Find”i A TEXTBOOK OF RK. RAJPUT M.E. (Hous.), Gold Medalist; Grad. Mech. & Elect. Eugg.. MLE. (India); MS.ESA; MISTE. CE, (India) Recipient of: “Best Teacher (Academic) Award” ° “Distinguished Author Award” “Jawahar Lal Nehri Memorial Gold Medal” for an outstanding research paper (institution of Engineers-India) Principal ; Punjab College of information Technology PATIALA S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHYI-110 055m as., Q. S. CHAND & COMPANY LID. == ‘Anis 9002 Company—- = Head Office : 7361 AGB NSW BELHI - 110 055 ‘Phones : 2367: 2; Fax 3-9-1 ]423677446 su) set” Shop.at schandgroup.com -—— 1 te E-mail: schand@ysni.com Branches : * Ist Hoor, Heritage, Neor Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380 014, Ph : 7541965, 7542369 * No. 6 Ahuja Chambers, Ist Cross, Kumara Krupa Read, Bangalore-560 001. Ph : 2268048, 2354008 * 152 Anna Salai, Chennai-600 002. 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Rajput All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher. First Edition 1998 Second Revised Edition 2002 Tet estan epyey ON} Reprint 2004 | SS eae osmysy Necxeth College ae nEae feciée Bavcation | 1 ar ISBN ; 81-219-1666-6 i ee f RUTTER INNO ~SWetby Rajendra Ravinara Printers (Pvt}tia:, 7367, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-1 10655 ‘ond published by S. Chand & Company Ltd, 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055To my wife Ramesh Rajput ot“a PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION- ‘The main object of writing this book on the subject of “Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines” is to present to the student community, a book which should contain comprehensive treatment of the subject matter in simple, lucid and direct language and envelope a large number of solved problems properly graded, including typical examples, from examination point of view. ‘The book comprises 22 chapters andis divided into two parts: PartI deals with ‘Fluid Mechanics’ while Part II deals with ‘Hydraulic Machines’ (Fluid Power Engineering). All chapters of the book are ‘ saturated with much needed text supported by simple and self-explanatory figures and large number of Worked Examples including Typical Examples (for competitive examinations). At the end ofeach chapter Highlights, Objective Typé Questions, Theoretical Questions and Unsolved Examples have been added to make the book a comprehensive and a complete unit in all respects. The book will provetobeaboon to the students preparing for engineering undergraduate, AMIE Section B (India) and competitive examinations. The author’s thanks are due to his wife Ramesh Rajput for extending all cooperation during preparation of the manuscript. In the end the author wishes to express his gratitude to Shri Ravindra Kumar Gupta, Director, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi, for taking « lot of pains in bringing out the book, with extremely . good presentation, in a short span of time. Although every care has been taken to make the book free of errors both in the text as well as solved examples, yet the author shall feel obliged if errors present are brought to his notice. “Constructive criticism of the book will be warmly received. RK. RAJPUTPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Tam pleased to present the second edition of this standard treatise. The entire book has been thoroughly revised and large number of solved example questions selected from latest engineering examinations] and a few new articles, wherever necessary, have been added, Besides this “Question's Bank” including Objective Type Test Questions has been added at the end of the book to make ita still ‘more useful and comprehensive unit in all respects. : Any suggestion for the improvement of this book will be thankfully acknowledged and incorporated in the next edition. f RK. RAJPUTFOR it a oe a oe % PRY OE EO OGL Oe.) Cc Ceoecy Of ete so Pa ot on ot NOMENCLATURE Acceleration Area dt Area of suction pipe, surge tank Area of delivery pipe ‘Width of wheel (turbine) Width, bed width of rectangular or trapezoidal channel Specific heat at constant pressure Centipoise Specific heat at constant volume Chezy’s discharge coefficient Celerity of apressure wave Coefficient of contraction « Discharge coefficient of weirs, orifice plates Drag coefficient Local drag coefficient Coefficient of velocity Diameter of orifice plate, pipe, particle Diameter of pipe, wheel Diameter of delivery pipe Diameter of suction pipe Linear strain Young’s modulus of elasticity of material Darcy Weisbach friction coefficient, frequency Force Force exerted by boundary on the fluid Drag force on the body Lift force Froude number Gravitational acceleration Piezometric head, specific enthalpy Delivery head Frictional loss of head Suction head Gross head Total energy head, net head Acceleration head for delivery pipe Acceleration head for suction pipe zs Moment of inertia (of, ares), moment of inertia (ofmess) Roughnessheight Conveyance Head loss coefficient, bulk modulus of elasticity, blade friction coefficient oiSpeed ratio. Flow ratio K, _Vane thickness factor a Length of delivery pipe i Length of suction pipe ; Length of delivery pipe between cylinder to air vessel Length of suction pipe between cylinder and air vessel Mass Momentum, Mach mmber ratio B/D Manning's roughness coefficient, revolutions per minute , Specific speed i a Pressure, stagnation pressure Pp Power, shafi power (turbine), Poise, force | q Discharge per unit width, discharge per jet : Q Discharge, heat : r Distance from the centre R Radius of pipe, hydraulic radius, radius of pipe bend R, Universal gas constant R, Reynolds number s Specific gravity, bed slope of channel t Thickness, time a Absolute temperature in Kelvins T u ie Ss ipdriarres Nagcate Torque, water surface width Instantaneous velocity at a point in X-direction # Shear friction velocity Free stream velocity p Velocity of flow in delivery pipe Velocity of flow in the cylinder Velocity of flow in suction pipe Instantaneous velocity at a point in Y-direction Specific volume Critical veiocity Velocity of approach Time averaged velocity at a point in Y-direction Relative velocity Velocity of flow (in turbines and pumps) Velocity of swt (in turbines ané pumps) Volume Weight density, instantaneous velocity at a point in Z-direction Weight of fimid, workdone Distance in X-direction = My Distance in Y-direction, depth of flow : eeey, {Critical depth x ‘Depth of centroid of area below water surface |Z ~ Number of buckets/vanes 2 elevation Greek Notations “ae nergy correction factor, Mach angle, angle ‘Momentum correction factor, angle Ratio of specific heats Boundary layer thickness ‘Laminar sub-layer thickness Displacement thickness of boundary layer Change in entropy Efficiency, dimensionless distance (y/5) ‘Angle, momentum thickness of boundary layer Coefficient of dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Mass density of fluid Coefficient of surface tension, cavitation number (Thoma number) Shear stress Bottom shear stress Angle, velocity potential Stream function Angular velocity Circulation Vorticity ‘Subscript 0 refer to any quantity at reference section Subscripts 1,2 _refer to any quantity at section 1 or2 Subscripts xy,2 Teferto any quantity in x,y, 2 direction Subscripts m,p _ refer to any quantity in model and protoyPe Herita ote emi ip Ce On etar uaa pie. tg. yee Different Types of Heads (or Energies) of a Liqui Bemoulli’s Equation 2 raga eres Euler's Equation for Motion: Bemoulli’s Equation for Real Fluid i Practical Applications of Bernoulli's Equation 661. — Venturimeter ee 661-1. Horizontal yenturimeters 2 2 661-2. Vertical and inclined venturimeters - 662. Orifice meter . 6-6-3. Pitot tube Free Liquid Jet z Impulse-momentum Equation Kinetic Energy and Momentum Correction Factors (Coriolis Co-efficients) Momentum of Momentum Equation VOrexSMOUon Go ates nmeenlere Gll-I. Forced vortex flow $112. Free vortex flow. . 2 | | | 6113. Equation of motion for vortex flow 611-4. Equation of forced vortex flow . ete 6-115. Rotation of liquid in a closed cylindrical vessel Highlights fds! ie eee é Objective Type Questions ‘Theoretical Qbedone enc ach pantiont aot’ oth Unsolved Examples . 7. DIMENSIONAL AND MODEL ANALYSIS 7. 72. 73, 78, Dimensions Audlyite.- Introduction Dimensional Homogeneity Methods of Dimensional Analysis. | | Sed 244 Pepleigtsmeed | - 742" Buckingham's.n-method/thesrern 6 eeeae 7-43. Limitations ‘of dimensional amalysis op 198 198 200-293 200 201 203 21 218 218 218 224Tam = 78-2. Froude number (F,) . 783, Euler number (Ei). 2 | Bae 8 TB. Weber mumber(We) gg 7-8-5. Mach number () Model (or Similarity) Laws Reynolds Model Law Froude Model Law . Eulet Modellaw 2 2... oR Eee ee 1 3 Weber ModelLaw © 2 er M4. MuchModeltaw 2. 1 2 71S. Typesof Models 2... a TAS1. Undisored models... | 715-2. Distorted models. 2. ’ ms ey . P16 Scale Etfectin models © 717. Limitations of Hydraulic Similiude ©. 2. | | |) ag Highlights 2 ee 4 Objective Type Questions © 2. | ee - Theoretical Questions. s.r 3 Unsolved Examples. 2 we, +. 3609 } 8. FLOW THROUGH ORIFICES AND MOUTHPIECES 362-408 j BL, Cininate oOdies 1 oo: ca i 2 Classification or Orifices =. 2 . 83. Flow through an Orifice . . |, ssn ee 6 er $4. HydrulieCoeffcieas . 2 2. - 84.1. Co-efficient of contraction (C2) i 842. Coefficient of velocity (Cz). +e. 2 ns 3 843. Co-efficient of discharge (Cd). 2 ©... . | : B44. Cocificient of resisance (CG). . . . 2 2...) r BS. Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Co-efficients . -. 2 | |. + el i 85:1. Determination of co-efficient of velocity (Gy)... |...) | 365 t 8:52, Determination of co-efficient of discharge (Ca). . 2 | | | |. 366 “ 853. Detemmimtin of Co. 2... : 8.5.4. Loss of head in orifice flow . ee Fae - | ae 367 Discharge Through a Large Rectangular Orifice. . | 4a . oe Discharge Through Fuily Submerged Orifice. . . | | Rive Discharge Through Pantially Submerged Orifice . . - 0 Timexgeguired for Emptying 2 Tank Through an Orifice at its Bonom ae Time required for Emptying a Hemispherical Tank . Lo =n Time required for Emptying a Circular Horizontal Tank. . Cussification of Momtpees ©... Discharge Through an External Mouthpiece. ae 2a . 393 Discharge Through a Convergent-Divergent Mouthpiece | | | | . 2 Discharge Through an internal Mouthpiece (or Re-entrant or Borda's Mouthpiece). . 398 815-1. Mouthpiece running free. te ee . 815-2. Mouthpiece running full. . ; ee : Highlights om 4 se=% = re Objective Type Questions 2 2 || oi ee a +5 4064 Theoretical Questions © 2 5, yg ce aa x, Unsolved Examples 4077 %| j ; 1. (xvii) Objective Type Questons tical Questions. Unsolved Examples . i! BOUNDARY Layer THEORY > 131. Introduction. 13.2, ea 133, 13-4, 135, 13-6, 137, lad, . 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148. Boundary layér Definitions and Characteristics 1321. Boundary layer thickness (@) = = 7 777 7 Displacement thickness (6°) - Momentum, thickness (8) 1324. Energy thickness (8) = = 2 2 7 Momentum Equatior for Boundary Layer by Vonkarman Laminar Boundary!) Layer aip ea fn tril 1 Tufbulent Boundary “Layer... = + Total Drag Due to Laminar and Turbulent Layers Boundary Layer Separation and its Control Ree ieosea omar stas Obiesive Type Qu Inestions Theortical Questic Fons Unsotred Example Fig 34. FLOW AROUND s¢ FyaMERGED BODIES-DRAG AND LIFT Intratuction _ > Fore Exered 6° ing Fluid on a Body Ekpatis ee es xpestions for, 5’ Drag and Lift. -- Bizasional 479° alysis of Drag and Lift pees } Bluff Bodies Ea a) ee ‘al velocity of a body fo aions of Stokes Im Gulation = 18 HY pin -- a Circular Cylinder Tntroc * pnd development of lift Clase - oration points. + aS case + yr point on the cylinder surface - pecucine ae) lift on the cylinder (Kuta-Joukowski Theorem) lift co-efficient for rotating cylinder BF 18-4, 1842" “Yaions +. equation of stat fae pce plat oe am es oe 609 6ul il 615-671 615 2615 617 617 618, 618 629 632 654 657 662 666 667 669 670 672-109 672 672 673 675 684 685 686 686. 690 690 690 691 692 693 695 696 700 708 706 707 708 710-761 no no 710 m1 m1 732 ne TZ Ladino (lew ae 4:33 {36