UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCION ww DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA ‘ACTAS VOLUMEN 11 Pg. 1634-1637 7" Concneso Groudcico Cureno 1994 MAGMATIC, TECTONIC AND LITHOLOGIC CONTROLS ON THE NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER DEPOSITS IN PERU Cesar Vidal and Ulrich Petersen such as the Cajamarca-Chimi, Cerro de Pasco and Abancay deflections. The copper deposits of Peri are grouped as porphyry Cu (Mo), tourmaline Cu-Mo, enargite lode and replacement, Cu (Fe) and Cu(Au, Zn) skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide, manto-type and vein-type. The vast majority of these deposits formed during the Andean orogeny and are geographically and chronologically distributed in well-defined metallogenic domains. These domains correlate with geochenically distinct magmatic episodes, such as the Carabaya, Coastal, Caldera, Abancay, Pomahuaca and Cordillera Blanca batholiths, as well as the inferred batholith responsible for the Felsic Cordilleran volcanism. No noteworthy copper deposits are known to be associated with the Peraluminous Altiplano and = Recent —Bimodal volcanism. The Recent Bimodal volcanics act mostly as a barren blanket covering the ore bearing rock units. The extents of the magmatic and metallogenic domains appear to be controlled by transverse growth- faults in the Mesozoic and older basement rocks underlying the intensely folded and thrusted Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks in the higher structural levels of the Cordillera. These basement tectonics are probably responsible for major and subordinate structural trends, 1634 Thus, during the Andean orogeny the extent of magmatism and corresponding —_ metallogenic provinces was clearly related to subduction plate segmentation and continental margin basement tectonics. In addition, the lithologic nature of the stratigraphic column and of pre-existing igneous rocks played a role in determining the types of copper deposits formed. Porphyry Cu(Mo), breccia pipe and vein deposits tended to form where country rocks were predominantly igeous or non-carbonate sediments. Cu-(Au, Zn), Cu-Fe and Fe skarns, as well as replacement mantos and pipes, formed where intrusives invaded limestone. Enargite-type deposits formed in a variety of host rocks. Volcanogenic massive sulfide and “exhalative" deposits formed when hydrothermal fluids exited onto the ocean floor. Red- bed-type Cu(V) deposits formed in continental sediments. The largest and richest porphyry Cu deposits (Toquepala, Quellaveco, Cuajone and Cerro Verde) are related to the Caldera batholith in southern Peri. The next most important group of porphyry Cudeposits (including Michiquillay) is associated with the Pomahuaca batholith in northern Peru. Snaller porphyry Cu (and Mo) deposits are associated with the Felsic Cordilleran volcanism between 8° and 12° §, with the Coastal batholith between 10° and 16°S, and with the Rbancay batholith fron about 14° to 15'S. ‘The most important Cu-(Au-Zn) skarn deposits (including Tintaya and the "Bambas') are associated with the Abancay batholith. Other important Cu-(Au,Zn) skarns (including Magistral, Antamina and Rondoni) are associated with the Felsic Cordillera volcanism. Smaller Cu-(Au, Zn) skarns are associated with the Pomahuaca and Coastal batholiths. (The Fe skarrs form two clusters associated with the Coastal batholiths. (The Fe skarns form two clusters associated with the Coastal batholith at 8° and 9.5 S, and one cluster, the most important, at the NW end of the Abancay batholith.) The — Marcona and Monterrosas skarns along the coast at about 14°-15,5°S, belong to a separate group of actinolite bearing skarns. The Cobriza skarn, on the eastern slopes of the Andes, is special in that the Fe is mainly in pyrrhotite and because it has a special lead isotope composition. The suite of Peruvian copper deposits 3s unusual because it contains a large number of enargite-type deposits, of which many are large and high-grade, often containing significant amounts of Ag, Au, Pb and @n (i.e., Cerro de Pasco, Morococha Colquijirca, Yauricocha, Huarén, Quiruvilca and Julcani). all associated with the Felsic Cordilleran volcanism, forming veins and disseminations in igneous rocks and non-carbonate sediments but replacement mantos and pipes in limestones. They are The Mesozoic volcano-sedimentary sequences along the coast are the habitat of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (i-e., Tambo Grande) and vein/manto-type "exhalative" deposits (i.e., Raul). Copper-bearing veins {i.e.,Condor) and red-bed Cu deposits (i.e Negra Huanucha) are —_rather unimportant in Peru (, but the red- bed Mina Ragra deposit near Huaron was for many years the most important V producer in the world.) Peri and Australia are closely tied for fifth and sixth place in world copper production. The bulk of the Peruvian production is from the Toquepala, Cuajone and Cerro Verde porphyry copper deposits. ‘The second largest producer is the Tintaya skarn deposit. 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