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Dr. Abid Sohail Bhutta: Abidbhutta@cuilahore - Edu.pk
Dr. Abid Sohail Bhutta: Abidbhutta@cuilahore - Edu.pk
Dr. Abid Sohail Bhutta: Abidbhutta@cuilahore - Edu.pk
Lecture 2
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Anatomy of an Invoice Invoice
Invoice No.
Invoice
Stereos To Go
Date: / /
Account
No.
Customer
Customer:
Address:
Item Product
Number Code Product Description/Manufacturer Qty Price
1
2
Items 3
purchased on 4
5
the Invoice
Products and Manufacturers
Traditional File-Based System
Definition:
"A collection of application programs that perform
services for the end-users such as the production of
reports. Each program defines and manages its own
data."
Customer Operating
Inventory Vendors Payroll
transactions expenses
Customer Invoices
Invoice Program
Orders
“A collection of application programs that perform services for the end users such
as the production of reports. Each program defines and manages its own data.”
COBOL
Tightly binds the data
FD Master-File. file and program
01 Master-Record.
05 ID PIC X(10).
05 Customer-Fname PIC X(25).
.
.
.
Data Abstraction
COBOL
Tightly binds the data
FD Master-File. file and program
01 Master-Record. Data
05 ID PIC X(10). Output
05 Customer-Fname PICProgram
X(25).
.
.
.
Data Abstraction
Central
Repository
Organizing Data
Entity - distinct object (i.e., person, place,
thing, concept or event)
Attribute - describes some aspect of the
entity (object)
Property of the entity
Relationship - association between entities
Entity Entity
Customers Purchases
Account_number Invoice_number
Attributes Name Account_number
Address Purchase_date
Relationship
Stereos to Go Database
Managemen
t Queries
Customer
Orders
Application
Order Items DBMS
Programs
Products
Manufacturers • DDL
• DML
Other
• Controlled access
Central Repository Software
(Organizational resource)
Single Access Point Multitude of
Applications
Components of a Database
Environment
Hardware
Software: DBMS, application program and query
software
Data: Organized in a schema, partitioned into
subschemas
Procedures: Govern the design, access and use
of the database
People: Administrators (DA, DBA), designers
(logical and physical), application developers
and users (novice and high-powered)
Advantages of the Database Approach
Cost of DBMS
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
Higher impact of failure
In a production environment, processing can be
slow