Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy
for
the Ministerial Conference on Alternative Development:
Sufficiency Economy
November 8 - 10, 2004
Thailand
Contents
Introduction:
The Royal Initiative on “Sufficiency Economy”
“…Development of the nation must be carried out in stages, starting with the
laying of the foundation by ensuring the majority of the people have their basic
necessities through the use of economical means and equipment in accordance with
theoretical principles. Once a reasonably firm foundation has been laid and in effect, higher
levels of economic growth and development should be promoted…”
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“…no matter what others say – whether they will accuse Thailand of being old-
fashioned or obscurantist. So long as we have enough to live on and to live for – and
this should be the wish and determination of all of us – without aiming for the apex
of prosperity, we shall already be considered as the top in comparison with other
countries in the present world…”
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His Majesty the King not only initiated the concept of Sufficiency
Economy, but also graciously suggested the application of the concept with the operation of the
Royal Development Study Centres which were established according to the objectives as stated in
His Majesty’s speech:
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His Majesty intends that the Royal Development Study Centres or RDSCs be “the model of
success” for the farmers and the interested public to adopt proper knowledge that could guide them
to achieve self-reliance in a sustainable manner. The roles of each Royal Development Study Centre
are as follows:
1. Each Centre is a place for conducting study, research and experiments in search of
guidelines and development methods suitable for the different conditions of each area or region. It serves
as “the model of success” for the people in other areas to follow.
2. Each Centre is a place for the exchange of experiences and open communication among
academics, development workers and the people. The Centre gathers successful results of the study,
research and experiments, and integrates technical knowledge with practical theories to form a source of
knowledge for people to obtain. It also serves as a venue for officials to study and experiment in their
work, and simultaneously, for an exchange of experiences as well as guidelines for solving problems
among three groups of people: academics, development promotion officials and the general public.
3. Each Centre is a place for carrying out integrated development activities, serving
as a model and good example of development work suitable for different areas, by
emphasizing the optimum use of resources. The development strategy focuses on
using as many fields of knowledge as possible since one field supports and
compliments the development of other fields. It represents a systematic integration
of knowledge, operation, and management.
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The implementation of the activities of the Khao Hin Sorn Royal Development Study Centre
is jointly responsible by officials from many different agencies such as the Royal
Irrigation Department, the Royal Forest Department, the Department of Fisheries,
the Department of Livestock Development, the Land Development Department,
the Department of Agriculture and etc. The important activities include
rehabilitation of forest; improvement of water sources by constructing a
total of nine reservoirs according to His Majesty’s initiatives; rehabilitation
and conservation of soil by conducting the surveys of land use, laying the soil and
water conservation system to prevent erosion of topsoil, setting up the soil and water conservation
system by means of earth embankments and vetiver grass hedgerows, promoting the making of
compost, organic fertilizer and green manure, as well as providing the
knowledge on soil development by organizing training for the farmers
living in the surrounding villages; and introduction of the principle for
land management according to the concept of the New Theory in order to
educate the farmers about integrated farming which could yield sufficient
income for all year round.
1) The Royal-initiated Khao Cha-ngok Area Development Project, Nakhon Nayok Province.
This project was designated to be a comprehensive development project the implementation of
which focuses on demonstration of rice cultivation and integrated farming to be examples for the
farmers and the general public. The project covers an area of 23,157 rai (3,705.12 hectares).
2) The Royal Projects According to His Majesty the King’s Royal Initiatives, Ban Sang
District, Prachin Buri Province. The project conducts agricultural activities such as rice farming
and chemical-free vegetables growing, and covers a total area of 145 rai (23.2 hectares).
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2. Puparn Royal Development Study Centre, Muang District, Sakon Nakhon Province
Background
On November 25, 1982, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej granted an audience to M.C.
Chakrabhandphensiri Chakrabhand, the Privy Councilor and the Director-General of the government
agencies concerned at the Department of Royal
Guards, Chitralada Villa. On this occasion, His
Majesty the King gave initiatives to the government
agencies concerned to consider setting up the
Puparn Royal Development Study Centre. Then on
November 27, 1983, His Majesty visited the site
where the Puparn Royal Development Study Centre
would be located in an area of Baan Na Nok Khao,
Muang District, Sakon Nakhon Province. Upon
that occasion, His Majesty kindly granted guidelines for the operation of the Centre as quoted:
“…The authority of the Puparn Royal Development Study Centre should cover the
development of forests in the watershed areas of Huai Tad Hai Yai and Phu Mai Ruak Reservoir.
These areas are to be considered forest development areas in the
perimeter of the centre, comprising an area of approximately
7,500 rai. A forest village should be set up at the watershed area
of Huai Tad Hai Yai, along the Kalasin-Sakon Nakhon Road,
consisting of about ten households, each of which is allotted
approximately 100 rai of land for the officials to develop the
forests in the said area…”
As a result of the initiative and given guidelines, the Puparn Royal Development Study
Centre started its operation in 1984 with an objective to conduct studies and experiments on
various fields of agricultural development to be models for the people to apply.
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1) The Royal-initiated Huai Bang Sai Upper Basin Development Project, Dong Luang
District, Mukdahan Province. The project is a comprehensive development project covering the
aspects of agriculture, forest conservation, water sources development and handicraft works.
2) The Royal-initiated Kum River Basin Development Project, Sakon Nakhon and
Nakhon Phanom Provinces. The project was set up to solve the problem of the villagers living on
the banks of the Kum River regarding water inundation in the agricultural plots during the rainy
season and the shortage of water for agriculture and consumption during the dry season.
3) The Ban Daen Samakkhee New Theory Demonstration Project, Khao Wong District,
Kalasin Province. The project is to be the place of study, experimentation and demonstration
which displays to the farmers the results of agricultural development according to His Majesty’s
initiatives.
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Background
Later, on February 3, 1984, His Majesty the King added that the Centre conducts the study
mainly on the complete development of forests in watershed areas. At the outset was the study on
forestry; whereas, at the end was the study on fishery in the reservoirs. These activities were coupled
with the studies in the field of agriculture, livestock and milch cow development as well as agro-
industry. The aim was to become a complete development study centre which would generate the
true applicable benefits to the people coming to observe the Centre’s activities.
The activities conducted at the Huai Hong Khrai Royal Development Study Centre are
managed by the Royal Irrigation Department who acts as the coordinator. The Centre’s activities
include conduct of research on practical patterns of watershed development appropriate to the
watershed areas of the Northern Region, development of watershed areas with the application of the
irrigation system, planting of three forests three methods, utilization of water sources for economic
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1) The Royal-initiated Ban Rai Fruit and Flower Propagation Development Service Centre,
Hang Dong District, Chiang Mai Province. The Centre was established to be the demonstration site
with training courses for occupational promotion among the farmers.
4) The Doi Tung Development Project, Mae Fah Luang District, Chiang Rai Province. The
project has the objective to promote symbiotic co-existence between man and nature by raising
their consciousness of forest conservation and development.
5) The Royal-initiated Huai Larn Area Development Project, San Kam Phaeng District,
Chiang Mai Province. The project focuses on acquiring the water supply to support the agricultural
areas as well as establishing forestry stations and fishery stations.
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4. Huai Sai Royal Development Study Centre, Cha-am District, Phetchaburi Province
Background
On April 5, 1983, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej graciously advised concerning
the area of Huai Sai District which can be concluded that “This and the nearby areas used to be
very fertile. There was plenty of water in the waterfall and water courses all year round. However,
the degradation of forest causes the dry spells and unpredictable rainfall patterns. It can be
predicted that the place may eventually become a desert each year.” In addition, His Majesty spoke
to His Excellency M.C. Chakrabhandphensiri Chakrabhand, the Privy Councilor; Dr. Sumet Tantivejkul,
the Secretary-General of the Royal Development Projects Board; and Mr. Sunthorn Ruanglek, the
Director-General of the Royal Irrigation Department that:
The Huai Sai Royal Development Study Centre is situated within the compound of Mrigadayavan
Palace in Sam Phraya Subdistrict, Cha-am District, Phetchaburi Province. The Centre covers a total area
of 15,882 rai (2541.12 hectares), separated (according to the royal initiative on May 17, 1985) into
six development areas: Somdej Phrasrinakarindra (The Princess Mother) Garden, the area at the
end of Khao Kapook Reservoir, the area at the end of Huai Ta Paed Reservoir, the area at the end of
Huai Sai Reservoir, the area in front of Khao Thong, and the reforestation area around the reservoir.
The Border Patrol Police Unit of the Office of the Royal Thai Police plays the coordinating role among
the government agencies concerned. The objective of the Centre is to be the centre of the development of
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forestry for multipurpose uses. The existing farmers are encouraged to take part in the maintenance and
care of the forest. The deteriorated forest areas are rehabilitated and the wet fire breaks are created. The
Centre also studies the means for the farmers to participate in forest conservation while, at the same time,
gaining benefits from the forest as well as the crops planted.
- The New Theory farming: The management of land by appropriately dividing it into
four parts, which are a water source, an integrated farm, a rice field and a residential area. These
four parts are based on the ratio of 30:30:30:10.
- Crop cultivation system: The growing of plants of different ages with the fruit trees
being the primary crop and the field crops being the secondary crop.
- Integrated farming: The pattern of plant cultivation together with animal husbandry
and fish raising.
- Organic farming: The farming that uses the existing natural resources such as compost,
manure, and green manure, including the growing of legumes to improve soil fertility, vetiver grass to
prevent erosion of topsoil and pest control plants such as fragrant lemon grass and ground neem seeds.
- Agro-forestry: The use of forests for agricultural activities without having to destroy
them. The plants grown include economic trees, fast growing trees and fruit trees, for examples,
teak, burma padauk, cassia, mango, etc.
- Collection of aromatic plants: The preservation of rare Thai plant species. The plants
are categorized into trees, shrubs and climbing plants; for examples, white champaka, ylang ylang,
honey suckle, rose-su-kon, etc.
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- Reduction of the use of chemicals: The experimentation on the use of ground neem
seeds to prevent insect infestation.
3) Development of bad land. Since there are problems of severely soil erosion and
hardpan soil in the bad land area around Khao Bor King, vetiver grass and plants that can grow
in the area are grown by putting them in the dug holes filled with soil containing fertilizer and
moisture. Besides, additional natural water sources are created to help maintain moisture. In this
case, moisture will break the structure of hardpan soil which will naturally become fertile soil.
4) Study and experimentation plot on the efficiency of the vetiver grass in improving the hardpan
soil. The vetiver grass is grown in order to improve the condition of hardpan soil in the area of Huai Sai
Reservoir so that the soil can be used in agricultural activities.
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5) Conservation of soil and water. The activity includes the construction of small dams with
rows of earthen embankments along the contours of the slope in order to control the water flow and
spread the rainwater all over the area to maintain moisture during the dry season.
At present, there are 15 surrounding villages and one centre branch which is the Royal-
initiated Khao Cha-ngum Deteriorated Soil Rehabilitation Project, Photharam District, Ratchaburi
Province, which carries out the soil development work with the method of reforestation without
planting and the utilization of the vetiver grass to increase soil moisture.
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5. Kung Krabaen Bay Royal Development Study Centre, Tha Mai District, Chanthaburi
Province
Background
Accordingly, His Majesty the King gave an initiative to Mr.Kosit Panpiemrat, then the Deputy
Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives, during the Royal Ploughing Ceremony on May 10, 1991,
as stated:
“…mangrove forests are beneficial to the coastal ecology and the Gulf of Thailand.
Nowadays, however, Thailand’s mangrove forests are being encroached upon and damaged by
self-interested parties. We must, therefore, seek ways of protecting, conserving, and increasing
these resources, especially Rhizophora which are exotic mangrove trees difficult to propagate
because it needs the tides to support growth. The government agencies concerned including the
Royal Forest Department, the Department of Fisheries, the Royal Irrigation Department, and
the Department Naval Hydrographic Department should join hands in seeking suitable areas
for experimenting about the propagation of the mangrove trees and reforesting the mangrove
forests…”
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In addition, for the outer areas of Kung Krabaen Bay, the Centre promotes sustainable
occupations among the farmers by providing them with the knowledge and certain factors to support
the raising of aquatic animals, mixed farming, and food processing for sale.
Up to the present, the Centre has extended the results of its activities to the 15 surrounding
villages situated in Klong Kud and Rum Phan Subdistricts of Tha Mai District and other eight
surrounding villages in Sanam Chai and Kra Jae Subdistricts of Na Yai Arm District, totalling 23
villages. The target is to enable the farmers living around the Centre to have occupations and increase
their agricultural production.
6. Pikun Thong Royal Development Study Centre, Muang District, Narathiwat Province
Background
During his stay at Daksin Palace in Narathiwat Province from September 28 to October 3, 1981,
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej visited the villagers in the province. His Majesty explored the
area and found that it was necessary to raise the standard of living and the economic condition of the
people there. He thus gave initiatives to the officials concerned to improve various development works,
especially the development of peat swamps. In a speech to His Excellency M.C. Chakrabhandphensiri
Chakrabhand, the Privy Councilor; Mr. Chit Nilaphanich, the Governor of Narathiwat Province; Mr.
Lek Chindasa-nguan, the Director-General of the Royal Irrigation Department as well as other concerned
officials, His Majesty said:
The Pikun Thong Royal Development Study Centre is situated between Ban Pikun Thong
and Ban Khok Saya, Kaluwar Nuer Subdistrict, Muang District, Narathiwat Province. The Centre
covers a total area of 1,740 rai (278.4 hectares) of which 510 rai (81.6 hectares) is the site of the
Centre and 400,000 rai (64000 hectares) constitue swampy areas in Narathiwat and the nearby
provinces. The Land Development Department acts as the coordinating agency for the implementation
of the Centre’s activities which emphasize education and development aspects, especially the building
of knowledge and understanding on the agricultural practice, and the development of the Centre to
be an environmental-friendly recreation site for the public to come to observe and learn about new
technology while having fun and rest.
2) The Aggravating the Soil Project. The model project of peat soil development.
3) His Majesty’s 72nd Birthday Anniversary Garden. The garden decorated with herbal
plants, rare plants as well as indigenous plants and vegetables of the South.
4) The Golden Jubilee Garden. The garden decorated with a variety of palm tree species.
5) The Small-sized Palm Oil Extraction and Transformation Plant. The study of the palm
oil extraction process and the production of bio-diesel.
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At present, there are 11 surrounding villages and four centre branches which are:
1) The Khao Tan Yong Rubber Plantation Project, Ban Khao Tan Yong, Muang District,
Narathiwat Province. The project has an objective to demonstrate the cultivation of good varieties
of para rubber and the planting of inter-crops in the para rubber plantation.
2) The Pi-nae-mudor Village Development Project, Bukit Subdistrict, Jor Ai Rong District,
Narathiwat Province. The project intends to be the demonstration site for the effective utilization of
land and water.
3) The Khok It-Khok Nai Village Project, Ban Yuyo, Tak Bai District, Narathiwat Province.
The activities involve the improvement of highly acidic soil and the implementation of the “New
Theory” farming practice.
4) The Munoh Livestock Village Project, Kosit Subdistrict, Tak Bai District, Narathiwat
Province. The project serves as a demonstration site for land and water management in swampy
areas for livestock and agriculture.
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1. Income and Its Sources: When comparing the average per capita income of the farmers
living around the Centres with that evaluated using the basic needs criteria in 1986, it was found
that most of the farmers living around the four Centres, which are the Khao Hin Sorn Royal
Development Study Centre, the Huai Hong Khrai Royal Development Study Centre, the Huai Sai
Royal Development Study Centre, and the Kung Krabaen Bay Royal Development Study Centre,
obtained an average income higher than that evaluated using the basic needs criteria. As for the
other two Centres which are the Puparn Royal Development Study Centre and the Pikun Thong
Royal Development Study Centre, the finding disclosed that most farmers, especially those at the
Puparn Royal Development Study Centre, still obtained an average income lower than that evaluated
using the basic needs criteria. This might be caused by the disadvantage in terms of poor geographical
and climatic conditions which were not suitable for agricultural activities as the details shown in the
table.
However, for the overall picture, it could be concluded that most of the farmers earned an
increased income from supplementary occupations; for example, the selling of surplus agricultural
produce left over from household consumption such as rice, a variety of seasonal fruits, and fish
breeds. This was also a result of the dissemination of the knowledge and new techniques by the
Centre’s officials who came to visit them at home, especially the “New Theory” farming practice
and the integrated farming practice. For the Kung Krabaen Bay Royal Development Study Centre, the
farmers were provided with the knowledge for making compost from sludge from shrimp farming which
could be used as an organic fertilizer.
As regard the sources of income for each centre except the Kung Krabaen Bay Royal Development
Study Centre, it was revealed that the villagers mostly obtained their incomes from labor hiring, crop
cultivation, selling of agricultural produce, animal raising, and others. On the other hand, the sources of
the incomes of the villagers living around the Kung Krabaen Bay Royal Development Study Centre
were fishery, culture of aquatic animals, labour hiring, businesses, animal raising, and others.
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Table: Comparing an average per capita income of the farmers per year with that
evaluated using the basic needs criteria in 1996
2. Quality of Life: Overall, the quality of life of the farmers living in the areas surrounding
the four Centres which are the Puparn Royal Development Study Centre, the Huai Hong Khrai
Royal Development Study Centre, the Huai Sai Royal Development Study Centre, and the Kung
Krabaen Bay Royal Development Study Centre, had improved from the moderate level to the high
level. Regarding the people at the Puparn Royal Development Study Centre and the Pikun Thong
Royal Development Study Centre, their quality of life was still at the moderate level but with a
tendency to move upwards. Most farmers had a lower amount of debts and were able to rely on
themselves economically.
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As witnessed in the aforementioned statement, it is obvious that His Majesty the King
recognizes the importance of “rural development” that consequently yields a better quality of life
to the people based on the following principles. First, the community must be strengthened so that
the people can depend on themselves. Then the development must take into consideration the
conservation and development of the natural resources and the environment in an effective and
sustainable manner. In addition, the development must emphasize the promotion of the up-to-date,
simple, academically practical and cost effective knowledge and techniques which would lead to the
state of “having enough to eat and to live” without being in debts. As a result, His Majesty the King
kindly initiated the establishment of the six Royal Development Study Centres which have applied His
Majesty’s philosophy of Sufficiency Economy with their operation as summarized below:
1. Forest Development: The activity includes the development of forests in the watershed
areas, the conservation of forests, the conservation of water and soil,
the maintenance of moisture in the soil, and the construction of check
dams made of earth or rocks and stones to create moisture for growth
of the trees in the nearby areas, to promote greenery and to create wet
fire breaks. Moreover, forests are rehabilitated by letting the trees grow
without having to “open up the soil surface”, and plants suitable with
the local conditions are grown for four benefits which are consumption,
utilization, making firewood, and soil and water conservation. His
Majesty also granted a guideline regarding land allocation for the people
living in the forest areas.
2. Water Source Development: The activity is generated out of His Majesty’s recognition
of the importance of water for the people’s livelihoods. His Majesty graciously granted an initiative
for solving the water shortage problem by numerous means such as digging of ponds for collecting
the water for consumption, household uses and irrigation. The methods rely mainly on the
geographical conditions and nature.
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3. Occupational Promotion for the People in the Rural Areas: His Majesty the King
graciously granted guidelines as follows:
3.1 Self-reliance: His Majesty emphasizes that basic foods necessary for life such as
rice, vegetables, and fish are sufficiently produced for the community by means of simple methods.
The surplus can then be shared or sold among the neighbors. To achieve this state, the community
must have unity and work together with diligence, preserverance and self-estimation. The expansion
of the production must be done gradually while refraining from making debts.
3.2 The “New Theory”: an applicable practice well-known among Thai farmers, was
given by His Majesty in 1989 as a guideline for making a living. Although this conceptual theory
comprises three stages, the most important stage for the farmers is stage 1. This stage is appropriate
for the poor farmers who live in the rain-fed areas. The theory introduces to the farmers a proper
management of soil, water and crops in relation to the optimum utilization of labour force, time and
capital. The practice suggests an approximate division of the land based on the 30: 30: 30: 10 ratio
for implementing the four main agricultural activities, which are digging the pond for storing
rainwater, growing rice, conducting integrated farming, and building residential area as well as
preparing space for raising animals.
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Conclusion
In sum, it is obvious that the key principles for implementing the projects and the activities at
the six Royal Development Study Centres have their roots from His Majesty’s royal initiative on
“Sufficiency Economy”, the philosophy that drives the people of all occupations and at all levels,
particularly the farmers in the countryside, to adopt and apply as a guideline for making a living.
The philosophy might be applied more or less depending on the economic background of each
individual.
As most of the people in the rural areas are farmers, the agricultural practice based on the
concept of the “New Theory” which adopts the philosophy of “Sufficiency Economy” is considered
a proper means to guide the people to assist themselves as much as they can so that they can “have
enough to live and to eat” particularly in terms of foods and clothes. For things that the people
cannot produce on their own, they can exchange or buy from the outside sources. However, in the
first place, they should buy and use the products that are available in the local or domestic markets
while trying to balance between the income and the expenses, and create the least debts. Each
individual should also enjoy a simple, not extravagant life and be satisfied with materials obtained
legally and legitimately. If these guidelines are followed, it can be concluded that the philosophy of
“Sufficiency Economy” is correctly and properly applied according to the intention of His Majesty
the King who is determined to assist all lives in the country out of the misery, and to survive by
themselves in a self-sufficient manner while having enough to eat and to live until the end of time.
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Bibliography
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Group. Sufficiency Economy Movement. [n.d.], July 2004.
Office of National Research Council of Thailand. The King’s Sufficiency Economy and the
Amphol Senanarong, Privy Councilor. “Guidelines for Rural Development According to the
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