The Secret Speeches of | Chairman Mao From the Hundred Flowers to | the Great Leap Forward | Edited by Roderick MacFarguhar ‘Timothy Cheek, and Eugene Wu www.wg1966.com fs FRC ACHE “Harvard Contemporary China Series; 6o, Tae-tung, 2899-1976, Mao, Tigecree speeches of Chairman The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao sand Corpor Chia Sri 6innit en tr ‘enon Et i Sain Hrd Oey pimp ik Terie aan nen agar foc no eines ah et ee ei dng f Sm far Tura a aro og a ei pearere ay io San fom em es sc op ne at ye a i Eka ey Cl te ean meee Cif) sore nee i en Rane ie “TIMOTHY CHEEK isan sisant profesor of hisory at The Cok. condo College. He is coedtor with Merle Goldman and Caol Lee Harri, of Ohne’ nla and ee Staten Sarehof New Ree tionship Harvard Contemporary Chin Sri, 3. MERLE GOLDMAN isa profesor of history at Boston University. Shei the author of several books on the roe of itll in the Peoples Republic of Chia, inlading Chines Inclecale Adve cand Disent (Harvard Unversity Pres, 1981), Shei currently work Jing on 4 book about the humanistic elt in poseMao China. RODERICK MACFARQUHAR jis » profeuor of government at Harvard University and dct of Hara Fusbaak Center for Est Asan Research, Joint Editor of Volume 1 ofthe Cambridge His tory of China, es now working on Volume 18 of ha series and the ‘hind volume of his own, Origins of he Cader Revolicion. [BENJAMIN I, SCHWARTZ. isthe Leroy B. Willams Professor of History and Poiicl Science, Emeritus, Harvard University. Hiscacy, pathresking work on Mao Zedong includes Chinese Comms fam and the Rise of Mao (1951), Hi most recent major book s The Wild of Though ox Anciont Chine (Harvard Univers Pres, 1985), and hiscurtent work has broadened in cope beyond China o theo We ies in the eoncepe of eulture EUGENE WU is Librarian ofthe HarvardYenchng Library. He is coauthor with Peer Berton of Contemporary Chine: A Resereh Guide (Hoover Testitaion, 1967) and is casemtly preparing = chapter on American library eaources on contemporary China fr the forthcoming American Saudy of Contemporary Chin, edited by David L Shambaogh contents Tiles xi Abbreviations it [Notes on Bpography end Translation eh Chine Mesacoments sie Prfece cb rast one INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS 1 The Sot Speco of Charman Mao 3 Dew MACTARQUHAR 2. Thongs onthe Late Mas Beton Ttl Redemption and Unter Frustration 19 oh sewn 5 Mas Obsesion withthe Political Role of Literate andthe Ineliocmal 394 Conenporary China Suis The Question of Sarees 39 5 Tx Speking: An Assamant of Newly Avila Meo ‘Bate 73 ar rw0 TEXTS "THE HUNDRED FLOWERS 1 ath at Yoni Tang 123 2 Tile eahen Rciving Commitee Mobs of he National Student Fderation (stra) 129 5 Om the Cort Honing of Contadiion amon be Pople (Speaking Nos) 131 nna aang te Rl Sint rte 0 Set Rajemcson 0 Fanpotnf Cpe 133 ‘lead elle Yh 36 ng Raden Peng ono? cal Sasi ed Pager regen 19 ‘ig Re and Cong Sea Sri dhd Benoa ‘te Diane Gl Bah 177 ‘nl ne Te) Tefal Chive Ra 5 4 Til when Racing Meribrsof the Second Commit of he aon Sons Fdoation” 131 ‘latte For of Haas of Propped, Clare ind Eduction Dgeiments Fore Nine Provines end Mnipalier 18 (6 Tl withthe Heads of Departments and Bureaus of Education From Seven Prosines ed Municipals ding te Party ‘National Confrence on Propaganda Work 213 A Tal sith Literary and Art Ces 217 Summary ofa Td withthe Repose of Pres end Pablbing Cicer 249 9 A Later to Dhow Enlsi and Other Comvader 273 10 Tale a « Conference of Party Member Cares i Taji Monty 275 11. Ta at the Conference of Party Member Care of Shandong, Provincial Organs 297 12. On Ideological Work (Tk at « Conference Arend by Party (Cadre frm People Liberation Army Unt ner the Neng Command and from fangs and Anbui Province) 321 13 Tle at the Mating of Party Cares in Shanghai 381 1M Transcript of «Tk to « Gathering of Responsible Poon from Various Democratic Peres and Nowprey Democratic Pesonges 33 ‘THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD 15 Tals a be Hangzhou Conference Draft ansrip) 377 5 ory 1998 377 omar 988 32Consents 16. Citic of Peoples Daily, Whi Should Not “Oppose Aadvenarion” (Deaf Tasco) 383. Javan 1 ts ea fr On ee) 397 Same 2 ie oe Us 18 eto Ds Ono #0 19 Talla the Wachong Confrence 481 2 Nowe 1938 Nering. #8. Bi Newmte B8 Neon 9 Appenve Comparison of Texts from 1987 in New Mao Ts, Value 1 with Versions Otler Soures 519 Bigspy 325 1 Chon Woks, 525 ee Toto 329 I Sono eb Bigaby 331 Gloarynder 533 1. The Newly Avalble Mao Volumes 2, Sources snd Trandaions of New Mao Tas 53. Dae Summary, 1985-1957 4 Dace Summary September 1987-1988. 7 * 19 m5TERMS Apc ce cp CORMARL cprce crs R HP. GLE MT NPC PLA Pc PRC ssc ‘Agricul Producer? Coopersive (Cental Commitee Chinese Communi Pay Genter for Chinese Reseach Materials, Associa tion of Reseach Libris ‘Chinese Peoplés Political Consukative Conference ‘Communist Parry of the Soviet Union Calta Revolution Fieteae Pan Geea Leap Forward Kuomintang, or Nationalist party National Peoples Congres Peoples Liberation Army Politburo Standing Commitee Peoples Republic of China Supreme State Conferencexiv Abbreviations urwD United Front Work Department ORE Union Research asi PUBLICATIONS DRC Howard L. Boorman, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Repuican China 4 ol. New York, Columbia Univesiey Pres, 1967-197. CHOC 12 Cambridge Hitory of China, Vl. 12. Republic (Chine 1912-1969, Part 1 John K. Faibank, ed Cambridge, Cambridge Univers Pres, 198. CHOC — Cambridge Hitary of China, Nol. 13. Repu (China 1912-1949, Part 2. John K. Fairbank and [Albers Feverserker, edt. Cambridge, Cambridge Universi Pre, 1986. CHOC 4 Cambridge History of Obina, Vol. 1, The Peoples epi art I The Evers of Rens China, 196-1968, Roderick MacFargukar and John K Fairbank, ede Cambridge, Cambridge Uni very Pes, 1987 as Fei Brau information Service cues. Guanging rbwo(Grangmning dail) PRS Joint Publications Reser Srsice Klein and Clark Donald W. Klein and Anne B. Clark Bigrphic Dictionary of Chine Commun, 121-1963. 2 ‘ole Cambridge, Harvard Univesity Pres 197 [New Mao Tens Coletions from which this volume is dawn; pub- Teaion forthcoming from Cemer for Chinese Reseach Service, Atvocition of Research Libra ies, Oakton, Virginia Origin Rodrick MacFarghr, Origins ofthe Calta Recs lation. 2 vol. New York, Columbia University Pres, 1974, 1983, RMB Renin riba People ily) sw Seced Works of Mao Zedong 4 vols. Baljng, For gn Languages Pres 1975 sws Warsi a Abbrecsarions: Sed Werks of Mao Zedong, Vl. Bejing, For: sgn Language Pres 1977 ‘Mao Zedong sing an (Long live Mao Zedong ‘Thought. 8 vole (mp, apo, 1967-193). Thoee sepante volumes of apparently orginal material reese by the Inset of International Relations, “Taipei. ‘Mao Zong saan. 4 vols, Being, Renmin chubsn ‘he, 1951-1960, These fins four volumes of Macs selected works have been reprinted sever times, ‘Mao Zong saan, Vol. 5 Being, Renmin cuban she, 1977‘Square brackes({ ae wie wo enclose interpretative English words insert bythe transtors or the arignal Chinese words where the tay be of special interes to Sinlogits, Words insered to transpose Chinese to English syntax are generally aot enclosed. Thi dine tion is of course, to 2 considerable degree subjecive; but we have teed to err om the side ofan veracruplous eof brackets a the Fisk of distracting ade, ther than on the side of wing too fe, ‘hich would be misleading. The page numberof the orginal Chinese tet also encened in square brackets and printed in boldface, Readers wishing to compare the eranalation to the orignal will therefore, be able quickly 0 locate particular pases when the originals are published bythe Center for Chinese Research Materials of the Assocation of Reseach Libraries. Brae (1) a6 sed to enclose panes inserted ftom 2 pail Paremhees re wed oaly when they oocor inthe original Chinese sexty andl sch instances ae retained. In some cases the Sem ©Notes on Tipogapy ard Trnsation enclose editorial amplifications rather than words by the Charman: Invothe eases they may be interpolations take from a secondary tremcipt or tx of notes We have not atempted to identify the ature ofthe parenthetical materials "Angle brackets (-< >) ae ed where square brackets occur in the orginal Chinese texts lcs ae used e indicate pases that hae already been pub- Tse in abbreviated or censored versions ofa text lis dos occur only where they occu in the original Chinse ters, Three dots are used in the tanations, in conformity with [American practice sx are generally sed inthe originals "An X bas been retained wherever one has been used in the Ci ese orginal 10 obliterate 4 sharcer, oll from a numeri figuee or someones nate, Where we have been able wo make ide tilcations, we have provided them in footnotes Where we ave not ‘bun able evento speculate, we have retained the Xs withot com ‘Punctuation hasbeen silently altered to meet the demands of Eng lish: Quotron marke around individual rms, however, have Been retained where they ace used (fen inconsienty) by the Chines ‘dirs. Pangaping follows the Chinese with one exception: Many of these als ince the comments and quetions of a modersor or Speakers fom the flor at well the words of Chaieman Ma, In the ‘tga! documents, change inspsker sometimes inicaed by 2 new paragraph, sometimes ony By parentheses within a block of the ‘Chairmans speech. We have consent set off new speakers in 2 ew pragaph so tht readers can realy nd all exchanges. The Chi ese editors pret: have been retained, The orignal documents ‘Sometimes supply 4 name or Xs, followed by acolo at the head of 2 opech or quenion. We provide within square Brackets an identi ing word ike Oatrme Quotione or XX where needed to accom tmodate our repangraphing,Parenthetil indications of laughter {fom the floor have been let embeded inthe Charman’ speech, ‘Measurements are given in the Chinese, English, or mesic system according to the sage of the speaker For equivalents see “Chinese ‘Measurements onthe following page Money 100 fn = 1 yuan = US $1 (ct 1950) Tio = 10 fen = 100 {mao = 10 fen = 108 1omio = 1 yuan = USI Value and Weight 1 dan ~ 50 kilograms = 110 pounds 1 dou = 1 declter = 2642 gallons or 1.135 pecks 1 jin = teauy = 509 grams = 1.1 pounds 1 lang » 50 grams = 176 ounces Distance and Ares 1Hi= 300 meters = ct. onethind mile 1 mow = cx onesitth are 1 shang = 33 meters = 3.6 yards“This i volume of tanslations of hitherto ansible spsches by “Mao Zedong desing with hey event inthe forte history ofthe Peoples Republic of China. While documentary collections ae nos mally considered specials publications, we have attempted through sccompanying ails to paint the background and to elite che liportence of thee tet for 4 wer suience "The speeches all date from 1987 and 1958 and grey illuminate two cutal episodes the Hundred Flowers (1956-1957) and the Great Lesp Forward (1988-196), Today, when most stents 3nd ‘observer of China ar engrosed with the caren reform progr it is important to eal tat those diy yarold event, ike Mao him ‘el are sl vbrant memories for national leaders Inder they sill ‘rcs a powerful infuence over ther conduct. "The Chinese publications from which the speeches are called are being made avalable othe editors ofthat admiable, comprehensive projet, The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976 Michael YM. Kau nd John K. Leung, Bat in view ofthe importance ofthese particular ‘eat we thought ie worthwhile o bring them out in 8 special vole ‘me with commentariesPolo [As the various sources of thee speeches gradually became aa ale a Harvard, we decided they demanded ttm eff, made the tiga selecrion of dociments. Timothy Cheek checked to ensre that they had so appesed eiewhere, and his careful analysis of, these dovuments and Mao txts in genera isa major pare of the crit Sel apparatus ofthis volume. He thes launched out on the transla ing, and asembled and supervised a group of hanbworking {Stotan including Yin Xizouang and Me Jing, t help with this hrasive labor. When the Zhengrhow and Wachang texts appeared, Rudolf Wagner kindy agred to ranstate them. Eugene Wa then worked over the uanslatons with great care Without his unmatched knowledge ofthis type of sours, ilusated in hs aril here and withour hie aiance this would have been ‘ich poorer book. I went over hs version and we argued out what, Seemed to us the seni consndrams. K.C. Chang nex spot heck the tamlation ofa couple ofthe txts and convinced us that there were sill uficen problems to justify a father check. Ye Yang then went meticlouly over the whole trasaion and made numer tus farther cortections and helpful sugestions. For any remaining treo or omisions {nut take the Sal responsibil. “The fooanotes tothe tations dealing with tadtional culture and hory ae wally Eugene Wiis, those on the obscure conten porary literary gues ae sally Ye Yang's those dealing with cur feat polis ae usally mine, but Redalf Wagner and Timothy ‘Check avo contibuted in all eeporie. The bblography and the comparison of sources found nthe append were compled by Tim ‘thy Check and Yin Xiohvang ‘As oar work progeid, other new volumes of Mao wx surfaced elsewhere; 8 Euene Wu poines out in his ance, wth Chinas open Jing up soch works an leave che country ina multitude of ways, We tre most grtefal to Dr, Jonathan Unger, ead ofthe Contemporary ‘China Cente atthe Ausnlian National Univesity, or sending us ‘wo important volume, and 0 Me-YS. Chan, head ofthe Ease Asia Library there, who allowed the originals to be xeroned for om, Michal Schoeabal, author of Slatin Soca: Mao Zedong and the Great Leap Fora 195, kindly gave us the ties of Mao cll ‘Son that have ben in his poseion for sever yeas 20 offprint of Wis article in The Anstralon Journal of Chinese Afirs on the orig inal wet of Mase “Contain?” sesh andthe text of 21957 spec by Deng Xioping Tl hi sok mck longer than we had hoped! Weal found tise Ma tc lif becca par be ben oa Prepred speci ter thy wee embling mondoges, The Catan nell npn colliery Eve nem, te sur ha mens nme moves ome of the techs ee spent venom chen dwn by meres othe aaense who seropaphi ill we ‘ncn and whee seotanding of Mast ming ty hve Sometimes ben incomplete sou own. Consierig lh ed icmrof mere wich we ncounre we were ery trate tebe so her and punning a tor Raine Kees {enue that or fi proce ot mew wl ado at Sho competent andthe Eng mpeg “the onial we ad td mnaton mre mae sble co cles ate lairunk Cones bad oped to wre com tema 1d ocak for dead aalss of the Rather Samed list the eens of specie reviewing the peri in the mirc of the nw coves emi Schwa Mere Catan th eran ma he ce wih he sector cle, ad hei ais asta the posage ine the waisiy of ew material cn sly pecepons My ovo contrition stump Scribe the comerporry mene forthe benef thos, bth isos nd more eel ade, who ane toe fog hi ero befor is in myo 0 the ds tents It pinpoint hyn an elie. The eee tm dec some eifeence of empha and say ong al 2 only prota loes Parrds th pif te anid lover leon Fina or tank go fo Dal Bll who sted “ongrenning sme by eng thet of his ook RatPART ONE Introductory Chapters‘The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao RODERICK MACFARQUHAR Daring his year in power, Mao Zedong instal thre polices which could be decribed ot eacal depstures from Soviet and Chinese Communint practice the Hundred Flowers of 1956-1957, the Great Leap Forward of 1958-1960, and the Culsual Revolution of 1966-1976. Each was a dintr: the rst forthe intelectual, he Second for the people, the thitd for the pry, all tice for che counery" This volume reels the story ofthe Hundred Flowers and cheMAGEARQUHAR Great Leap Forward, mainly trough the words of Mao Zedong, It oneinscontemporty speeches of the Chairman which have never teen published Belore, lea ot in thee original form, ether in China or the Wer. While many other in exmee specs of Macs Trve become avaiable to Western Sinologiss, the fact that these speeches have surfaced only after thirty yas suggests tht sei ir ation even among te Chinese elite was very limited, testimony 0 their embarrasing content. The major speech from the Hundred ‘lowers period i fll of rvltons which were eut out ofthe oficial ‘erson; the major speeches fom the Great Leap period were not ‘ven bowalerized for public consumption so hyperbolic hd Mao be- ome tht time 1 “The term Hundred Flower sed loosely by Sinologas wo desrive the period from January 1956 0 ely June 1957 during which Mao ined a series ofiberal” policies towards the itlectoas. He was Encouraged to do so by 1 seis of successes inthe sruggle fr soci {Se tanformation. A speech by the Chasman in July 1955 had Inspired a highly elective rural eolletivization drive in the fll. By the end ofthe year, China bad nearly completed this Rey task, the four iter the swagery or the chaos that Sain had infcied on Sovies acute a quae of + century eater, The maionwide vic tory of soci, a dened by ownership ofthe means of produc tion, wav then secured by the vitally overnight conversion of private business ino joint nate private enterprises and of kandiralt trades ito cooperatives. ‘Long before the ls collie was formed, Mao proclaimed chat ‘Chins had undergone “fundamental change’ and turned his aten- tion to a new task, production. The fist FiveYear Plan (FYP) (1953-1957, published in mid 1985, was insfcenly ambitious for Mao in his new mood, Increased ouput wa needed both to prove the efcacyofeoilsm and to propel Chins laser along the road to ‘seth and power? In Janay, Mao pat together a utopian, forty ‘aaa Pein Sia ry Ch Cri uci Ore 8 ‘repre nl fe ml 188 Seeeeh Spence of Chairman Mey ‘nile Teleear Program for Agriculture and in April evamped i ‘ksi poe in a speech entitled "On the ten gest eltonshp."* To farther his gandioe schemes for what was ler known 38 the itl leap” of 1956, Mao needed to barnes the enchosarm and talents of the incllectals, broudly defined to inlade the nom ‘communis politicians who patipated in Beings "united front; scien, engineers and managers and the academics who tained ‘them 26 wea writes ats, and actors who had che silt help roblize the "broad mass” forthe production drive. Together thee people conse a reaively soll groupe 3840000, acondng¢o fil saris, including 10,00 “higher” nellctaln. More rs. Son for Mao to court them. In January 1986, Premier Zhou Enlai promised them improved ving and working conditions, higher Saas, more responsibly, and beter pay ‘But the imalectuals had cause tobe wary. The citcis and sel crtcism sessions ofthe ideological remoliing campsign unleashed fon thes in 1981 had imposed» hum asepance of inellee tual conformity. As recently a 1985, Mao had denounced the "sn pry” writer Hu Feng, whow sin'war to seek presen coom for ‘maneuver forthe imtllectul within the Chinese Commnist Paty (CCP) and under the broad rubric of Marnism, ‘The campaign ‘against Hu Feng had epitomized the party's demands for tal subj tion tits dictates To restore the intellectual confidence and arose ‘heir creativity, more was needed then higher saris. “The Chinese were encouraged tn consider relating controls over Jellecals by the pos Stain “haw” i the Soviet Union, This de- Salinization proces was hastened by Nikita Khruthce’s "sce speech to the Twentieth Congres of the Soviet Commurise Party (CPSU) oa 28 February, in which the Soviet fist secetary Akenounced the late dictate and hi deeds root and. branch Khrushches dae was liked tothe West and published by the SS ial hid ane om shed cd 2 nt i reg. 1838, 5.74 Ps Fl epar sme in omc Py Dn wi Aina Cana ee th peril nd ‘5 al ogy nn sev Sac waa he Eso ed un) ei Soin ct pe SS o