STRENGTH OF MATERIALS [ Mechanics of Solids] R.K RAJPUT S.CHAND www.facebook.com/jasartsSimple Stresses and Strains 11.1. ] CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS A load may be defined as the combined effect of ex- ternal forces acting on a body. The loads may be classified as: (i) dead loads, (ii) live or fluctuating loads, (iii) inertia loads or forces, and (iv) centrifugal loads or forces. The other way of classification is (i) tensile loads, (ii) compressive loads, (iff) torsional or twisting loads, (iv) bend- ing loads, arid (v) shearing loads. The load may also be a ‘point’ (or concentrated) or “distributed.” Point load. A point load or concentrated load is one which is considered 10 act at @ point, In actual practice, the load has to be distributed over a small area, because, such small knife-edge contacts are generally neither possible, nor desirable. Distributed load. A distributed load is one which is distributed or spread in some manner over the length of the beam. If the spread is uniform, (ie., at the uniform rate, say w KN or N/metre run) it is said to be uniformly distributed load and is abbreviated as u.d.l. If the spread is not at uniform rate, it is said to be non-uniformly distributed load. Triangulary and trapezoidally distributed loads fall under this category. LL. 1 13. 14. 1.5. 1.6. 17. 1.8. 19. 1.10. LiL. 112. 13: 1.14. Chapter Classification of loads. Stress. Simple stress. Strain. Stress and elongation produced ina bar due to its self-weight. Tie bar of uniform strength. Stress ina bar due to rotation. Elongation of a taper rod. . Elongation of a conical bar due to its self-weight. Poisson's ratio. Relations between the elastic constants. Stresses induced in compound ties or struts. Thermal stresses and strains. Hoop stress Typical Examples— Highlights—Objective Type Questions—Unsolved Examples.2 © Strength of Materials EA stress p<{_ S&P When a body is acted upon by some load or external Fig. 1.1. Tensile stress force, it undergoes deformation (i.e., change in shape or di- mensions) which increases gradually. During deformation, the material of the body resists the tendency of the load to deform the body, and when the load influence is taken over by the Fig. 1.2. Compressive stress internal resistance of the matcrial of the body, it becomes Bea Be ek stable. This internal resistance which the body offers to meet a i i 4#YZ 2 with the load is called stress. a ~ i ; A_SSSS>? Stress can be considered either as total stress or unit a length from [to (/+8)), Fig. 1.6) and the inerement of length ! he Lis the actual deformation of the material. The fractional Fig. 1.6 deformation or the tensile strain is given by 8 =F (1.2) 1.4.2. Compressive Strain Under compressive forces, a similar piece of material >a) ‘would be reduced in length (Fig. 1.7) from /10 (- 8). —S se ‘The fractional deformation again gives the strain e,, Fig. 1.7 a where, gay w(L.2a) I 1.4.3. Shear Strain In case of a shearing load, a shear strain will be produced which is measured by the angle through which the body distorts. In Fig. 1.8 is shown a rectangular block LMNP pM Mo fixed at one face and subjected to force F. After ap- ~ plication of force, it distorts through an angle ¢ and ; occupies new position LM'N'P. The shear strain (e,) is given by 22 yp Tne hmmm nn , = 6 (radians) ...since Fig. 1.8 is very small. ‘The above result has been obtained by assuming NN' equal to arc (as NN" is small) drawn with centre P and radius PN. 1.4.4, Volumetric Strain It is defined as the ratio between change in volume and original volume of the body, and is denoted by ¢, Change in volume _ 5V / » = Original volume — V we(1.3) e, ‘The strains which disappear with the removal of load are termed as elastic strains and the body which regains its original position on the removal of force is called an elastic body. The body is said to be plastic if the strains exist even after the removal of external force. There is always a limiting value of load up to which the strain totally disappears on the removal of load—the stress corresponding. to this load is called elastic limit. ° Robert Hooke discovered experimentally that within elastic limit, stress varies directly as strain ie., Stress Strain Stress. or, = aconstant Strain This constant is termed as Modulus of elasticity.Chapter : 1 : Simple Stresses and Strains = 5 (i) Young’s modulus: It is the ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain or compressive stress and compressive strain, It is denoted by E. It is the same as modulus of elasticity. of_o, o, Es =! or (14), (ii) Modulus of rigidity: Itis defined as the ratio of shear stress 1 (tau) to shear strain and is denoted by C, N or G. It is also called shear modulus of elasticity. Heavy duty punching machine. or, + 2 GworG (1.5) es (iii)Bulk or yolume modulus of elasticit; It may be defined as the ratio of normal stress (on each face of a solid cube) to volumetric strain and is denoted by the letter K. or, K (1.6) Example 1.1. A square steel rod 20 mm x 20 mm in section is to carry an axial load (com- pressive) of 100 kN. Calculate the shortening in a length of 50 mm. E = 2.14 x 108 kN/m?. Soluti Area, A = 0.02 x 0.02 = 0.0004 m* Length, = 50mm or 0.05 m Load, = 100kN E = 2.14 108 kN/m? Shortening of the rod 8/: sin a 285, gm 100 2 = = 250000 kN/ °= 0.0004 = a= Stress ~ Strain Stress 250000 or, a 2.14 10 . a (0000 = T > 214x108 jy = —250000_ 250000 95 = x 2.14 x 10° 2.14 x 108 0,0000584 m or 0.0584 mm .0584 mm (Ans.) Hence, the shortening of the rod =6 © Strength of Materials Example 1.2. Xhollow cast-iron cylinder 4m long, 300 mm outer diameter, and thickness of metal 50 mm is subjected to a central load on the top when standing straight. The stress produced is 75000 kNim?. Assume Young’s modulus for cast-iron as 1.5 x 108 kNim? and find (i) magnitude of the load, (ii) longitudinal strain produced, and (iii) total decrease in length. Solution. Outer diameter, DD = 300 mm =0.3 m = 50mm=0.05 m =4m = 75000 kN/m? 1.5 x 108 kN/m? = D~21=03-2x 0.05 Thickness, Length, Stress produced, Amana SK u Inner diameter of the cylinder, (i) Magnitude of the load P : P Using the relation, o=- A .' © ee ee on, P= GxA=75000x 4 (D?-d)=75000x 4, (0.3?-0.2") or, P = 2945.2kN (Ans.) (ii) Longitudinal strain produced, e : Using the relation, Strain, e= (iii) Total decrease in length, 81 : Using the relation, Strain = 0.0005 = 4 81 = 0.0005 x 4 m = 0.002 m= 2 mm Hence, decrease in length = 2mm (Ans.) n the purpose and function, machine parts are made of different alloys and materials.Simple Stresses and Strains = 7 Example 12° The following observations were made during a tensile test on a mild steel specimen 40 mm in diameter and 200 mm long. Elongation with 40 kN load (within limit of proportionality) 81 = 0.0304 mn 161 kN = 242 kN Length of specimen at fracture Yield load Maximum load 49 mm Determine : (®) Young's modulus of elasticity, Ww) (iii) Ultimate stress, and (iv) Solution. (i) Young’s modulus of 5 P 40 Stress, ga oS a— - AES (0.0 A 8! _ 0.0304 Strain, e= a= LT 200 Stress _ 3.18% E= = (i) Yield point stress : Yield point stress Yield point stress, Percentage elongation — = 3.18 x 10* kN/m? 000152 10* Stain 0.000152 = 2.09 x 108 kN/m? (Ans.) point load To bear high compressive and variable stresses, automobile wheels are made of alloys.8 © Strength of Materials = 12.8 10! kN/im? (Ans.) (ii) Ultimate stress : . Maximum load Ultimate stress a ‘Area = — 219.2104 km? (Ans.) T 2 ~ x (0.04) qa (iv) Percentage elongation : et — original k th icons anual __ Length of specimen at fracture ~ original lent Original length = 249=200 _ 9.245 =245% (Ans) 200 Example 14. A steel wire 2 m long and 3 mm in diameter is extended by 0.75 mm when a weight W is suspended from the wire. If the same weight is suspended from a brass wire, 2.5 m long and 2 mm in diameter, itis elongated by 4.64 mm. Determine the modulus of elasticity of brass if that of steel be 2.0 x 10° Ninn’. (AMIE Summer, 2000) Solution, Given : |, =2m,d,=3 mm, 81, = 0.75 mm, E,=2.0 x 10° Nimm?, |, =2.5 m, d,=2mm, 81, =4.64 mm. Modulus of elasticity of brass, £, : From Hooke’s law, we know that PL a ae where, 8/ = Extension, ! = Length, A = Cross-sectional area, and Modulus of elasticity.ys 1: Simple Stresses and Strains © Case 1: For steel wire: Pl, B= 5 E 2 ie, io RCI 3) x20 10" : 2 5 I or, P= «3° |x 2.0 x10? x —— 2000 Case I: For brass wire: Ply 8, = o Ay Es Px (25 x 1000) 464 = Exx |x te Riot 1 = 464x( 2x2? |x 8, x is il G ). »* 5500 Equating eqns. (i) and (ii), we get 075 x 2x3? x 2.0%108x Le = 4.64x(% x2? )x Bx 4 2000 4 2500 or, E,, = 0.909 x 105 N/mm? (Ans.) 9 oli) (ii) Example LS. A steel bar is 900 mm long; its nvo ends are 40 mm and 30 mm in diameter and the length of each rod is 200 mun. The middle portion of the bar is 15 mm in diameter and 500 mm Tong. If the bar is subjected to an axial tensile load of 15 kN, find its total extension. Take E = 200 GNin? (G stands for giga and 1G = 10°). Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.9. 15mm Load, P= 15kN ¥. Ais 2 Area, A\= ~ x40? = 125646 001256 m? ig 2 i , rea, Ay= ~ x 402 = 1256.6 mm? = 0. m? of & 2 | BS 4 ‘ oa Area, y= © x 15?= 176.7 mn? = 0,0001767 m? | ¢-800) nin Sle a 200 mm Area, A,= 7 x 30? = 706.8 mm? = 0.0007068 m? Fig. 1.9 Lengths : J, =200 mm = 0.2 m, / Total extension of the bar : Let 81, 81, and 3/, be the extensions in the parts 1, 2 and 3 of the steel bar respectively. 500 mm = 0.5 m and 7, = 200 mm = 0.2 m Pl Ph, Pl, Then, 6), =—4, 81, =—, 8; = =f OES i= ae 2 GE PT on ae ‘Total extension of the bar, 81 = 8), +81, +81, ah, Ph, Ph P[ hh -4| “AE AE AE ELA A, 4y o_PIA_ Pl PL AE10 © Strength of Materials _ 15x10 [ 0.20 0.50 0.20 | 200 x 10° L0.001256 — 0.0001767 — 0.007068, = 0.0002454 m = 0.2454 mm Hence, total extension of the steel bar = 0.2454 mm (Ans.) Example 1.6, The bar shown in Fig. 1.10 is subjected to a tensile load of 50 KN. Find the diameter of the middle portion if the stress is limited to 130 MNhn?. Find also the length of the middle portion if the total elongation of the bar is 0.15 mm. Take E = 200 GNin2. — yo /—* é = ‘eo § <— — Ff Je 50 mn Fig. 1.10 Solution. Magnitude of tensile load, P = 50 kN Stress in the middle portion, o = 130 MN/mt Total clongation of the bar, 8/ = 0.15 mm =0.15 x 103m Modulus of elasticity, = 200 GNim? Diameter of the middle portion, d : P = 50% 1000 _ p30x108 Now, stress in the middle portion, — = (n/a) d 50x 1000? (c/4) x 130 x 10® = 0.0221 m or 22.1 mm Hence, diameter of the middle portion = 22.1 mm_(Ans.) ‘Marine crane under testing.Simple Stresses and Strains = 11 Length of the middle portion : Let the length of the middle portion =.x metre Stress in the end portions, __50%1000__ 40 n4x( ( 1000 = 39.79 x 10° Nim? +. Elongation of the end portion = 0x5 D Also, elongation of the end portions + extension of the middle portion = 0.15 x 10> 39.79 x 10° x (0.25 ~ x) , 130 10° xx 200.10” 200 x 10° 39.79 x 108 x (0.25 — x) + 130 x 10° xx = 200 x 10° x 0.15 x 107 Dividing both sides by 39.79 x 10°, we get 0.25 — x + 3.267 x = 0.754 s 0.222 m or 222 mm Hence, length of the middle portion = 222 mm_ (Ans.) Example 1.7. A steel tie rod 50 mm in diameter and 2.5 m long i To what length the rod should be bored centrally so that the total es cent under the same pull, the bore being 25 mm diameter? Take E Solution, Refer to Fig. 1.11 (a, 6) =0.15x 10% ibjected 10 a pull of 100 kN. nsion will increase by 15 per — 100 kN mm dia. a Diameter of the steel tie rod = 50 mm = 0.05 m Length of the steel rod, 1 =25m Magnitude of the pull, P =100KN Diameter of the bore = 25 mm = 0.025 m 200 x 10° N/m? Modulus of elasticity, Length of the bore, x : P 1001000 __ = 50.92 x 10° Nim? Stress in the solid rod, et ee A (m/4) x (0.05) 6 Elongation of the solid rod, arial SUI 2 E 200 x 10" = 0.000636 m or 0.636 mm Elongation after the rod is bored = 1.15 x 0.636 = 0.731 mm12 m= Strength of Materials Area at the reduced section Fe + (0.05? — 0.0257) = 0.001472 m? Stress in the reduced section,’ = 100% 1000 _ 65.9. 108 Nim? 0.001472 . Elongation of the rod - SGS* 9) 28 _ eae? E E Yo (2.5— “10° x on _ XIV AS= 9), 619X101 98 200 10° 200 x 10" or, = 50.92 x 10° (2.5 — x) + 67.9 x 105x = 200 x 10° x 0,731 x 10% or, = (25-3) + 1.33.5 =287 or, x=1i2m Hence, length of the bore =112m (Ans.) Example 1,8, A brass bar having cross-sectional area of 1000 mm? is subjected to axial forces shown in the Fig. 1.12. Find the total elongation of the bar. Modulus of elasticity of brass = 100 GN/n?, . 20kN S0kN 1 80KN | [plokN Ahead mele avel Fig. 1.12 Solution, Refer to Fig. 1.12. The loading of three different portions LM, MN and NP is shown separately in the Fig. 1.13. It may be noted that portion LM is under the tensile force 50 KN to the left, and to the right of it, there is again an effective force 50 kN which is a resultant of three forces to its right ie. (80 - 20 - 10) = 50 KN. ‘A metal fabrication unit,Chapter : 1 : Simple Stresses and Strains m 13 50. kN 10x ye << al — > SOkN| oe pae jioun Lm leosmn| “ee lems! "ea ses) Fig. 1.13 Similarly, in portion MN, the compressive force on the left is 30 KN (i.e., 80 — 50) and 30 KN on the right (i.e., 20 + 10). In NP, the compressive load is 10 KN, (i-e., 80 - 50 — 20) and on the right, there is already a compressive load of 10 KN. So, we observe that the bar is in equilibrium under the action of these forces. ‘Total elongation of the bar : Let 8, 8/, and 81, be the changes in length LM, MN and NP respectively. Then, increase (+) .. decrease (~) » decrease (—) ©. Net change in length, 3/= 81, - 31-5, _ fh Bh _ Pl 1 = =~ (Rh - Py - Bl AB” AE AE Ag“ Bh- Bb) 10° =—__>____ (50x 0.6 - 30 x1 - 10x 1.2) 1000 x 10° x 100x107 = +. 1 1 = — (30 - 30-12) =, x(-12) 10° 10° == 0.00012 m =~ 0.12 mm Negative sign indicates that the bar is shortened by 0.12 mm_(Ans.) Example 1.9.A member LMNP is subjected to point loads as shown in Fig. 1.14. Calculate : (i) Force P necessary for equilibrium. (ii) Total elongation of the bar. Take E = 210 GNim? Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.14 2400 mm” 600mm 1200 mm? po <— 50 kN | —— _ 500 KN Poot |<—1000 mm rl 1000 am ain | Fig. 1.1414 © Strength of Materials (i) Force P necessary for equilibrium : Resolving the forces on the rod along its axis, we get 50 +500 = P +200 P=350KkN (Ans.) (i) ‘Total elongation of the bar : Let 8f,, 81, and 81, be the changes in lengths LM, MN and NP respectively. Pl 50x 1000 x I 6, = PL = — 2 = 3.97 x 10 m....increase (+) Then, 1 AE 600x 10 x 210 x 10° Bly = Pela _ _300%1000%C1___ 5.055 10-4. decrease (-) E2400 10 x 210 x 10) 2 ty, 7s = _ 2001000 0.6 __- 4 760104 a merense (+) AsE 1200 x 10° x 210.x 10° +. Total elongation,8/ = 81, ~ 81, + 81, = 3.97 x 104 — 5.95 x 104 + 4.76 x 104 = 104 (3.97 — 5.95 + 4.76) = 2.78 x 104 m, or, 0.278 mm Hence, total elongation of the bar = 0.278 mm Ans.) Example 1.10. In Fig. 1.15 is shown a steel bar of cross-sectional area 250 mun? held firmly by the end supports and loaded by an axial force of 25 kN. Determine (i) Reactions at L and M. (ii) Extension of the left portion. E= 200 GNin?. Solution, Refer to Fig. 1.15 (i) Reactions at Land M: ‘As the bar is in equilibrium, “ Ry, + Ry = 25 KN Also, since total length of the bar remains unchanged, Extension in LN’ = contraction in MN R,X0.25 _ Ry X06 AXE AXE R, x 0.25 = Ry x 0.6 re, =u X0S 94 p,, 0.25 Substituting the value of R, in (i), we get 24 Ry + Ry = 25 From which Ry 7.353 KN (Ans.) és R, = 25 ~ 7.393 = 17.647 KN. (Ans.) (ii) Elongation of left portion Elongation of left portion RX 0.25 __ 17.647 x10? x 0.25 AXE — 25010 x 200x 10" = 0.0882 mm (Ans.) 0.0000882 mc Simple Stresses and Strains = 15 Example LULA siraight uniform bar ADis |X nN clamped at both ends and loaded as shown in Fig. S | R 1.16. Initially the bar is stress free. Determine the 4S B 8 stresses in all the three parts (AB, BC, CD) of the ~~ mea im bar if the cross-sectional area of bar is 1000 mm’. 8 R Solution, Refer to Figs. 1.16 and 1.17 — == — Let R, and R,, be the reactions at the supports Soosam siiain. apo aif Aand D respectively. For equilibrium of the bar AD, en these reactions must act towards the left. ees gale, Pt pcmmued ee 15—Rp phe Ry Rp '<— 600mm TOR 500 mm '<400 mm > Fig, 1.17 Hence Ry + Rp=5+ 10515 kN wf) Fig. 1.17 shows the free-body diagram for the parts AB, BC and CD. Let 8/,y, Sige and Sf,,, be the extensions in the parts AB, BC and CD respectively. Then i, == Be sas (extension) lag XE Bigg = 10 — Fo) ¥ toe. (extension) aye RE Bigg eee ee ... (compression) Age RE Since the supports are rigid, therefore elongation of AB and BC shall be equal to the compressions of CD. Hence, 8lyy + Slyc = Bley Substituting the values, we have (15 — Ry) x 600 , (0 -Rp) x 500 _ Ry x 400 1000 % E 1000 E 1000 £ (2 Agg =Age = Acp = 1000 mn... given) or, 6(15—R,) +5 (10-R,) = 48, or, 90-6 Ry +50-5R,=4 Ry or, 15 Ry = 140 Ry = 148 = 9.33 KN From eqn. (ii), we have Ry +93; or, Stress in part AB, Sap = Cross-sectional area of part AB o16 © Strength of Materials = 5.67 N/mm? (tensile) (Ans.) 0 = Ry) 1000 en? Stress in part BC, Onc = ra N/mm = 0.67 Nim? (tensile) (Ans.) Rp x 1000 2 Stress in part CD, Seo = Gy N/mm? _ 10-933 x 1000 1000 9.33 N/mm? (Ans.) Example 1.12. For the bar shown in Fig. 1.18, calculate the reaction produced by the lower support on the bar. Take E = 200 GNin?. Find also the stresses in the bars. Refer to Fig. 1.18. R, = Reaction at the upper support ; R, = Reaction at the lower support when the bar touches it If the bar MN finally rests on the lower support, we have R, +R, = 55 KN = 55000 N For bar LM, the total force = R,= 55000 — R, (tensile) For bar MN, the total force = R, (compressive) ‘i 81, = Extension of LM (55000 — Ry) x 1.2 © G0 x10) x 200% 10" 81, = Contraction of MN and, R, X24 * 320% 10° x 200 x 10” R, ip, | a ‘1 mm" i LA~ P ao (12mm 5 24m Fig. 1.18 In order that V rests on the lower support, we have from compatibility equation, 81, - 87, = 1.2/1000 = 0.0012 m « (55000 - ,) x R, x2, . (11010) x 20010? 220« 10 x 200 or, 2 (55000 — R,) x 1.2 — or, 132000 - 2.4 R, -2.4 12800, or, 488. 19200 oe R,=16500N or 16.5KN (Ans.) and, 5 —16.5=38.5KN (Ans.) Stress in LM oS A ~ A, (10x10 350 MN/m? (Ans.) = 0.350 x 10° kN/m* 4 Ry = (220 x 10) x 200 x 10° x 0.0012Chapter : 1: Simple Stresses and Strains = 17 Tractors are especially built to run on rough and bumpy terrains. The engine provides high torque at low speeds Stress in MN 16.5 220 x 10 75 MNim? (Ans.) Example 1.13. A 700 mm length of aluminium alloy bar is suspended from the ceiling so as to provide a clearance of 0,3 mm benveen it and a 250 mm length of steel bar as shown in Fig. 1.19. Ay = 1250 mmr? E., = 70 GN/n®, A, = 2500 mmn?, E, = 210 GNin®. Determine the stress in the aluminium and in the steel due to a 300 KN load applied 500 mm from the ceiling. Solution, Refer to Fig. 1.19. On application of load of 300 kN at Q, the portion LQ will move forward and come in contact with V so that QM and NP will both be under compression, LQ will elongate, while QM and NP will contract and the net elongation will be equal to gap of 0.3 mm between M and N. = 0.075 x 10° kN/m* Let, Tensile stress in LQ, ont Compressive stress in QM, and zg Compressive stress in NP. | ‘Aluminium 6, x05 Elongation of = LO = 39499 6, 0.2 Contraction of OM = 39,497 m (+) m (-) 63 x0. 210 x 10” But, force in QM = force in NP 6, x 1250 x 10% = 6,x 2500 x 10° Contraction of |= NP = mC) s. o, 6, x 0.25 2x 210x 10° Contraction of NP =Chapter : 1 : Simple Stresses and Strains = 27 AURAL LL Extension in dy and total extension in the bar, | a | <— Initial transverse é . 81 ' ' dimension ge} 281 ay 2810 f yay \ i 1 3E 0 H ‘Final tran If | dimension 981p 981 pl? 3E + as Longitudinal 2 * ‘longation 981 pl | —_ ® =a (1.16) M Hw POISSON'S RATIO Fig. 1.28 If a body is subjected to a load, its length changes; ratio of this change in length to the original length is known as linear or primary strain. Due to this load, the dimensions of the body change; in all directions at right angles to its line of application the strains thus produced are called lateral or secondary or transverse strains and are of nature opposite to that of primary strains. For example, if the load is tensile, there will be an increase in length and a corresponding decrease in cross-sectional area of the body (Fig. 1.28). In this case, linear or primary strain will be tensile and secondary of lateral or transverse strain compressive. The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is known as Poisson’s ratio. i.e., Poisson’s ratio, Lateral strain or transverse strain _ 1 Linear or primary strain m where m is a constant and its value varies between 3 and 4 for different materials. Table 1.1 gives the average values of Poisson’s ratio for common materials. Taste 1.1. Poisson’s Ratio for Some of the Common Materials S.No. Material Poisson's ratio 1. Aluminium 0.330 2, Brass 0.340 3 Bronze 0.350 4. Cast iron 0.270 5 Concrete . 0.200 6. Copper 0.355 a. Steel 0.288 8. Stainless steel 0.305 % Wrought iron 0.278 11.11. | RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ELASTIC MODULI! Relations exist between the elastic constants for any specific material and these relations hold 200d for all materials within the elastic range. The relations result from the fact that the application of any particular type of stress necessarily produces other types of stress at other places in the material. Further, each of the stresses produces its corresponding strain and all the strains produced must be consistent.Chapter : 1: Simple Stresses and Strains = 35 ete te, =4,85 x 10% + 1.389 x 10+ + 2.292 x 10+ = 107 (0.485 + 1.389 + 2.292) = 4.166 x 104 8V =e, x V= 4.166 x 10> x (60 x 60 x 180) mm? = 269.9 mm (Ans.) STRESSES INDUCED IN COMPOUND TIES OR STRUTS Frequently ties consist of two materials, fastened together to prevent uneven straining of the two materials. In these cases, it is interesting to calculate the distribution of the load between the materials: It will be assumed that the two materials also are symmetrically distributed about the axis of the bar, as with a cylindrical rod encased in a tube (Fig. 1.32). If an axial load P is applied to the bar, P=6,A, +o, (1.20) where, 6, and G, are the stresses induced and A, and A, are the cross-sec- tional areas of the materials. The strains produced, e, and e, are equal. Tube Rod Q) a AMM Se WN e é. E a ae... a. Fig. 1.32 eo oe {1.20 (@)] E Example 1.25. A concrete column of cross-sectional area 400 mm x 400 mm is reinforced by ‘four longitudinal 50 mm diameter round steel bars placed at each corner. If the column carries a compressive load of 300 kN, determine : (Loads carried; (if) The compressive stress produced in the concrete and steel bars. Young's modulus of elasticity of steel is 15 times that of concrete. Savin, ; “olution. Refer to Fig. 1.33. }«—— 400 mm——>| Cross-sectional area of the column 5 0.4x 04 =0.16 m? Area of steel bars, A, =4x a x (0.05)? = 0.00785 m? 2. Area of concrete, A, = 0.16-0.00785=0.1521 m? Since the steel bars and concrete shorten by the same amount under the compressive load, Strain in steel bars = Strain in concrete a Concrete Steel bar a 50 mm dia. 400 mm——>| Fig. 1.33, or, & =e36 = Strength of Materials Also, load shared by steel bars + load shared by conerete = 300000 N or, P.+P, = 300000 N or, 6,xA, +6, x A, = 300000 15 6, x 0.00785 + 6, x 0.1521 = 300000 6, (15 x 0.00785 + 0.1521) = 300000 or, compressive stress in concrete, 6, = 1.11 x 10° Nim? = 1.11 MN/m? (Ans.) and, compressive stress in steel bars, 5.6, = 15 x 1.11 x 108 16.65 x 10° Nim? = 16.65 MN/m?(Ans.) Load carried by steel bars, P, = 6, A, = 16.65 x 10® x 0.00785 30.7 KN = 131 KN. (Ans.) AL x 106 x 0.1521 = 168.9 = 169 KN (Ans,) Example 1.26. A copper rod of 40 mm diameter is surrounded tightly by a cast-iron tube of 80 mm external diameter, the ends being firmly fastened together. When put to a compressive load of 30 KN, what load will be shared by each ? Also determine the amount by which the compéund , bar shortens if it is 2 m long. Take: E,, = 175 GNim?, and E, = 75 GNim’. Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.34 . Diameter of the copper rod = 0.04 m Area of copper rod, Load carried by concrete, P. BS oo? == x 0.04 Ang = 0.0004 mm? External diameter of cast iron tube = 0.08 m. Area of cast iron tube, m A, = 7 (0.08? -008) 9 = 0.0012 2 mi? We know that, Strain in cast-iron tube = Strain in the copper rod G.; _ G, Eos &,. 175 x 10° on, oo E 75x10? ‘ 6, = 2.336, A Also, total load = Load shared by cast-iron tube + load shared by copper rod. on, P=P,, +P, 30=6,; Ap) + 9,-A, or, 3026, x 0.0012n + 6, x 0.0004 x Substituting the value of ¢.., from (i) in (ii), we get 30 = 2.33 6, x 0.0012 2 + 6, x 0.0004 1Chapter : 1: Simple Stresses and Strains = 37 = 6, (0.008785 + 0.001257) = 0.010042 6, 30 0.010042 And, from equation (i), 2.33 6, = 2.33 x 2987.5 6960.8 KN/m? Load shared by the copper rod, P, =6,A, = 2987.5 x 0.0004 3.75KN (Ans.) Load shared by cast iron tube, P,, =30-3.75=26.25KN (Ans.) = 2987.5 kN/m? Strain E ©, Decrease in length _ 8! on E, ~ Original length a - o. yep = 2987S XO? E, 75x10? = 0.0000796 m or 0.0796 mm mn °7 =0 (Al Hence, deerease in length = 0.0796 mm (Ams) "5 le iyakes ae the forerunners of Example 1.27. A solid sieel cylinder 500 mm long the modern automobile brakes. and 70 mm diameter is placed inside an aluminium cylinder having 75 mm inside diameter and 100 mm SOOKN — Rigid plate outside diameter The aluminium cylinder is 0.16 mm Ionger than the steel cylinder. An axial load of 500 kN ee is applied to the bar and cylinder through rigid cover plates as shown in Fig. 1.35. Find the stress developed 1 h¢—70 stn —aet | | 0-16: in the steel cylinder and aluminium tube. Assume for td L | | Aluminium bt 2 ee _———* fie neti steel, E = 220 GN/nt and for aluminium, E = 70 GN/ ' Smm—— F evlinder mm. 2 }<+—100 mm—+} Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.35. g fii 11 Steel Since the aluminium cylinder is 0.16 mm longer i a eine than the steel cylinder, the load required to compress u it this cylinder by 0.16 mm will be found as follows : tt it [yet plate Stress PIA __ Pl “Strain Sil AS or, = 0.50016 ‘When the aluminium cylinder is compressed by its extra length 0.16 mm, the load then shared ‘by both aluminium as well as steel cylinder will be,38 m= Strength of Materials 500000 - 76944 = 423056 N Let, e, = Strain in steel cylinder, ¢, = Strain in aluminium cylinder, 6, = Stress produced in steel cylinder, and ©, = Stress produced in aluminium cylinder. E, = 220 GN/m* E,, = 70 GNim? As both the cylinders are of the same length and are compressed by the same amount, S e, =e, or, or, 70x10” * Also, P.+P, =P or, —6,.A,+0,.A, = 423056 2 6,%A,+6,xA,= 423056 423056 423056 5,2 5 a = 2 2k Cee 2 — 4, + xx 0.07? + * (0.1? — 0.075" q htAe FXG 4‘ ) 423056 6 > = = 27.24 x 10° Nim? = 27.24 MN? 0.012095 + 0.003436 2 and, 9, = 5X 27.24 = 85.61 MN/m? Stress in the aluminium cylinder due to load 76944 N 76944 sna rat 2 = 22.39 & 10° Nin? = 22.39 MINI? (0.1? — 0.0757) 4 + Total stress in aluminium cylinder = 27.24 + 22.39 = 49.63 MN/m? (Ans.) and, stress in steel cylinder = 85.61 MN/m? (Ans.) Example 1.28. Figure 1.36 shows a round steel rod supported in a recess and surrounded by co-axial brass tube. The upper end of the rod is 0.1mm below that of the tube and an axial load is applied to a rigid plate resting on the top of the tube. () Determine the magnitude of the maximum permissible load if the compressive stress in the rod is not to exceed 110 MN/m? and that in the tube is not to exceed 80 MN/m. (ii) Find the amount by which the tube will be shortened by the load if the compressive stress in the tube is the same as that in the rod. Take: E, = 200 GN/m?; E,, = 100 GN/n?. (Panjab University)Chapter : 1 : Simple Stresses and Strains = 39 Tower bridge, London. In bridges different members bear different magnitudes of tension, compression and shear stresses. Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.36. (i) Maximum permissible load, P : Area of steel rod, 4, = Ex{ 2°) 270686 « 106m? 5 4 (1000) © Area of brass tube, 50. 45 ; = —x||—— | -|——_ = 3734 6 m2 y= Sof 2) (J -srsosx 0 Let o, and o, MNi/m? be the stresses induced in the steel rod and brass tube respectively. Since the sum of the loads carried by the steel and brass is equal to the total load, -. Total load, P =6,A,+6,A, = 706.86 x 10% 6, + 373.06 x 10*6, oD) When the top plate makes contact with steel and com- presses it, the compression of the brass will exceed that of steel by 0.1 mm. ie, 8), = 8/, + 0.0001 m x Sb S's 5 g0001 ° Ey E, 6x03 _ 9, x04 ROM = Os* + 0.0001 0% 10010 200 10° or, 6, =0.6676,+333 Li) ‘The maximum stress of 110 MN/m? in the rod and 80 MN/m? in the tube will not occur simultancously, rather the magnitudes of induced stresses in the two materials will be related to each other by eqn. (if). Thus if it is assumed that the stress in steel is the limiting case, then from eqn. (ii) for 6, = 110 MN/m?, G, = 0.667 x 110 + 33.3 106.7 MN/m? Fig. 1.36 }€-100 mm:40 «© Strength of Materials which is more than the allowable stress in brass leading to the conclusion that the assumption is wrong, Then again assuming the stress in brass to be the limiting case, from (ii) we have, for 0, = 80 MN/m?, 80 = 0.667 6, + 33.3 80 - 33.3 = 70 MN/m? 0.667 which is safe, being less than the maximum allowable stress in steel. Thus substituting the values of 6, and G, in eqn. (i), we get P = 706.86 x 10° x 70 + 373.06 x 10° % 80 0.079325 MN or 79.325 KN Hence, maximum permissible load, P = 79.325 KN (Ans.) (i) The amount by which the tube will be shortened, 84, = In this case 6, = 0,= 110 MN/m? (Given) Gly _ 1100.3 = 0.00033 m or 0.33 mm Hence, 8), = 033mm (Ans.) Example 1.29. Two vertical rods, one of steel and the other of bronze, are rigidly fastened at upper ends at a horizontal distance of 760 mm apart. Each rod is 3 m long and 25 mm in diameter. ‘A horizontal cross-piece connects the lower ends of the bars. Where should a load of 4.5 kN be placed on the cross-piece so that it remains horizontal after being loaded? : Determine the stresses in each rod. Given: E, = 210 GNin?; E, = 112.5 GNine. Solution, Refer to Fig. 1.37. Length of each rod =3m | mii Diameter of each rod = 25 mm = 0.025 m | 4760 ram —3 Load, P=45kN | Let, G, = Stress in steel rod, | | ,, = Stress in brass rod, Ble ¢, = Strain in steel rod, and “| {8 ¢, = Strain in bronze rod. ia Since the load is placed in such a manner that the cross-piece remains horizontal, Cross-piece or, or wo a ie, Se Be P=45kN P, 112.5 x 10° Fig. 1.37 = 1.867 6, oe) Let P, and P,, be the loads shared by the steel and bronze rods respectively. Then, P=P.+P, or, P =6,.A,+6,-A, (ii) where, A, = Cross-sectional area of steel rod, andChapter : 1: Simple Stresses and Strains = 41 A, = Cross-sectional area of bronze rod. 1. rm Tt P = 1867 0,x 7 x (0.025)? + 0, 7 x (0.025? 4500 = 0.000916 6, + 0.000491 6, 6, = 3.19 x 10® Nim? = 3.19 MN? and, 6, = 1.867 x 3.19 = 5.956 MN/m? rt P, = 0,4, = 3:19 x 108 x 7 x (0,025)? = 1566 N Let ‘a’ be the distance from the steel rod where the load P should be placed so that the ctoss - piece remains horizontal after being loaded. Then, P,x 760 = Pxa P, x 760 _ 1566 x 760 ae F 4500 = 265mm (Ans.) 7 Example 1.30. A beam weighing 450 N is held in a horizontal position by three vertical wires, one attached to each end of the beam, one to the middle of its length. The outer wires are of brass of diameter 1.25 mm and ihe central wire is of steel of diameter 0.625 mm. If the beam is rigid and wires of the same length and unstressed before the beam is attached, estimate the stresses induced in the wires. Take Young's modulus for brass as 86 GN/m? and for steel 210 GN/m?. Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.38. Let, P,, = Load taken by the brass wire, and P, = Load taken by the steel wire. Then, 2P,4+P, =P i) Since the beam is horizontal, all wires will extend by the same amount. ie, & =e + Length of each wire is same.) = Strain in brass wire, and where, Strain in steel wire. A,-E, PAE, Ay Ey B, x 5% (0.625 x10" or, Peart Bronze flanges 4.25 x10 3)? x 86 x10” or, P, = 0.61 P, di) Substituting the value of P, in egn. (i), we get 2P, +061 P, =P 261 P, = 45042 & Strength of Materials P, =1724N > sungpueani eno and, P, =0.61 x 172.4 = 105.2N | Now, stress, induced in the brass wire, | Ig B, 172.4 2 ¢ € 8 = Ry Ox tot? | gE a x13) é ig = Bra = 140 MN/m? (Ans.) and, stress induced in a steel wire, pean 105.2 == ] 9, Sy = 3429 x 108 Nim er : X (0.625 x 10 V = 342.9 MN/m? (Ans.) Example 1.31. A rigid bar is supported by three rods in the same vertical plane and equidis- tant. The outer rods are of brass and of length 600 mm and diameter 30 mm. The central rod is of steel of 900 mm length and of 37.5 mm diameter. Calculate the forces in the bars due to an applied 2. force P, if the bar remains horizontal after the load has been applied. Take : a Solution, Refer to Fig. 1.39. Let suffix | be used for brass and 2 for steel. tr Ay = 7 GO) = 225 xmm? 51.56 = mm? = © x@7sy =tx From statical equilibrium, we have 2P,+P, =P od) From compatibility equation, we have = 51, wee 900 mm—p» = AB, A, Ey h= p _RAEA 600 mm OSA El = Ax dlSOR 2 , 600 ~ 225m “1° 900 | = 2.08 P, fii) Substituting in (7), we get 2P,+2.08P, =P Fig. 139 0.245P (Ans.) 08 x 0.245 P= 0.51 P (Ans.) Example 1.32. Tivo copper rods and one steel rod together support a load as shown in Fig. 1.40. If the stresses in copper and steel are not to exceed 60%10° Nim? and 120x109 Nim?, respectively, find the safe load that can be supported. Young's modulus for steel is twice that of copper. Brass Brass or, and, Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.40.Chapter : 1: Simple Stresses and Strains m 43 Each rod will be compressed to the same extent. Let each rod contract by 8 metre, then 8 = e, x J, =e, x, (e, and e, being strains in steel and copper respectively) 30mm 150 mm > | P | || 25 mm x 25 mm| Wh 30 mm 4 5mm * 25 mm | | Steel | “© Copper | Z TT Fig. 1.40 Let the stresses in steel and copper be 6, and 0, respectively. ‘Then, 6, =e,xE, and,o,=e,xE, s = 0.75x2=15 o. 6, =150, If the steel is permitted to reach its safe stres 10° N / m2, the corresponding stress in copper will be J 120 x 108 15 safe stress of 60 x 10° N/m?. Therefore, let copper be allowed to reach its safe stress of 60 x 10° N/m*, the corresponding in steel will be 60 x 10° x 1.5 = 90 x 108 Nim’. 2. Total load,P = Load on steel + load on copper = P,+P.=6,xA,+6,xA, = 90 x 10° x 0.03 x 0.03 + 2 x 60 x ™ 10° x 0,025 x 0.025 Bustin. = 156000 Nor 156kN (Ans.) Example 1.33. A steel bolt and sleeve assembly is shown in Fig. 1.41. The nut is tightened up | on the tube through the rigid end blocks until the tensile force in the bolt is 40 kN. If an external load 30 kN is then applied to the end blocks, tending to pull them apart, estimate the resulting force in the bolt and sleeve. (AMIE Winter, 2001) = 80 x 10° N/m? for copper which exceeds the sires n (25 43 Ex{ | = 4.908 x10- m* : «(% ) 908 x 10° m Solut n_[(a@sy (50 Y ; _f = [= | |= 1.104 107 m? Area of steel sleeve, 4=3* [ 1000 } ES ) ] = Forces in the bolt and sleeve: (i) Stresses due to tightening the nut: Let, G,, = Stress developed in steel bolt due to tightening the nut, and g, = Stress developed in steel sleeve due to tightening the nut, Area of steel bolt, A,