INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL CITATION I. Use of Citations Li. 12. 13. 14, Citation is particularly essential in the legal profession because legal analyses depend on the examination of binding rules and norms. Thus, it is imperative to determine with precision what these rules and norms are. Citation facilitates this determination. Accordingly, citations serve at least three (3) purposes. First, it provides support or contrast to assertions. Second, it allows proper attribution of non-original input. Third, it helps readers identify sources for further study or research. To achieve these purposes, this Guide emphasizes pinpoint citation, i.e., directing the reader to the specific portion (e.g., paragraph number, section, or page) of a source, accurately. A pinpoint citation is complete when a reader is given sufficient information to locate and to verify the source, when that source is physically or virtually accessible to the reader. This Guide, however, is not meant to be rigid and inflexible, as no citation guide can completely cover all materials imaginable. When confronted with materials for which no specific citation rule squarely applies, the solution is to use analogous rules, bearing in mind the purposes of legal citation. II. About this Guide 1. 1.2, This Guide is intended for use as footnotes. It is divided into four (4) parts: Primary Authorities, Secondary Authorities, International Materials, and General Rules of Usage. It is advised that the General Rules of Usage are read first for a complete grasp of citation rules. The rules contained here were derived from the BLUEBOOK: A UniForM SYSTEM OF CrTaTION (19th ed. 2010), and modified for Philippine practice by taking in consideration the MANUAL OF Jupicta WarTinc (2005) by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.ATENEO LAW JOURNAL PRIMARY AUTHORITIES Primary authorities are statements of law that issue from the sovere body, the legistature, the courts, or any other body with official to issue or to clarify rules within its jurisdiction. eign Capacity The rules provided in this Part are applicable to both domestic and foreign primary authorities. International materials, however, have their own citation formats which shall be dealt with later in this Guide. A, Constitutions i. Incumbent Constitutions 14. Cite incumbent constitutions as: {ABBREVIATED STATE oR Country Name} Consr. {pinpoint citation}. PHU. CONST. art, VI, § 1. ; PHIL. CONST. art. VI, § 11, para. 2 & art. IX, § 2, para. 3 US. Const. art. I, § 2. &_ MYAN. Const. § 404 (a)... See ue wR 12. Constitutions must always be cited in full, even in subsequent GFations. Do not use supra or Ja, 13: Plase refer to Part IV, Section V of this Guide for proper standing of pinpoint citation and subdivision symbols. 14, Please see also - ae the Annex for the list of abbreviated State 45. Const. Is In a fo : format known as smaLL caps, If you are using ton oo ee Windows, you may press CTRL + SHIFT + K + Kin Mac) to change the text to SMALL CAPS 24. 2.2. 3.1. 3.2, PRIMARY AUTHORITIES 3 2. Repealed Constitutions ‘epealed constitutions as: {Year of adoption} Gasesnaces Stave on COUNTRY NaME} Const. {pinpoint citation} (superseded {year})- 5. 1935 PHIL. CONST. art. I, § t (superseded 1973)- 61973 PHIL. CONST. art, II, § 1 (superseded 1987). Likewise, repealed constitutions must always be cited in full, ‘even in subsequent citations. Do not use supra or Id, 3. Records of Constitutional Proceedings The initial citation format for records and joumals of constitutional proceedings is as follows: {Volume number, if any} {OFFICIAL TITLE OF THE RECORD OR JOURNAL}, {SESSION Numser, iF ANY}, {pinpoint citation} ({year}) ({Abbreviated State or Country Name}). The volume number must be in Arabic Numerals. There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine constitutional proceeding, or if it is evident from its official title. 3 JOURNAL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, NO. 91, at 1033 (1934). 8. OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE DEBATES OF THE || AUSTRALASIAN FEDERAL CONVENTION, 2D SESS., at 9° BS. (1890). - i fe For subsequent citations, follow this format: {Volume Number} {Apereviateo Tre}, {PERTINENT CONSTITUTION}, {Session numBeR}, {pinpoint citation}. 3.2.1. Follow the rules under Section A on Constitutions in citing the Constitution pertinent to the journal or record being cited,ATENEO LAW JOURNAL 9. 2 JOURNAL, 1935 PHIL. CONST., at 1075, yo. RECORD, AUSTL. CONST., 2D. SESS., at 5, u. Hd. 33, Donot use supra, but Jd. may be used when proper, 45. B. Codes and Statutes 4.6. 4. Codes 4.1, The intial citation format for Codes is as follows: {Full Title} {Storr Tme}], {statute number}, {pinpoint citation} {{publisher, if not published by State officials} {year}) ({Abbreviated State or Country Name}). 4.1.1. There is no need to indicate the country name if Its @ Sa Philippine Code. Hz. An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penil Livi [REVISED PENAL CODE], Act No. 3815, art. 2 (1932). 5.2. 13. Code Pénal [C. pin], art. rr1-1 (Fr.) 14. Penal Code of California [CAL. PENAL Cope}, § 25 (West © 2011) (U.S). - ‘ A 42. Follow the shor tite used in the Code itself, unless the Com has a well-known short title as listed in the Annex of this a Tf no short title is provided, or if the code has no well-kn0" short title, do not indicate any. 43, The SHoer Tm i Cove, INTEL: 's in MALL caps (@.g., REVISED PENAL SEP Prop. Cope, Civ. Code, LABOR oe ‘et al,). The short 0 bein abbreviated form. Refer to the Annex for seletee ‘abbreviations, fe 44, ” If the Code’s short title includes “of the prntipoines the phrase pe CoE Such must be omitted (e.g, “Lapon Cove” instead fH" OF THE PHILIPPINES”), ¥: PRIMARY AUTHORITIES 5 1s. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of Philippines [Civ Cope], Republic Act No. 386 (1950) For subsequent citations, follow this format: {SHORT Trrte}, {pinpoint citation}. Do not use supra, but Jd. may be used when proper. 16, REVISED PENAL CODE, arts. 171-173. ra 17. Id. art. 180, para. 2. i 18. CAL. PENAL CODE, § 95 (@). 3 19, C.PEN,, ants, xrr & 132. heii ia 5. Statutes The initial citation format for statutes, other than codes, is as follows: {Full Title} [{Short Title, if any}], {statute number}, {pinpoint citation} ({year}) ({Abbreviated State or Country Name}). Note that the short title for statutes is in ordinary Roman font, ot SMALL CAPS, Follow the short title used in the statute itself. If no short title is provided, do not indicate any. 0. An Act Defining Violence Against Women and ‘Theit Children, Providing for Protective Measures for Victims,' Prescribing Penalties Therefore, and for Other Purposes [Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004}, Republic Act No, 9262, § 8 (2004). j 21. An Act Reducing the Retirement Age of Surface Mine > "Workers from Sixty (60) to Fifty (so) Years, Amending for, |. the Purpose Article 302 of Presidential Decree No. 442, a8 fb Amended, Otherwise Known as the “Labor Code of the s Philippines”, Republic Act No. 10757, §2 (2015), asi ‘Similarly, there is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine law,5.4. 55. 5.6. 6.1, ATENEO LAW JOURNAL statute has no official short title, | ve used to indicate the name for net a luded in even if a fons May i exleatio better known. This explanation may be inci Subsequent citations for clarity. 2, An Act surcogthening, : cm Cesehenin . orm Progam (CARP), Extending the Acquis! Reign of all Agricultural Lands, Tstcuting Neon Reforms, Amending for the Purpose Certain Provisions © Republic Act No. 6657, Otherwise Known a af Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988, g Amended, and Appropriating Funds Therefor, Republi ‘Act No. 9700, § 3 (2009) (also known as the CARPER Act). ee | For subsequent citations, follow this format: {Short Title or statute number}, {pinpoint citation}. ‘Do not use supra, but Jd. may be used when proper. 23. Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children’ 2004, § 15. ag. Republic Act No. 10757, § 4: 25. Republic Act No. 9700, § 2 {also known as the CARPER ban Act) s ee 6. Amendment, Repeal, and Invalidation of Statutes FF a code or statute has undergone express amendments; Parenthetically indicate this fact. 6.1.1, This parenthetical indication may be ornite! Subsequent citations, if not necessary to the text 36-"A Deciee Tnstating a Fabot Cade Theteby Revisit a «Consolidating Labor and Social Laws to Afford Prot | 2 Tabor, Promote Employment and Humas Beco § Development and Insure Industrial Peace Based 0” ("4 Justice (Lanon Cons}, Presidential Decree No 4°. Bing DON Comm, Presi Denes 6.2. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES 7 27. Hd. ; ee When citing a statute no longer in force, parenthetically indicate the year when it has been repealed or invalidated in jurisprudence. 6.2.1. Always include the parenthetical note of repeal or invalidation in subsequent citations, except the year and the pertinent case. 6.2.2. But there is no need for such indication when using Za. 28. An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Law? [REVISED PENAL Cone], Act No. 3815, § 202 (1930): {repealed 2011). 4 29. Id. 4 30. An Act Providing for a National Policy on Resporisible’ Parenthood and Reproductive Health [The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2013); Republic Act No. 10354, § 23 (a) (1) (2012) Gnvalidated by Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr., 721 SCRA 146 (2014)). 31, Republic Act No. 7659 (repealed). 32. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, § 23 (a)-(3) (invalidated)... 2s C. Local and Foreign Cases 71 7. Reported Cases The Initial citation format for reported cases is as follows: {Case Title}, {volume number} {abbreviated name of reporter} {first page of the report}, {pinpoint citation} ({court abbreviation} {year}) ({Abbreviated State or Country Name}). 33. People of the Philippines v. Alex Uliba, 169 0.6415, 432 i (CA 2013), ts pasts iu 372. 73 74. 75, 76, 77. ATENEO LAW JOURNAL ya. DeBoer v. Snyder, 772 F.3d 388, 305 US). ys. Jones ¥. Hallahan, sor SWead 588 (Ky. Cr US). App. roy) (6th Cit, agi iy a ‘There is no need to indicate the deciding court if the ca decided or resolved by the highest court ofa State or count 46. National Federation of Independent Business ii 142 S. Ct. 2566, 2577 (2012) (U.S.), + SO 37. Kain v. Hutton, 3 N.Z.LR. 589 (2008) (NZ). 4 Likewise, there Is no need to indicate the country if it is a Philippine case, or if it is apparent from the name of the reporter. 38. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 109 (2000). 39, Marcos, Jr. v. Republic, 719 SCRA 1 (2014). 40. People v. Echegaray, 257 SCRA 561, 567 (1990)... Preferably, cite from the official reporters in a State, A commercial reporter may be cited only when it Is certain that it is a faithful reproduction of court decisions or resolutions. 7.4.1. In the Philippines, the official reporter of cases Is the Philippine Reports (Phil.). The Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA) is a commercial reporter, not an official reporter. When citing a case, omit the names of all the other that 5 parties tho first listed from the contending sides. If the case be iow Bes consolidation of two or more actions, cite only the For subsequent citati E mt format: {Abbre! Case Title}, {volume mbar} i ane ; e number} {abbreviated " Teporter} {pinpoint citation}. ae Do not use supra, but Jct may be used when proper: Manos, Je, 79 SCRA at 3. 7.8 PRIMARY AUTHORITIES 9 42. Bush, 53 US. at 139 . 4 43. Ud. Abbreviate case titles In a way that would not cause ambiguity br confusion with other cited cases. 4a. People v. Jumawan, 772 SCRA 108 (2014): 3 ‘a5. Echegaroy, 257 SCRA at $67- 46. Jumawan, 72 SCRA at 134- 47. Td. 3 8. Cases Available Online under Official Domain Names “This rule applies only to cases available in official domain names Y etates. In the Philippines, the official domain name for the Judiciary Is www.judiciary.gov.ph. Under this domain name af the offidal websites of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, the Court of Tax Appeals, and the Sandiganbayan, Do not cite case texts found in any other domain or website. 8.2.1. As an exception, cases faithfully reproduced by commercial electronic databases may be cited using Rule 9 of this Guide. “The initial citation format for cases available online under official domain names is as follows: {Case Title}, {case or docket number}, {date}, {pinpoint citation}, avai/able at {internet address} (last accessed {date}) ({Abbreviated State or Country Name}). 48. Canadian Pacific Railway Co. v. Canada, 36223, Jan. 15, 2016, %| 3, available at hesp://scc-cse.lexum.com/scc-cse/sce ~esc/en/1$695/1/document.do (last accessed May 1, 2076), (Can). 49. Leung Hon Wai v. Director of Environmental Protection, FACV 2/2015, Dec, 18, 2015, available at htep://legalref. judiciary.gov.hk/Irs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS= 10188 ke. 2&ccumpage=T (last accessed Feb. 14, 2016) (HK)8.4. 8.5. 86. ATENEO LAW JOURNAL There is no need to indicate the name of the country if Philippine case. isa so. Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commisioi on Elections, GR. No. 221697, Mar. 8, ee smalale at ttp://se judiciary. gow ph/pat/web/mect sii xf hitipeidence/ 201 S/marchasie/aatre es (last accesed Apr. 18, 2016). pat For subsequent cltations, follow this format: {Abby Case Title}, {case or docket number}, ies citation}. point Do not use supra, but Zd. may be used when proper. 1. Leung Hon Wei, PACV 2/2015. 2016, at 16-17 8 For subsequent citations, u fesn Ise supra. Id. may also be used when 43. Signed Newspaper Articles in Print The initial citation format for signed tices In print is a follons: {author}, {Headline}, CABBREVIATION OF Newsparen}, {date}, {pinpoint citation}. 793. sion Simile & Melissa Eddy, Gennany Cracks Down on FS ight With Amests and a Trial, N. a 8 and a Trial, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 19, 2016, 194, Di Z. Pazzibugan, Ongpin et al. probed én PyB Meralis fal, PHIL. DAILY INQ., Sep. 25, 2018, aL AF. + ee34 43.2. ATENEO LAW JOURNAL For subsequent citations, use supra. K proper. a MY als be use 1gs. Smale & Eddy, supra note 193, at Ato, 196. Id. K. Internet Sources 44.2. 44.3. 44, Internet Sources in General This is the general rule when citing internet so Rese Aries riine 2nd Role 46 ion Soda meet ‘exceptions to this general rule. wee Typically, citations under this Rule point to sources that were generated by owners or managers of web pages or domains. also includes internet sources in Portable Digital Format (PDF) ‘The Initial citation format for internet sources In general & follows: {Author or Organization, if any}, Tite) ({description of material, if necessary}) {pinpoint citation, if possible}, available at {internet address} (last accessed {date}). 197. Amir Paivar, What lifting Tean sanctions. means Toc wot markets, available at wwwbbc.com/news PSE: 35317159 (last accessed Apr. 21, 2016) rier Ret 198. Dr. Chris McGrath, Wl we leave the Great But for our children? (A Research Paper Published Ory, the International Union for Conservator of Neh salable at bitp://emssdata5ucn.orB/ SOPHO ye megrath__will_we_leave_the. _great_ barter Fee hildeen.paf (ast accessed Feb. 275 2015)- gol 199. United States Department of Aico 6 Agricultural Supply and Demand Bocimares Oat t the United States Department of Agricul pdf & srerw asda gov/oce/commodity/wasde NOT accessed Apr. 13, 2016) 4a. 45. 45.1. 45.2. 45.3, 35 ECONDARY AUTHORITIES locator (URL), ress, or uniform resot In ca4 the ter, Tetation may be made tO @ shorter Ul is 100 Ee reader iS gIven directions as to how wide proce may be access aaa. Direction fs done throush parenthetical explanations. = Statistics Authority, The 2010 Census of sod. Housing Reveals the Philippine Population at 92.34 Million, available at hiep://psa.gov-ph (ast accesied Mar, 17, 2013) (follow the hyperlink “Population” to access the cited page). ‘ 200. Philippin' Population ror subsequent citations, use supra, Ia, may also be used when proper 45, News Articles Online This is the first exception to Rule 44, This Rule applies to broadsheets available online, Cite news articles only from the official domain names of their respective news publications. The initial citation format for news a line i ticles online is as follows: ‘athe r sera), {Headline}, {ABBREVIATION OF publication or report}, available a: {internet address} (last accessed {ante}. 7 201. Patric i i 1 yak Lourdes Viray, China asks Philippines to drop South China| Sea eae, PaIL, STAR, Joly de 2015, oon at http://www.philstar.com/disputed-seas/2015/ 97/14/1476904/china-asks-philippines-drop-south-china- — (last accessed Aug, 27, 2015). 2 net Court lifis ban om overseas election campaigning, Bory ee. Abr ays. aare, awailable at biep:/f mn.inquirer.net/ 138: 3 Apr. 22, 2016), Se ee aa For _ Preltseatent citations, use supra, Jct may also be used when - wt46.3, ATENEO LAW JOURN ™~ IAL 203. Viray, supra note 201 204. Id : 46. Social Media This is the secor Bi Ind exceptic every internet on to Rule 44, medium which allows got, is Rule a 464. L €@.9., arti 9 + Social networking sijoe 2 internet The initial citation format fo ‘Autti Ir social i Pea) ussnatoe, it available}, ieee Bestegate cited content, i : re peer han {date}). {internet address} (last accesed 46.2.1. The date and ti time of publication must be time-stamp provided by the social medium, wen 205. Ateneo Law Journal, Status Update, Feb. 22, 2016: 243 ‘68. p-m., FACEBOOK, available at www facebook.con ateneolawjournal/posts/816677568478093 (ast sees Mar, 3, 2016). 206. Daria Sartori, Article, Effective reparation for eas trial (Article 6 ECHR): The Italian experience, Feb. 24, 2085 9:25 am., WORDPRESS, available at aointer leg wei emt (last accessed Apt 2016). 207. Official Gazette, @govph, Tweet, Apr: 18 207 ay) am. TWITTER, available at twittercom/B 474 “Ape. 22 2010 starus/722300595110047744 (last accessed Use of parenthetical explanati raged t0 tH) se xpianations Is encou of the eed inert source could be appreciated oF & TIES 3 cgCONDARY AUTHOR 6, Apr. 257 be.cot (debate: ll video, PiiPinas Debates 201! Srie_ at epse// WwW YOON, {last accessed May 3+ 2016) ‘ily pertain to the main status post, a blog post, cite the comments On jis Rule does not necessa! ths rernet address; @-9+ 4 ticle. It can also be used to ‘blog post, or news: article. Facebook Comment, Feb. 29, 2or6! FACEBOOK, available at tnuips://worw facebook. rel gates/if-you-covld-have-one-SUPerPOwer cae iat be/ 101533871 36ag1g961zcommeN = ae gq s8eccommentacking=W7B2622007622763 aes eeons%7D (ast accessed Mar. 3, 2016). gro. Steve Benjamins, Disqus Comment, Oct. 31, 2014, TORONTO, STANDARD, available at _erp://www. torontestandard,com/uneategorized/the-future-of- none standard/f#comment-1703853692 (ast accessed Mar, 3, 2016) a 309, Mark zuckerbergs 419 a com/notes/| For bso citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when er. att, Ateneo Law Journal, supra note 205. 212. Id, L ‘Theses and Unpublished Materials 47, Dissertations and Theses ‘The initial citation format follows: for dissertations and theses Is as type ethan), Cte {pinpoint citation} ({date}) eer rts Cremer welch serenade Bess 13. wil M. Howard, Mandatory "Arbitration “a ployment Discrimination Disputes: Can Justice.