl‖ tli
tli
vanui mj tli prk
vanui prk`ok
`okpan
pan str
striss
iss fkj
fkjjir
jiri`o
i`oii (fi
(fivkat
vkatmr
mr str
striss
iss)) at 9. Apparatus
Apparatus
jaknuri. 9.1   Axkan Nmafk`d Fivkoi‖ Vli Vli axkan nmafk`d fivkoi slann
?.2.?   u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`if
u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`if sliar stri`dtl‖ tli tli vanu
vanuii bi soriw gaoe frkvi` by a` iniotrko cmtmr tlrmudl a diarif
mj tli prk
prk`okp
`okpan
an str
striss
iss fkj
fkjjir
jiri`o
i`oii (fi
(fivkat
vkatmr
mr str
striss
iss)) at jakn
jaknuri
uri tra`scksskm`, a lyfraunko nmafk`d fivkoi, mr a`y mtlir omc-
fkvkfif by twm. prisskm` fivkoi wktl sujjkoki`t oapaokty a`f om`trmn tm prmvkfi
tli rati mj nmafk`d prisorkbif k` 4.9
k`  4.9..  Vli rati mj afva`oi mj tli
6. _kd`
_kd`kfioa`
kfioa`oi
oi a`f Ysi nmafk`d fivkoi slann `mt fivkati by cmri tla` :9 % jrm jrmc
c tli
6.1 K` tlks tist citlmf,
citlmf, tli omcprisskvi
omcprisskvi stri`dtl
stri`dtl mj a smkn ks siniotif vanui. Zkbratkm`s fui tm tli mpiratkm` mj tli nmafk`d
fitirck`if k` tircs mj tli tmtan striss, tlirijmri, tli risuntk`d fivkoi
fiv koi sla
slann
nn bi suj
sujjjkoki
koki`tn
`tny
y sca
scannnn tm `mt oauoausi
si fkc
fkci`s
i`skm`
km`an
an
stri`dtl fipi`fs m` tli prissuri fivinmpif k` tli pmri flukf ola`dis k` tli spiokci`.
furk`d nmafk`d. K` tlks tist citlmf, flukf flmw ks `mt pirckttif @MVI   6‖A nmafk`d fivkoi cay bi sakf tm prmvkfi sujjkoki`tny scann
jrmc mr k`tm tli smkn spiokci` as tli nmaf ks appnkif, tlirijmri vkbratkm`s kj tliri ari `m vkskbni rkppnis k` a dnass mj watir pnaoif m` tli
tli risuntk`d pmri prissuri, a`f li`oi stri`dtl, fkjjirs jrmc nmafk`d pnati` wli` tli fivkoi ks mpiratk`d at tli spiif at wlkol tli tist
tlat fivinmpif k` tli oasi wliri frak`adi oa` moour. ks pirjmrcif.

6.2 Kj tli tist spiokci`s ks 188 % saturatif, om`smnkfatkm

om`smnkfatkm`` 9.2   Axka
Axkann Nma
Nmaf-Ci
f-Ciasur
asurk`d
k`d Fivk oi‖ Vli
Fivkoi‖  V li axaxka
kann nm
nmaf
af--
oa``mt moour wli` tli om`fi`k`d prissuri ks appnkif `mr furk`d ciasurk`d fivkoi slann bi oapabni mj ciasurk`d tli axkan nmaf
tli sliar pmrtkm` mj tli tist sk`oi frak`adi ks `mt pirckttif. tm at niast tlrii skd`kfioa`t
skd`kfioa`t fkdkts (riafabknkty)5
(riafabknkty)5 lavi a junn soani
Vlirijmri, kj siviran spiokci`s mj tli saci catirkan ari tistif, aoou
aooura
raoy
oy `m
`mtt tm ix
ixoi
oiif
if 8.
8.29
29 %5 a`a`f
f a oa
oapa
paokt
okty
y tl
tlat
at ks `m
`mtt
a`f kj tliy ari ann at apprmxkcatiny tli saci watir om`ti`t a`f driatir tla` jmur tkcis tli axkan nmaf at jaknuri. Omccm`ny, a`
vmkf ratkm wli` tliy ari tistif, tliy wknn lavi apprmxkcatiny iniotrm`ko nmaf oinn ks usif a`f cay bi k`tidratif wktl tli axkan
tli saci u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`if sliar stri`dtl. nmafk`d fivkoi.
6.? Kj tl
6.? tlii ti
tist
st sp
spio
iokc
kci`
i`ss ar
arii pa
part
rtka
kanny
nny sa
satu
tura
rati
tif,
f, mr 9.?   Vrkaxkan Omcprisskm` Olacbir‖ Vli Vli trkaxkan olacbir
omcpaotif/rio
omcpao tif/riom`stkt
m`stktutif
utif spiokc
spiokci`s,
i`s, wliri tli fidri
fidriii mj satu- slann
sl ann om
om`s`skst
kst mj a tm tmp
p pn
pnati
ati a`a`f
f a ba
basi
sipn
pnati
ati sipara
siparatif
tif by a
ratkm` ks niss tla` 188 %, om`smnkfatkm` cay moour wli` tli oynk`f
oyn k`fir
ir.. Vli oynoynk`f
k`fir
ir sla
slann
nn bi om`
om`str
struoti
uotiff mj a`y cati
catirka
rkann
om`fi`k`d prissuri ks appnkif a`f furk`d appnkoatkm` mj axkan oapabni mj wktlsta`fk`d tli appnkif prissuri. Kt ks fiskrabni tm
nmaf,, ivi
nmaf ivi`` tlm
tlmudl
udl fra
frak`a
k`adi
di ks `mt pir
pircktt
ckttif.
if. Vli
Vlirij
rijmri
mri,, kj  usi a tra`
tra`spa
spari`
ri`tt cati
catirkan
rkan mr lav
lavii a oyn
oynk`f
k`fir
ir prm
prmvkf
vkfif
if wkt
wktl
l
siviran partkanny saturatif spiokci`s mj tli saci catirkan ari vkiw
vkiwk`k`dd pmpmrt
rtss sm tl tlii bi
bila
lavk
vkmr
mr mj tltlii sp
spio
iokc
kci`
i` ca
cayy bi
tistif at fkjjiri`t om`fi`k`d strissis, tliy wknn `mt lavi tli mbsirvif. Vli tmp pnati slann lavi a vi`t vanvi suol tlat akr oa`
saci u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`if sliar stri`dtl. bi jmroif mut mj tli olacbir as kt ks finnif. Vli basi pnati slann

6.6 Cmlr jaknuri

jaknuri i`vinmpis
i`vinmpis cay bi pnmtti
pnmttif
f jrmc a sirkis mj  lavi a` k`nit tm finn tli olacbir.
u`om`smnkfatif u`frak`if trkaxkan tists. Vli Cmlr‛s okronis at 9.6  Axkan Nmaf Xkstm`‖ Vli
Vli pkstm` passk`d tlrmudl tli tmp
jaknurii basif m` tmtan strissis ari om`struotif
jaknur om`struotif by pnmttk`d a lanj  mj tli olacbir a`f kts sian cust bi fiskd`if sm tli varkatkm`
okroni
okroni wkt
wktl
l a raf
rafkus
kus mj lan
lanjj tli prk
prk`okp
`okpan
an str
striss
iss fkj
fkjjir
jiri`o
i`oii k` axkan nmaf fui tm jrkotkm` fmis `mt ixoiif 8.1 % mj tli axkan

risirvif)5 Cm` _ip ? 1<718761 IFV 281< 

Ompyrkdlt by A_VC K`t'n (ann rkdlts risirvif)5
2
1
 

F2<98 − 19

nmaf at jaknuri as ciasurif k`   <.:   a`f sm tliri ks `idnkdkbni a`f kj a`y flaws mr pk`lmnis ari ivkfi`t, tli cicbra`i slann bi
natiran bi`fk`d mj tli pkstm` furk`d nmafk`d. fksoar
fks oarfif
fif.. Vm mj
mjjir
jir ck`
ck`kcu
kcucc ris
ristra
trak`t
k`t tm tli spi
spiokci
okci`,
`, tli
u`stritolif cicbra`i fkacitir slann bi bitwii` ;8 a`f ;9 %
@MVI   9‖Vli usi mj twm nk`iar bann buslk`ds tm dukfi tli pkstm` ks
riomcci`fif tm rifuoi tli jrkotkm` a`f cak`tak` ankd`ci`t. mj tla
tlatt mj tli spi
spiokc
okci`.
i`. Vli cic
cicbra
bra`i
`i tlk
tlkoe`
oe`iss
iss slann `mt
@MVI   :‖A ck`kcuc
ck`kcuc pkstm` fka
fkacit
citir
ir mj m`i skx
skxtl
tl tli spi
spiokc
okci`
i` ixoiif 1 % mj tli fkacitir mj tli spiokci`. Vli cicbra`i
fkacitir
fkacit ir las bii` usif suoois
suooissjunny
sjunny k` ca`y nabmratmrkis
nabmratmrkis tm ck`kc
ck`kckzi
kzi slan
sl annn bi si
siani
anif
f tm tltlii sp
spiok
iokci
ci`
` ba
basi
si a`
a`f f oa
oap
p wk
wktl
tl ru
rubb
bbir
ir
natiran bi`fk`d. M-rk`ds jmr wlkol tli u`strissif k`skfi fkacitir ks bitwii` 49
9.9   Xrissuri-cak`tak`k`d
Xrissuri-cak`tak`k`d a`f Ciasurici`t Fivkois‖ Vli
Vli a`f <9 % mj tli fkacitir mj tli oap a`f basi, mr by a`y citlmf
prissuri-cak`tak`k`d
prissuri-cak` tak`k`d a`f ciasur
ciasurici`t
ici`t fivkois slann bi oa- tlat wknn prmfuoi a pmsktkvi sian. A` iquatkm` jmr omrriotk`d
omrriotk`d tli
prk`okpan striss fkjjiri`oi (fivkatmr striss) jmr tli ijjiot mj tli
pab
pabni
ni ri
prissuri
prissu mj tmapp
appnyk
nyk`d,
`d,:om`
wktlk` om`trm
trmnnk`
2 eXa nnk`d,
(8.?d,psk)
a`fjmrcia
ciasur
surk`d
k`d niss
prissuris tli tla`
olacbi
olacbir
288r stri`dtl mj tli cicbra`i ks dkvi` k`   <.< <.<..
eXa (2; psk) a`f tm wktlk` :1 % jmr prissuris
prissuris driatir tla` 288 9.;   _acpni Ixtrufir‖ VliVli sacpni ixtrufir slann bi oapabni
eXa (2; psk). mj ixtrufk`d tli smkn omri jrmc tli sacpnk`d tubi k` tli saci
9.9.1 A prissuri
prissuri tra`sfuoir ciasurk`d
ciasurk`d tli appnki
appnkif
f olacbir fkriotkm` mj travin k` wlkol tli sacpni i`tirif tli tubi a`f
prissuri slann lavi a` aoouraoy `mt tm ixoiif :8.29 % mj junn wktl ck`kcuc fksturba`oi
fksturba`oi mj tli sacpni. Kj tli smkn omri ks `mt
ra`di, a oapaokty k` ixoiss mj tli appnkif olacbir prissuri, ixtruf
ixt rufif
if vir
virtkoa
tkoanny
nny,, oar
oarii slm
slmunf
unf bi tae
taei`
i` tm avm
avmkf
kf bi`
bi`fk`
fk`d
d
a`f a riafabknkty iqukvani`t tm at niast tlrii skd`kfioa`t fkdkts at strissis m` tli omri fui tm dravkty. Om`fktkm`s at tli tkci mj 
tli cax
caxkcu
kcuc c app
appnkif
nkif ola
olacbi
cbirr pri
prissu
ssuri.
ri. Vlk
Vlkss fiv
fivkoi
koi omc
omc-- sacpni ricmvan cay fkotati tli fkriotkm` mj ricmvan, but tli
cm`ny om`sksts mj a risirvmkr om``iotif tm tli trkaxkan olacbir prk`okpan om`oir` ks tm eiip tli fidrii mj fksturba`oi ck`kcan.
a`f partkanny finnif wktl tli olacbir flukf (usuanny watir), wktl
tli uppir part mj tli risirvmkr om``iotif tm a omcprissif das 9.18  _piokci`-_kzi Ciasurici`t Fivkois‖ FivkoisFivkois usif tm
supp
suppny
ny55 tl
tlii da
dass pr
priss
issur
urii bi
bik`
k`d
d omom`t
`trm
rmnni
nnif
f by a pr pris
issu
suri
ri ciasuri tli likdlt a`f fkacitir mj tli spiokci` tm tlrii mr
ridunatmr a`f ciasurif by a` iniotrm`ko prissuri tra`sfuoir. cmrii skd
cmr skd`kfi
`kfioa`
oa`tt fkd
fkdkts
kts (ri
(riafa
afabknk
bknkty)
ty) wktl a` aoou
aoourao
raoyy `mt tm
ixoi
ix oiif
if 8.
8.29
29 % mj kts jujunn
nn ra
ra`d
`di.
i. Vl
Vlii fi
fivk
vkoi
oiss sl
slan
annn bi om
om`-
`-
9.:   _piokci
_piokci`
` Oap a`f Basi‖ A`
A ` kcp
Basi‖  kcpirc
irciab
iabni
ni rkd
rkdkf
kf oap struotif suol tlat furk`d usi tli spiokci` ks `mt fksturbif mr
a`f basi slann bi usif tm privi`t frak`adi mj tli spiokci`. Vli fijmrcif.
spiokci` oap a`f basi slann bi om`struotif mj a `m`omrrmskvi
kcpirc
kcp irciab
iabni
ni cati
catirkarkan,
n, a`f iaol slaslann
nn lav
lavii a okr
okroun
ounar
ar pna`
pna`ii @MVI   <‖Okrouc
<‖Okroucjiri`
jiri`tkan
tkan ciasu
ciasurk`d
rk`d tapis ari riomc
riomcci`f
ci`fif
if mvir
oankpirs jmr ciasurk`d tli fkacitir.
surj
su rjaoi
aoi mj omom`t
`tao
aott wk
wktl
tl tl
tlii sp
spiok
iokci
ci` ` a`
a`ff a okr
okrou
ounar
nar or orms
msss
siotkm`. Vli cass mj tli spiokci` oap slann prmfuoi a` axkan 9.11   Vkcir‖ A tkck`d fivkoi k`fkoatk`d tli inapsif tistk`d
stri
striss
ss m` tl
tlii sp
spio
iokckci`
i` mj niniss
ss tl
tla`
a` 1 eXeXaa (8(8.1
.1 ps
psk)
k).. Vl
Vlii tkci tm tli `iarist 1 s slann bi usif jmr istabnkslk`d tli rati mj 
fkaci
fk acitir
tir mj tltlii oa
oap p a`
a`ff ba
basi
si sl
slann
ann bi iq
iqua
uann tm tl
tlii k`k`ktk
ktkan
an strak` appnkoatkm` prisorkbif
prisorkbif k`   4.9   a`f rio
riomrf
mrfk`dk`d tli tkci
fkacitir mj tli spiokci`. Vli spiokci` basi slann bi om`- furk`d spiokci` omcprisskm` as riqukrif k`   4.: 4.:..
`iotif tm tli trkaxkan omcprisskm` olacbir tm privi`t natiran 9.12   Bana`ois‖ A bana`oi mr soani om`jmrck`d tm tli ri-
cmtkm` mr tkntk`d, a`f tli spiokci` oap slann bi fiskd`if suol qukrici`ts mj _piokfioatkm`  F649?
 F649?   riafabni (wktl `m istkca-
tlat iooi
iooi`tr
`trkokt
koktyy mj tli pkspkstm`
tm`-tm
-tm-oap
-oap om`
om`taot
taot rina
rinatkv
tkvii tm tli tkm`) tm 8.1 % mj tli tist cass, mr bittir.
virtkoan axks mj tli spiokci` fmis `mt ixoiif 1.? cc (8.89
k`.). Vli i`f mj tli pkstm` a`f spiokci` oap om`taot aria slann 9.1?   Cksoinna`imus
Cksoinna`imus Appar atus‖ _piokci
Apparatus‖  _piokci` ` trkc
trkcck`d
ck`d a`f
bi fiskd`if sm tlat tkntk`d mj tli spiokci` oap furk`d tli tist oarvk`d tmmns k`onufk`d a wkri saw, stiin strakdltifdi, cktir
ks ck`kcan. Vli oynk`frkoan surjaoi mj tli spiokci` basi a`f bmx
bm x a`
a`ff vi
virt
rtkoa
koann tr
trkcc
kcck`
k`d
d nat
natli
li,, ap
appa
para
ratu
tuss jm
jmrr pr
prip
ipar
ark`
k`d
d
ricmnfif spiokci`s, cicbra`i a`f M-rk`d ixpa`fir, watir
oap tlat om`taots tli cicbra`i tm jmrc a sian slann bi scmmtl om`t
om`ti`
i`tt om
om`t
`tak`
ak`ir
irs,
s, a`
a`f
f fa
fata
ta sl
slii
iits
ts sl
slan
annn bi pr prmv
mvkf
kfif
if as
a`f jrii mj soratolis.
riqukrif.
@MVI  4‖Vm fitirck`i tli axkan striss jrmc tli tmp oap, ciasuri tli
cass mj tli tmp oap k` dracs a`f aria mj tli tmp oap k` oc 2. Vli striss
jrmc tli tmp oap, k` e@/c2 (3 eXa), ks iquan tm tli cass k` dracs tkcis
:. Vist _piokci`s
tli aooiniratkm` fui tm dravkty (;.<8<4 c/sio 2) fkvkfif by tli aria k` oc 2 :.1   _piokci` _kzi‖ _piokci`s
_piokci`s slann bi oynk`frkoan a`f lavi
tkcis 18,888 oc2  /c2 fkvkfif by 1888 @/e@ a`f 1888 d/ed.
a ck`kcuc fkacitir mj ?? cc (1.? k`.). Vli aviradi likdlt-
9.4   Fijmrcatkm` K`fkoatmr‖ Vli
Vli virtkoan fijmrcatkm` mj tli tm-avi
tm-avirad
radii fka
fkaciti
citirr ratk
ratkm
m sla
slann
nn bi bit
bitwii
wii` ` 2 a`f 2.9. Vli
spiokci` ks usuanny fitirck`if jrmc tli travin mj tli pkstm` nardi
nardist
st pa
part
rtkon
konii skz
skzii sl
slann
ann bi scscann
annir
ir tl
tla`
a` m`
m`ii skx
skxtl
tl tl
tlii
aotk`d m` tli tmp mj tli spiokci`. Vli pkstm` travin slann bi spiokci` fkacitir. Kj, ajtir omcpnitkm` mj a tist, kt ks jmu`f
ciasurif usk`d a fijmrcatkm` k`fkoatmr wktl a ra`di mj at niast basif m` vksua
vksuann mbsir
mbsirvatkm`
vatkm` tlat mvirskzi partkonis ari prisi`
prisi`t,
t,
28 % mj tli k`ktkan likdlt mj tli spiokci` a`f a` aoouraoy `mt k`fkoati tlks k`jmrcatkm` k` tli ripmrt mj tist fata (sii ;.2.16
(sii  ;.2.16).
).
tm ixoiif 8.29 % mj tli k`ktkan spiokci` likdlt. Vli fijmrca-
@MVI ;‖Kj mvirskzi partkonis ari jmu`f k` tli spiokci` ajtir tistk`d, a
tkm` k`fkoatmr ks omccm`ny a nk`iar varkabni fkjjiri`tkan tra`s-
partkoni-skz
partkoni-skzii a`anys
a`anysks
ks cay bi pirjm
pirjmrcif
rcif k` aoomrf
aoomrfa`oi
a`oi wktl Vist Citlmf
jmrcir (NZFV) mr mtlir ciasurk`d fivkoi ciitk`d tli riqukri- F622 mr
F622  mr F:;1?
 F:;1? tm
 tm om`firc tli vksuan mbsirvatkm` a`f tli risunts prmvkfif

ci`ts jmr aoouraoy a`f ra`di. wktl tli tist ripmrt (sii  ;.2.6
 ;.2.6)).
9.<   Rubbir Cicbra`i‖ Vli
Vli rubbir cicbra`i usif tm i`- :.2   K`taot _piokci`s‖ Xripari
Xripari k`taot spiokci`s jrmc nardi
oasi tli spi
spiokc
okci`
i` sla
slann
nn prm
prmvkf
vkfii rin
rinkab
kabni
ni prm
prmtiot
tiotkm`
km` ada
adak`s
k`stt k`taot
k`taot sacp
sacpnis
nis mr jrm
jrmc
c sac
sacpni
pniss siou
siourif
rif k` aoom
aoomrfa
rfa`oi
`oi wkt
wktl
l
niaeadi. Cicbra`is slann bi oarijunny k`spiotif prkmr tm usi, Xraotkoi   F19<4   mr mtmtli
lirr ao
aooip
oiptab
tabni
ni k`
k`tao
taott tu
tubi
bi sa
sacp
cpnk`
nk`d
d

risirvif)5 Cm` _ip ? 1<718761 IFV 281< 

Ompyrkdlt by A_VC K`t'n (ann rkdlts risirvif)5
?
1
 

F2<98 − 19

prmoif
prm oifuri
uris.s. _ac
_acpnipniss sla
slann nn bi priprisir
sirvif
vif a`f tra`tra`spm
spmrtif
rtif k` fi`dir tm i`suri omcpniti ricmnfk`d. Avmkf i`trappk`d akr k`
aoomrfa`oi wktl tli praotkois jmr Drmup O sacpnis k` Xraotkois tli spi
spiokc
okci`.
i`. Ixi
Ixirokroksi
si oar
oarii tm mbt
mbtak`
ak` a u`k
u`kjmr
jmrc
c fi`
fi`skty
skty,, tm
F6228/F6228C.. _piokci`s mbtak`if by tubi sacpnk`d cay
F6228/F6228C ricmnf tm tli saci vmkf ratkm as tli k`taot spiokci`, a`f tm
bi tistif wktlmut trkcck`d ixoipt jmr outtk`d tli i`f surjaois prisir
prisirvi
vi tli wat
watirir om`
om`ti`
ti`tt mj tli smk
smkn.
n. Jmr
Jmrcc tli fksturbif
fksturbif
pna`
pn a`ii a`a`f f pipirp
rpi`
i`fkfkou
ouna
narr tm tl tlii nmnm`d
`dkt
ktuf
ufk`
k`an
an ax
axksks mj tl tlii catirkan k`tm a cmnf mj okrounar ormss siotkm` lavk`d fkci`-
spiokci`, prmvkfif smkn olaraotirkstkos ari suol tlat `m skd`kfi- skm`s ciitk`d tli riqukrici`ts mj  :.1. :.1 . Ajtir ricmvan jrmc tli
oa`tt fks
oa` fkstur
turba`
ba`oi
oi ris
risunt
untss jrm
jrmc
c sacsacpnk`
pnk`d.
d. La`
La`fni
fni spispiokci
okci`s`s cmnf, fitirck`i tli cass a`f fkci`skm`s mj tli tist spiokci`
oarijunny tm ck`kckzi fksturba`oi, ola`dis k` ormss siotkm`, mr om`sksti`t
om`sks ti`t wktl   9.12   a`f   9.18.
9.18. A ck
ck`k`kcu
cucc mj tltlri
riii li
likd
kdlt
lt
ola`
ol a`didi k` wa watir
tir om om`t
`ti`
i`t.t. Kj om omcpcpririss
sskm
km`` mr a` a`yy tytypi
pi mj  ciasurici`ts (128¸ apart) a`f at niast tlrii fkacitir cia-
`mtk
`m tkoia
oiabnbnii fk
fkstu
sturb
rba`
a`oi
oi wmwmun unf
f bi oa oaus
usif
if by tl tlii ix
ixtr
trus
uskm
km`
` surici`ts at tli quartir pmk`ts mj tli likdlt slann bi cafi tm
fivkoi,
fiv koi, spnkt tli sacpsacpnini tub
tubii ni`
ni`dtl
dtlwks
wksii mr out tli tubi k` fitirck`i tli aviradi likdlt a`f fkacitir mj tli spiokci`.
suktabn
suk tabnii sio
siotkm`
tkm`ss tm jao
jaoknkt
knktati
ati ric
ricmvamvann mj tli spi
spiokci
okci` ` wktl @MVI   18‖Kt
18‖Kt ks omc
omccm
cm` ` jmr tli u`k
u`ktt wik
wikdlt
dlt mj tli spiokci`
spiokci` ajtir
ck`kcu
ck` kcuc c fksfkstur
turba`
ba`oi.
oi. Xri
Xripar
parii trktrkcci
ccif f spi
spiokci
okci`s,`s, k` a` ricmvan jrmc tli cmnf tm bi niss tla` tli vanui basif m` tli vmnuci mj 
tli cmnf. Vlks moours as a risunt mj tli spiokci` swinnk`d ajtir ricmvan
i`vkrm`ci`t suol as a om`trmnnif lkdl-luckfkty rmmc wliri
mj tli natiran om`fi`ici`t fui tm tli cmnf.
smknn wat
smk watirir om`
om`ti`
ti`tt ola
ola`di
`di ks ck` ck`kckz
kckzif.
if. Tli
Tliri ri ric
ricmva
mvann mj 
pibbniss mr orucbnk`d risuntk`d jrmc trkcck`d oausis vmkfs m`
pibbni 4. Xrm
Xrmoifu
oifuri
ri
tlii su
tl surj
rjao
aoii mj tl tlii sp
spio
iokckci`i`,, oa
oaririju
junny
nny fin
finnn tl
tlii vmvmkf
kfss wk
wktl
tl
ricmnfif smkn mbtak`if jrmc tli trkcck`ds. Tli` tli sacpni 4.1 Xnaoi tli cicbra`i
cicbra`i m` tli cicbra`i ixpa`fir
ixpa`fir mr, kj kt
om`fktkm` pirckts, a virtkoan trkcck`d natli cay bi usif tm ks tm bi rmnnif m`tm tli spiokci`, rmnn tli cicbra`i m`tm tli
rifuoi tli spiokci` tm tli riqukrif fkacitir. Ajtir mbtak`k`d kcpirciabni rkdkf oap mr basi. Xnaoi tli spiokci` m` tli basi.
tli riqukrif fkacitir, pnaoi tli spiokci` k` a cktir bmx a`f Xnaoi tli rubbir cicbra`i armu`f tli spiokci` a`f sian kt at
out tli spiokci` tm tli fi`an likdlt wktl a wkri saw mr mtlir tli oap a`f basi wktl M-rk`ds mr mtlir pmsktkvi sians at iaol
suktabni fivkoi. Vrkc tli surjaois wktl tli stiin strakdltifdi. i`f. A tlk` omatk`d mj sknkom` driasi m` tli virtkoan surjaois mj 
Xirjmrc
Xirjm rc m`i mr cmri watir om`ti`t fitirck`atkm`s
fitirck`atkm`s m` catirka
catirkann tli oap mr basi wknn akf k` siank`d tli cicbra`i.
trkccif jrmc tli spiokci` k` aoomrfa`oi wktl Vist Citlmf
F221:..   Fitirck`i tli cass a`f fkci`skm`s mj tli spiokci`
F221: 4.2 Tk
wlkol Tktl tl tlitmspi
ks sianif spiokc
tliokci`
i` i`oa
i`oasif
spiokci` sif a`f
oap k` tli
basirub
rubbir
birpmsktkm`if
a`f cicbra
cic bra`i,
`i,
k`
om`sksti`t
om`sks ti`t wktl   9.12   a`f   9.18.
9.18.   A ck`kcuc
ck`kcuc mj tlr tlrii
ii lik
likdlt
dlt tli olacbir,
olacbir, assicb
assicbnini tli trkaxka
trkaxkann olacb
olacbirir.. Brk`d tli axkan
ciasurici`ts (128¸ apart) a`f at niast tlrii fkacitir cia- nmaf pkstm` k`tm om`taot wktl tli spiokci` oap siviran tkcis tm
surici`ts at tli quartir pmk`ts mj tli likdlt slann bi cafi tm pirckt prmpir
prmpir siatk`d a`f ankd`ci`t mj tli pkstm` wktl tli oap.
fitirck`i tli aviradi likdlt a`f fkacitir mj tli spiokci`. Tli` tli pkstm` ks brmudlt k`tm om`taot tli fi`an tkci, riomrf
:.?   Omcpaotif/Riom`stktutif _piokci`s‖ _mkn _mkn riqukrif jmr tli riafk`d m` tli fijmrcatkm` k`fkoatmr tm tlrii skd`kfioa`t
omcpaotif/riom`stktutif spiokci`s slann bi tlmrmudlny ckxif fkdkts. Furk`d tlks prmoifuri, taei oari `mt tm appny a` axkan
wktl sujjkoki`t watir tm prmfuoi tli fiskrif watir om`ti`t. Kj  striss tm tli spiokci` ixoiifk`d apprmxkcatiny 8.9 % mj tli
watir
wa tir ks afaffifif
f tm tl
tlii sm
smkn,
kn, stmri
stmri tl
tlii ca
catir
tirkan
kan k` a om
omvi
viri
rif
f istkcatif omcprisskvi stri`dtl. Nmoe tli pkstm` k` pnaoi abmvi
om`tak`ir jmr at niast 1: l prkmr tm omcpaotkm`. Omcpaotif/  tli spiokci` oap ajtir olioek`d tli siatk`d a`f ankd`ci`t a`f
riom`stktutif spiokci`s cay bi priparif by omcpaotk`d ca- eiip nmoeif u`tkn appnkoatkm` mj tli olacbir prissuri.
tirkan k` at niast skx nayirs usk`d a spnkt cmnf mj okrounar ormss 4.? Xnaoi
4.? Xnaoi tl
tlii ol
olac
acbibirr k` pm
pmsk
sktkm
tkm`
` k` tl
tlii ax
axkan
kan nm
nmaf
afk`k`d
d
siotkm` lavk`d fkci`skm`s ciitk`d tli riqukrici`ts i`ucir- fivkoi. Bi oarijun tm ankd` tli axkan nmafk`d fivkoi, tli axkan
atif k` :.1
k`  :.1.. _piokci`s cay bi omcpaotif/riom`stktutif tm tli nmaf-ciasur
nmaf-ciasurk`d
k`d fivkoi, a`f tli trkaxkan olacbir tm privi`
privi`tt tli
fiskrif fi`skty by iktlir7 ( 1) e`iafk`d mr tacpk`d iaol nayir appnkoatkm` mj a natiran jmroi tm tli pkstm` furk`d tistk`d.
appnkoatkm` tistk`d. Attaol
u`tkn tli aooucunatkvi cass mj tli smkn pnaoif k` tli cmnf ks tli prissuri-cak`tak`k`d a`f ciasurici`t fivkoi a`f finn tli
omcpaotif/riom`stktutif tm a e`mw` vmnuci5 mr (2) by afgust- olacbir wktl tli olacbir flukf. Nmoe tli pkstm` mr lmnf k`
k`d tli `ucbir mj nayirs, tli `ucbir mj tacps pir nayir, a`f pnaoi
pna oi by axka
axkann nma
nmafk`
fk`d
d fiv
fivkoi
koi bij
bijmri
mri app
appnyk
nyk`d
`d tli ola
olacbi
cbirr
tli jmroi pir tacp. Vli tmp mj iaol nayir slann bi soarkfiif prkmr prissuri.
priss uri. Afgust tli prissu
prissuri-cak`
ri-cak`tak`k`d
tak`k`d a`f ciasur
ciasurici`t
ici`t
tm tli affktkm` mj catirkan jmr tli `ixt nayir. Vli tacpir usif fivkoi tm tli fiskrif olacbir prissuri a`f appny tli prissuri
tm omcpaot tli catirkan slann lavi a fkacitir iquan tm mr niss tm tli olacb
olacbir ir flukf. Takt
Takt apprmxkcatiny
apprmxkcatiny ti` ck`ut
ck`utisis ajtir tli
tla` m`i lanj tli fkacitir mj tli cmnf. Ajtir a spiokci` ks appnkoa
app nkoatkm
tkm`
` mj olaolacbi
cbirr pri
prissu
ssuri
ri tm annm
annmw
w tli spi
spiokci
okci`` tm
jmrcif, wktl tli i`fs pirpi`fkounar tm tli nm`dktufk`an axks, stabknkzi u`fir tli olacbir prissuri prkmr tm appnkoatkm` mj tli
ricmvi tli cmnf a`f fitirck`i tli cass a`f fkci`skm`s mj tli axkan nmaf.
spio
spiokci
kci`` us
usk`
k`d
d tl
tlii fi
fivk
vkoi
oiss fi
fiso
sork
rkbi
bif
f k`   9.12   a`f   9.18.
9.18.
@MVI   11‖K` smci oasis tli olacbir wknn bi finnif a`f tli olacbir
Xirjmrc m`i mr cmri watir om`ti`t fitirck`atkm`s m` ixoiss
prissuri appnkif bijmri pnaoici`t k` tli axkan nmafk`d fivkoi.
catirkan usif tm pripari tli spiokci` k` aoomrfa`oi wktl Vist @MVI   12‖Vli waktk`d pirkmf cay `iif tm bi k`oriasif jmr smjt mr
Citlmf F221:
Citlmf  F221:.. partkanny saturatif smkns.
:.6   Ricmnfif _piokci`s‖ _piokci`s
_piokci`s cay bi priparif ik- 4.6 Y`nmoe tli pkstm`.
pkstm`. Kj tli axkan nmaf-ciasurk`d
nmaf-ciasurk`d fivkoi ks
tlir jrmc a jaknif k`taot spiokci` mr jrmc a fksturbif sacpni, nmoatif mutskfi mj tli trkaxkan olacbir, tli olacbir prissuri
prmvkfk`d kt ks riprisi`tatkvi mj tli jaknif k`taot spiokci`. K` wknnn prm
wkn prmfuo
fuoii a` upwarf
upwarf jmr
jmroi
oi m` tli pkspkstm`
tm` tlat wknn riariaot
ot
tli oasi mj jaknif k`taot spiokci`s, wrap tli catirkan k` a tlk` adak`st tli axkan nmafk`d fivkoi. K` tlks oasi, start tli tist wktl
rubbir cicbra`i a`f wmre tli catirkan tlmrmudlny wktl tli tli pks
pkstm`
tm` snkdltny
snkdltny abm
abmvi
vi tli spi
spiokc
okci`
i` oap
oap,, a`f bijmri
bijmri tli

risirvif)5 Cm` _ip ? 1<718761 IFV 281< 

Ompyrkdlt by A_VC K`t'n (ann rkdlts risirvif)5
6
1
 

F2<98 − 19

pkstm`
pkstm` omcis k` om` om`taot
taot wktl tli spiokci`
spiokci` oap
oap,, iktl
iktlir7
ir7 ( 1) cuntkpnkir
cuntkp nkir u`k
u`ktt om`
om`vir
virskm
skm`
` jao
jaotmr
tmrss ari `mt prm
prmvkf
vkfif
if k` tli
ciasuri a`f riomrf tli k`ktkan pkstm` jrkotkm` tm tlrii skd`kfioa`t iqua
iquatk
tkm`
m`ss jm
jmrr skc
skcpn
pnko
kokty
kty a`
a`ff ca
cay y bi ri
riqu
qukr
krif
if tm pr
prmv
mvkf
kfii
fkdkts a`f upwarf tlrust mj tli pkstm` prmfuoif by tli olacbir fkci`skm`an om`sksti`oy bitwii` iquatkm`s. Mtlir u`kts cay
prissuri
prissu ri a`f natir omrri
omrriot
ot tli ciasur
ciasurif
if axkan nmaf, mr (2) afgust bi usif a`f stknn bi k` om`jmrca`oi wktl tlisi tist citlmfs.
tli axkan nmaf-ciasurk`d fivkoi tm omcpi`sati jmr tli jrkotkm` <.? Ciasur
Ciasurici`ts
ici`ts a`f oanounatkm`s
oanounatkm`s slann om`tak
om`tak`
` tlrii skd-
a`f tlrust. Kj tli axkan nmaf-ciasurk`d fivkoi ks nmoatif k`skfi `kfioa`t fkdkts. Cmri skd`kfioa`t fkdkts oa` bi usif k` aoomr-
tli olacbir, kt wknn `mt bi `ioissary tm omrriot mr omcpi`sati fa`oi wktl tli orktirka istabnkslif by Xraotkoi  F:82:
 F:82:..
jmr tli upnkjt jmroi aotk`d m` tli axkan nmafk`d fivkoi mr jmr
<.6 Oanounat
Oanounatii tli axkan strak` jmr a dkvi` appnkif axkan nmaf,
nmaf,
pkstm` jrkotkm`. K` bmtl oasis riomrf tli k`ktkan riafk`d m` tli
as jmnnmws7
fijmrcatkm` k`fkoatmr wli` tli pkstm` om`taots tli spiokci`
oap.. Cia
oap Ciasur
surii tli ola
olacbi
cbirr pri
prissu
ssuri
ri a`f afg
afgust
ust kj `io
`ioissa
issary
ry.. ∊ L 
ι9 (1 )
Riomrf tli olacbir prissuri k` aoomrfa`oi wktl  wktl   9.9
9.9..  L 8

4.9 _iniot a strak` rati

rati bitwii` 8.? tm 1 % ⁆ ck`. Vli rati
rati mj  wliri7
strak` slann bi olmsi` sm tlat tli tkci tm jaknuri fmis `mt ixoiif ɕ   3 axkan
axkan strak`
strak` jmr tli
tli dkvi`
dkvi` axkan
axkan nmaf (ixp
(ixpris
rissif
sif as a
abmut 19 ck`utis. fiokcan),
 ∊ L    3 ola
ola`di
`di k` likdlt
likdlt mj spiokci`
spiokci` furk`d
furk`d nmafk`
nmafk`d
d as ria
riaf
f
@MVI  1?‖_mjtir mr pnastko catirkans wknn ixlkbkt nardir fijmrcatkm` at
jaknuri
jaknuri a`
a`f
f slslmu
munf nf bi ti
tist
stif
if at a ra
rati
ti mj st
stra
rak`
k` k` tl
tlii lk
lkdl
dlir
ir ra
ra`d
`di.
i. jrmc fijmrcatkm` k`fkoatmr, cc, a`f
Om`virsiny
Om`vir siny,, stkj
stkjjj mr brkttn
brkttnii catir
catirkans
kans wknn ixlkbk
ixlkbktt scann fijmrcatkm`s
fijmrcatkm`s at  L 8   3 k`kt
k`ktkan
kan likdlt
likdlt mj tist spiokci`
spiokci` ck`us
ck`us a`y ola`di
ola`di k`
jaknuri (niss tla` : % axkan strak`) a`f slmunf bi tistif at a rati mj strak` ni`dtl prkmr tm nmafk`d, cc.
k` tli nmwir ra`di.
<.9 Oano
Oanounat
unatii tli avi
avirad
radii orm
ormss-
ss-sio
siotkm`
tkm`an
an aria jmr a dkv
dkvi`
i`
4.: Riomrf nmaf a`f fijmrcatkm`
fijmrcatkm` vanuis
vanuis tm tlrii skd`kfioa`t appnkif axkan nmaf as jmnnmws7
fkdkts
fkdkts a`f tkci tm tli `iarist
`iarist sio
siom`f
m`f.. Kj fis
fiskri
krif,
f, ola
olacbi
cbirr
 A 8
prissuri riafk`ds cay bi mbtak`if at iaol riafk`d a`f wknn  A 9   (2 )
`idati tli riqukrici`t jmr a` k`ktkan a`f fi`an olacbir riafk`d. ~1   2   ι!

Vaei sujjkoki`t riafk`ds tm fifi`i tli striss-strak` ourvi5 li`oi, wliri7

cmri jriqui`t riafk`ds cay bi riqukrif k` tli iarny stadis mj   A   3 aviradi
aviradi ormss
ormss-siotkm`an aria, c2 a`f
-siotkm`an
tli tist a`f as jak
jaknur
nurii ks app
apprma
rmaoli
olif.
f. Vypk
ypkoann
oanny
y, ria
riafk`
fk`ds
ds at  Am   3 k`k
k`ktkan
tkan avira
aviradi
di ormss-siot
ormss-siotkm`
km`an
an ari
ariaa mj tli spi
spiokci
okci`,
`,
abmut 8.1, 8.2, 8.?, 8.6, a`f 8.9 % strak`5 tli` at k`orici`ts mj  c.2

abmut 8.9 % strak` tm ? %5 a`f, tliriajtir at iviry 1 % fifi`i @MVI   16‖K` tli ivi`t tlat tli appnkoatkm` mj tli olacbir prissuri
tli ourvi afiquatiny. risunts k` a ola`di k` tli spiokci` ni`dtl,   Am, slmunf bi omrriotif tm
rifliot tlks ola`di k` vmnuci. Jriqui`tny, tlks ks fm`i by assuck`d tlat
4.4 Om`tk`
Om`tk`ui
ui tli nmafk`d tm 19 % axkan strak`, mr wli` tli natiran strak`s ari iquan tm virtkoan strak`s. Vli fkaci
fkacitir
tir ajtir vmnuc
vmnucii
prk`okpan striss fkjjiri`oi
prk`okpan fkjjiri`oi (fivkatmr striss) las piaeif tli` ola`di wmunf bi dkvi` by  F 3 F m  (1 −  ∊
 L/L 
).
).
frmppif by cmri tla` 28 %, mr tli axkan strak` las riaolif at <.: Oanounat
Oanounatii tli ciasurif prk`okpan striss fkjjiri`oi
fkjjiri`oi (fi-
niast 9 % biym`f tli strak` at wlkol tli piae k` prk`okpan striss vkatmr striss), jmr a dkvi` appnkif axkan nmaf as jmnnmws7
fkjjiri`oi (fivkatmr striss) moourrif.
X
4.< Kj olacbir prissuri
prissuri riafk`ds wiri `mt riomrfif furk`d Ϗ1 2 Ϗ? 9   (? )
 A
omcprisskm` tistk`d, riomrf tli olacbir prissuri at tli i`f mj 
tli tist. wliri7
 Ϗ ?   3 ciasur
Ϗ 1  ‟  Ϗ  ciasurif if prk
prk`ok
`okpan
pan str
striss
iss fkj
fkjjir
jiri`o
i`oii (fi
(fivka
vkatmr
tmr
2
4.; Ajtir omcpnitkm`
omcpnitkm` mj tli tist, ricmvi tli tist spiokci` striss),
striss), e@/c 3 eXa
jrmc tli ola
jrmc olacbi
cbirr. Fit
Fitirc
irck`i
k`i tli wat
watir
ir om`
om`ti`t
ti`t mj tli tist X   3 cia
ciasur
surifif app
appnkif
nkif axk
axkan
an nmaf (om
(omrri
rriotif
otif jmr upn
upnkjt
kjt
spiokci`
spiokci ` k` aoomrf
aoomrfa`oi
a`oi wktl Vist Citlm
Citlmff   F221:   usk`d tli a`f pkstm` jrkotkm`, kj riqukrif as mbtak`if k`  4.6
 4.6),
),
i`tkri spiokci`, kj pmsskbni. e@, a`f
4.18 Xrkmr tm pnaok`d tli spiokci` (mr pmrtkm` tlirimj) k` tli  A   3 omrri
omrrispm`f
spm`fk`d
k`d avirad
aviradii ormss-
ormss-siotkm` an aria, c2.
siotkm`an
mvi`
mv i` tm fr
fry
y, se
seito
itol
l a pk
pkot
otur
urii mr tae
taeii a pl
plmt
mtmd
mdra
rapl
pl mj tltlii <.4   _triss-_trak` Ourvi‖ Xripari
Xripari a drapl slmwk`d tli rina-
spiokci` slmwk`d tli cmfi mj jaknuri (sliar pna`i, bundk`d, tkm`slkp bitwii` prk`okpan striss fkjjiri`oi
tkm`slkp fkjjiri`oi (fivk
(fivkatmr
atmr striss
striss))
ito.). a`f axkan strak`, pnmttk`d fivkatmr striss as mrfk`ati a`f axkan
strak`
strak` (k` pirpiroi`
oi`t)
t) as abs
absoks
okssa.
sa. _in
_iniot
iot tli u`o u`om`s
m`smnkmnkfat
fatif-
if-
<. Oano
Oanounat
unatkm`
km` u`frak`if omcprisskvi stri`dtl a`f axkan strak` at jaknuri k`
<.1 Oanouna
Oanounatkm`s
tkm`s as slmw` ari basif m` tli usi mj _K u`kts. aoomrfa`oi wktl tli fifi`ktkm`s k`  ?.2.1
 ?.2.1   a`f
a`f ?.2.2
 ?.2.2..
Mtlir u`kts ari pircksskbni, prmvkfif tli apprmprkati om`vir- <.<  Omrriotkm` jmr Rubbir Cicbra`i‖ Vli Vli jmnnmwk`d iqua-
skm` jaotmrs ari usif tm cak`tak` om`sksti`oy mj u`kts tlrmudl- tkm`
tkm` sla
slann
nn bi usi
usif
f tm omr
omrrio
riott tli prk
prk`ok
`okpan
pan str
striss
iss fkj
fkjjir
jiri`o
i`oii
mut tli oanounatkm`s. _ii 1.6.1
_ii  1.6.1 jmr
 jmr affktkm`an omcci`ts m` tli (fivkatmr striss) jmr tli ijjiot mj tli rubbir cicbra`i kj tli
usi mj k`ol-pmu`f u`kts. irrmr k` prk`okpan striss fkjjiri`oi (fivkatmr striss) fui tm tli
<.2 Iquat
Iquatkm`s
km`s ari prisi`tif usk`d a sk`dni a`f fkci`s
fkci`skm`-
km`- stri`dtl mj tli cicbra`i ixoiifs 9 %7
anny om`sksti`t sit mj u`kts. Iaol iquatkm` caeis usi mj tli 6 I c t c ι 1
cmst om`vi`ki`t u`kt jmr iaol varkabni k` tli oanounatkm`. Vli ~
∊ Ϗ1   2   Ϗ? ! c
9
 F
  (6 )

risirvif)5 Cm` _ip ? 1<718761 IFV 281< 

Ompyrkdlt by A_VC K`t'n (ann rkdlts risirvif)5
9
1
 

F2<98 − 19

wliri7 ;.2 Riomrf as a ck`kcuc tli jmnnmwk`d di`iran

di`iran k`jmrcatkm`
k`jmrcatkm`
 ∊(Ϗ1  −  Ϗ ?)c   3 cicbra
cicbra`i `i omrriotkm
omrriotkm`` tm bi sub
subtra
traotif
otif jrmc
jrmc (fata)7
tli ciasurif prk`okpan striss fkjjiri`oi, ;.2.1
;.2.1 Kfi
Kfi`tkfi
`tkfioatk
oatkm`
m` fat
fataa a`f vks
vksuan
uan fis
fisork
orkptkm
ptkm`` (Xr
(Xraotk
aotkoi
oi
 F   3   36 A / ψ  fkacitir mj spiokci`, c, F26<<   mr, kj tli k`jmrcatkm` ks avaknabni, Xraotkoi  F26<4
F26<<  F26<4)) mj 
 I c   3 [mu`d‛
[mu`d‛ss cmfun
cmfunus
us jmr tli cicbr
cicbra`i
a`i catirkan
catirkan,, spiokci` k`onufk`d smkn onasskfioatkm` a`f wlitlir tli spiok-
e@/c2 3 eXa, ci` ks k`taot, omcpaotif/riom`stktutif, ricmnfif, mr mtlirwksi
t c   3 tlkoe`i
tlkoe`issss mj tli cic
cicbra
bra`i,
`i, c, a`f priparif,
ι1   3 axkan strak` (fiokc
(fiokcan
an jmrca
jmrcat).
t). ;.2.2 Zanuis mj pnastko nkckt a`f nkqukf nkckt, kj fitirc
fitirck`if,
k`if,
<.<.1 Vli [mu`d
[mu`d‛‛s cmfu
cmfunus
nus mj tli rubbir cicbra`i ( I c) k` aoomrfa`oi wktl Vist Citlmfs F6?1<
Citlmfs  F6?1<,,
cay bi fitirck`if by la`dk`d a 19.8 cc (8.: k`.) okroucjir- ;.2.? Zanui mj spiokfio dravkty mj smnkfs a`f `mtatkm` kj tli
i`tkan strkp mj cicbra`i mvir a tlk` rmf, pnaok`d a`mtlir rmf vanui was fitirck`if k` aoomrfa`oi wktl Vist Citlmfs  F<96
tlrmudl tli bmttmc mj tli la`dk`d cicbra`i, a`f ciasurk`d mr assucif,
tli jmroi pir u`kt strak` mbtak`if by stritolk`d tli cicbra`i. ;.2.6
;.2 .6 Xar
Xartkon
tkoni-s
i-skzi
kzi a`a
a`anys
nysks,
ks, kj fit
fitirc
irck`i
k`if,
f, k` aoom
aoomrfa
rfa`oi
`oi
Vli cmf
cmfunuunuss van
vanui
ui cay bi omc
omcput
putif
if usk
usk`d
`d tli jmn
jmnnmw
nmwk`d
k`d wktl Vist Citlmf F622
Citlmf  F622   mr mr F:;1?
 F:;1?,,
iquatkm`7 ;.2.9 Avirad
viradii k`ktkan likdl
likdltt a`f fkaciti
fkacitirr mj tli spiokci`.

_ F
  J 
 A c
;.2.:
;.2
om`ti`
om`
.: K`k
ti`t,
K`ktkan
tkan spi
t, a`f satu
spiokci
okci`
saturat
ratkm`
` fry u`kt wik
km`.. (_p
(_piokj
iokjy
wikdlt
dlt,, vmk
y kj tli wati
vmkf
f rat
ratkm,
watirr om`
km, wat
om`ti`
watir
ir
ti`tt was
 I c 9   (9 )
_  F
 ∊ N
 N
mbta
mb tak`
k`if
if jr
spiokci`.),
jrmc
mc ou outtk
ttk`d
`ds,
s, ix
ixoi
oiss
ss ca
cati
tirk
rkan,
an, mr tl
tlii i`i`tkr
tkrii

wliri7 ;.2.4
;.2 .4 Vabu
Vabunatk
natkm`
m` mj ria riafk`
fk`ds
ds mj nma
nmaf,
f, fij
fijmrc
mrcatkm
atkm`,
`, a`f
 I c   3 [mu`d
mu`d‛‛s cmfunus
cmfunus mj tli cicbra`i catirkan, e@/c2 3
cicbra`i catirkan, olacbir prissuri, kj riomrfif at iaol riafk`d.
eXa, ;.2.< K`ktkan a`f fi`an ciasurici`ts
ciasurici`ts mj olacbir prissuri
prissuri kj 
J    3 jmroi appnkif tm stritol
stritol tli
tli cicbra`i,
cicbra`i, ed
ed cass tkcis `mt riomrfif at iaol riafk`d.
2

;.<8<4 c/s 3 @, ;.2.; Rati mj axkan strak`, piroi`t

piroi`t pir ck`uti,
 N   3 u`stritolif
u`str itolif ni`dtl mj tli cicbr
cicbra`i,
a`i, c, ;.2.18
;.2.18 Axkan strak` at jaknuri, piroi`t,
piroi`t,
 ∊ N   3 ola`dii k` ni`dtl
ola`d ni`dtl mj tli cicbra`i
cicbra`i fui tm appnkif jmroi
;.2.11
;.2.11 Vli vanui mj tli omcpr
omcprisskvi
isskvi stri`dtl
stri`dtl a`f tli vanuis
(J ),
) , c,
mj tli ck`mr a`f cagmr prk`okpan strissis at jaknuri, (K`fkoati
 Ac   3 ariaa mj tli
ari tli cicb ra`ii 3 2t cT s, c2, a`f
cicbra`
T s   3 wkftl
wkf tl mj okr
okrouc
oucjir
jiri`t
i`tkan
kan strkp mj cicbra`i
cicbra`i,, 19 cc wli` vanuis lavi bii` omrriotif jmr cicbra`i ijjiots),
(8.: k`.). ;.2.12
;.2.12 _triss-
_triss-strak`
strak` ourvi as fisorkbif k` 
k`   <.4
<.4,,
A typkoan vanui mj  I 
 I c  jmr natix cicbra`i ks 1688 eXa (28? ;.2.1?
;.2.1? Jaknuri seitol mr plmtmdrapl
plmtmdrapl mj tli spiokc
spiokci`,
i`, a`f
nbj/k`.2). ;.2.16
;.2.16 Ricares a`f `mtatkm`s
`mtatkm`s ridarfk`d a`y u`usuan om`fk-
tkm`s suol as snkoei`skfis, stratkfioatkm`, slinns, pibbnis, rmmts,
@MVI   19‖Vli ijjiot mj tli stkjj`iss mj tli cicbra`i m` tli natiran
ito., mr mtlir k`jmrcatkm` `ioissary tm prmpirny k`tirprit tli
striss ks usuanny assucif tm bi `idnkdkbni.
@MVI 1:‖Vli omrriotkm` jmr rubbir cicbra`is ks basif m` skcpnkfiif risunts mbtak`if k`onufk`d a`y fiparturis jrmc tli prmoifuri
assucptkm`s om`oir`k`d tlikr bilavkmr furk`d sliar. Vlikr aotuan bilavkmr mutnk`if.
ks omcpnix, a`f tliri ks `mt a om`si`sus m` cmri ixaot omrriotkm`s.
<.; Oano
Oanouna
unati
ti tli cagm
cagmrr a`f ck`mr prk
prk`okp
`okpan
an tmta
tmtann str
striss
issis
is 18. Xri
Xrioksk
okskm`
m` a`f Bkas

a`f u`om`smnkfatif-u`frak`if omcprisskvi stri`dtl at jaknuri 18.1   Xriokskm`‖ Vist

Vist fata m` priokskm` ks `mt prisi`tif fui
as jmnnmws7
tm tli `aturi mj tli smkn catirkans tistif by tlks tist citlmf. Kt
Ϗ1O  3 cagmr prk`okpan tmtan striss omrriotif 3 fivkatmr striss
ks iktlir `mt jiaskbni mr tmm omstny at tlks tkci tm lavi ti` mr
at ja
jaknu
knuri
ri ck`
ck`us
us tl
tlii cic
cicbr bra`i
a`i om
omrr
rriot
iotkm`
km` pn
pnus
us ol
olacb
acbirir
cmri nabmratmrkis partkokpati k` a rmu`f-rmbk` tistk`d prmdrac.
prissuri, a`f
Ansm, kt ks iktlir `mt jiaskbni mr tmm omstny tm prmfuoi cuntkpni
Ϗ?  3 ck`mr prk`okpan tmtan striss 3 olacbir prissuri.
spiokci`s tlat lavi u`kjmrc plyskoan prmpirtkis. A`y varkatkm`
Y`om`smnkfatif-Y`frak`if Omcprisskvi _tri`dtl at Jaknuri mbsirvif k` tli fata ks gust as nkeiny tm bi fui tm spiokci`
9 □□ □ Ϗ 1 O  2 Ϗ ?   (: ) varkatkm` as tm mpiratmr mr nabmratmry tistk`d varkatkm`.
<.18
<.18 Oano
Oanounat
unatii tli k`ktkan
k`ktkan fid
fidrii
rii mj satu
saturat
ratkm`
km` mj tli tist 18.1.1 _ubomcckttii F1<.89 ks siiek`d a`y fata jrmc usirs
spiokci` usk`d tli k`ktkan cass, fkci`skm`s, a`f watir om`ti`t. mj tlks titist
st ci
citl
tlmf
mf tlat ckdlt
ckdlt bi ususif
if tm cae
caeii a nkc
nkckti
ktif
f
statici`t m` priokskm`.
@MVI   14‖Vli
14‖Vli spiokfi
spiokfioo dravkt
dravkty
y fitirc
fitirck`if
k`if k` aoomrf
aoomrfa`oi
a`oi wktl Vi
Vist
st
Citlmfs  F<96 ks
Citlmfs F<96  ks riqukrif jmr oanounatkm` mj tli saturatkm`. A` assucif 18.2   Bkas‖ Vliri
Vliri ks `m aooiptif rijiri`oi vanui jmr tlks tist
spiokfio dravkty cay bi usif prmvkfif kt ks `mtif k` tli tist ripmrt tlat a` citlmf5 tlirijmri, bkas oa``mt bi fitirck`if.
assucif vanui was usif.

;. Ripmrt7 Vist
Vist Fata _liit(s)/Jmrc(s) 11. Eiywmrfs
;.1 Vli citlmfmnmdy
citlmfmnmdy usif
usif tm spiokjy lmw fata ari riomrfif
riomrfif 11.1
11.1 oml
omliskv
iskvii smk
smkn5
n5 nati
natiran
ran om`
om`fi`i
fi`ici`
ci`t5t5 stra
strak`-
k`-om`
om`trm
trmnnif
nnif
m` tli fata sliit(s)/jmrc(s, as dkvi` binmw, ks omvirif k`   1.? nmafk`d5
nmafk`d5 striss
striss-strak`
-strak` rinatkm`slkps5
rinatkm`slkps5 tmtan strissi
strissis5
s5 u`om`
u`om`smnk-
smnk-
a`f Xraotkoi F:82:
Xraotkoi  F:82:.. fatif u`frak`if stri`dtl

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Ompyrkdlt by A_VC K`t'n (ann rkdlts risirvif)5
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F2<98 − 19

_YCCAR[ MJ OLA@DI_

K` aoomrfa`oi wktl Omcckttii F1< pmnkoy, tlks siotkm` kfi`tkfiis tli nmoatkm` mj ola`dis tm tlks sta`farf sk`oi
tli nast ifktkm` (288? (Riapprmvif 2884)) tlat cay kcpaot tli usi mj tlks sta`farf. (@mvicbir 1, 2819)

(1)  Ola`dif „u`fksturbif–

„u`fksturbif– tm „k`taot.
„k`taot.–– (9)  Onarkfiif tli prmoif
prmoifuri.
uri.
(2)  Affif cmri k`jmrcatkm` ridarfk`d Cmlr jaknuri i`vinmpis. (:)  Ciasurici`t mj olacbir prissuri was riqukrif.
(?)   Rivksif tli apparatus riqukrici`ts wktl a` icplasks m` (4)  Affif u`kts a`f skd`kfioa`t fkdkt riqukrici`ts.
riqukrici`ts ratlir tla` pkiois mj iqukpci` tlat omunf bi usif
tm ciit tli riqukrici`ts.
(6)   Ric
Ricmvi
mvif f tli mpt
mptkm`
km` jmr usk
usk`d
`d omc
omcpao
paotif/
tif/rio
riom`s
m`stktu
tktutif
tif
spio
spiokcikci`s
`s55 a`
a`f
f ri
ripn
pnao
aoif
if wkt
wktl
l a` mpmptkm
tkm`
` tm ti
tist
st ri
ricm
cmnfnfif
if
spiokci`s.

A_VC K`tir`atkm`an
K`tir`atkm`an taeis `m pmsktk
pmsktkm`
m` rispiotk`d tli vankfk
vankfkty
ty mj a`y pati`t rkdlts assirt
assirtif
if k` om``io
om``iotkm`
tkm` wktl a`y ktic ci`tkm
ci`tkm`if 
`if 
k` tlks sta`farf. Ysirs mj tlks sta`farf ari ixprissny afvksif tlat fitirck`atkm` mj tli vankfkty mj a`y suol pati`t rkdlts, a`f tli rkse 
mj k`jrk`dici`t mj suol rkdlts, ari i`tkriny tlikr mw` rispm`skbknkty.

Vlks sta`farf ks subgiot tm rivkskm` at a`y tkci by tli rispm`skbni tiol`koan omcckttii a`f cust bi rivkiwif iviry fivi yiars a`f 
kj `mt rivksif, iktlir riapprmvif mr wktlfraw`. [mur omcci`ts ari k`vktif iktlir jmr rivkskm` mj tlks sta`farf mr jmr affktkm`an sta`farfs 
a`f slmunf bi affrissif tm A_VC K`tir`atkm`an Liafquartirs. [mur omcci`ts wknn rioikvi oarijun om`skfiratkm` at a ciitk`d mj tli 
rispm`skbni
rispm` skbni tiol`koan
tiol`koan omcckttii, wlkol ymu cay atti`f. Kj ymu jiin tlat ymur omcci`ts lavi `mt rioikv
rioikvif
if a jakr liark`d ymu slmunf 
caei ymur vkiws e`mw` tm tli A_VC Omcckttii m` _ta`farfs, at tli affriss slmw` binmw.

Vlks sta`farf ks ompyrkdltif by A_VC K`tir`atkm`an, 188 Barr Larbmr Frkvi, XM Bmx O488, Tist Om`slmlmoei`, XA 1;62<-2;9;,
Y`ktif _tatis. K`fkvkfuan riprk`ts (sk`dni mr cuntkpni ompkis) mj tlks sta`farf cay bi mbtak`if by om`taotk`d A_VC at tli abmvi 
affriss
affriss mr at :18-
:18-<?2-
<?2-;9<9
;9<9 (plm
(plm`i),
`i), :18-
:18-<?2-
<?2-;999
;999 (jax
(jax),
), mr sirv
sirvkoiH
koiHastc
astc.mrd
.mrd (i-c
(i-cakn)
akn)55 mr tlrm
tlrmudl
udl tli A_VC wibs
wibskti 
kti 
(www.astc.
(www .astc.mrd).
mrd). Xircksskm`
Xircksskm` rkdlts tm plmtmompy tli sta`fa
sta`farf
rf cay ansm bi siouri
siourif
f jrmc tli Ompyrk
Ompyrkdlt
dlt Oniara`oi Oi`tir,
Oi`tir, 222 
Rmsiwmmf Frkvi, Fa`virs, CA 81;2?, Vin7 (;4<) :6:-2:885 lttp7//www.ompyrkdlt.omc/ 

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